Basic Vibration Analysis
Objectives
Define Vibration
What is it, where does it come from?
Describe measurement methods Examine amplitude measurements
Differences between the three
Choose proper transducer
Right probe for the application
General Description
Vibration : defined..
Movement of a body about a reference. Response to some form of excitation The excitation is generally referred to as a forcing function
Sources of Vibration
Imbalance Misalignment Belts Gears Bearings
Rolling Element Sleeve
Looseness Electrical Anomalies Oil Instability Resonance
General Description
Legend
Y Amplitude X Time Y X
Vibration Measurement Parameters
Vibration breaks down into two separate areas called domains.
The time domain displays a plot called a waveform where the amplitude is displayed over time, such as an oscilloscope monitors an electrical signal. The frequency domain displays amplitude as a function of how often something occurs in one cycle.
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Introduction to Vibration
Lets imagine that the shaft is rotating
(The center of the shaft is really what we are plotting, not the mass near the edge. We just use the mass for illustration)
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Introduction to Vibration
Locate its peak positive position with a red mark.
Amplitude
Time
Introduction to Vibration
As the shaft rotates, time also shifts, so well locate this new position forward with respect to time.
Amplitude
Time
Introduction to Vibration
Continuing this process The mass is now 180 degrees from its original position.
Amplitude
We could call this peak negative.
Time
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Introduction to Vibration
As the mass returns to the zero reference point, notice that it is now 180 degrees from the corresponding green marker.
Amplitude
Time
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Introduction to Vibration
Having completed 1 revolution, the mass returns to peak positive position. This is one cycle.
Amplitude
Time
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Introduction to Vibration
Connecting the reference locations with a curve...
Amplitude
Time
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Introduction to Vibration
Amplitude
Time
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Introduction to Vibration
Amplitude
Time
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Introduction to Vibration
Amplitude
Time
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Introduction to Vibration
Amplitude
Time
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Introduction to Vibration
Y
Amplitude
Observed in the time domain as the amount of time to complete a cycle
X Time
The resulting waveform resembles a sine wave.
Introduction to Vibration
Every detected signal appears.
Y
Amplitude
X Time
The time waveform becomes very complicated, busy.
Introduction to Vibration
Each waveform signal is then converted to its respective spectral peak.
Amplitude
Frequency
Waveform Generation
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Measurement Parameters
2 Domains : TIME and FREQUENCY
FFT
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Amplitude
3 ways to display
All three show severity Some better than others
Velocity
Measures the speed Time from point A to point B rate of displacement
Displacement
Distance a body moves Point A to point B
Acceleration
Total force acting Change of direction
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Amplitude Relationships
How the different units treat data...
Amplitude
Disp la
cem ent
Frequency
Displacement accentuates LOW frequencies, and attenuates HIGH frequencies.
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Amplitude Relationships
Amplitude
tion lera cce A
Frequency
Acceleration accentuates HIGH frequencies, and attenuates LOW frequencies.
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Amplitude Relationships
Amplitude
Velocity
Frequency
Velocity does neither. It treats all frequencies equally.
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Amplitude Relationships
Dis pla ce me n
e le cc A
io n rat
Amplitude
Velocity
Frequency
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Amplitude
The Figure below show the relationship of these three types of units.
0 to Peak R.M.S.
V
Peak to Peak
Amplitude
Average
Time
Period is Time T
360= One (1) Shaft Revolution
(D)isplacement (V)elocity (A)cceleration
Mils Peak-to-Peak In/Sec Peak Gs RMS
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Phase
360 270
C B
Phase: is the relationship between two events. You measure phase in degrees of rotation.
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Phase Measurement
Tach Pulse Phase Measured between the two
0 360 degrees Time
Peak of Vibration Signal
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Phase
You can also use phase to describe the relationship between two events, as shown below. Disk A is 180 out of phase with disk B.
A
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Common Vibration Terms
Displacement
distance a body travels units of mils (pk. to pk.)
Velocity
rate at which displacement occurs units of inches per second in/sec (pk.) or mm/sec RMS
Acceleration
rate of change of velocity units of Gs (RMS)
Frequency
how often an event occurs per unit time
Phase
relationship between two events relative to a reference
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1-24
An effective program...
Choosing the transducer
the right one for the best data
Signal processing
time waveform or spectrum
Problem detection
examine both sets of data is there a problem?
Diagnosis
what
is the source ? Root Cause
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Amplitude and Frequency - Review
Amplitude
Acceleration
Gs
Frequency
Cycles per minute - CPM Cycles per second - CPS / Hz Revolutions per minute RPM Orders - Frequency/TS
Velocity
In/sec
Displacement
mils
RPM vs CPM
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1-26
Transducers
Function
Convert mechanical signal to electrical
Three basic types
Displacement transducer Velocity transducer Accelerometer
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Transducers
non contact displacement transducer
shaft
bearing
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Displacement Xducers
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Displacement Xducers
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Displacement Xducers
Advantages +
Measures relative movement good for sleeve brg. machines very good for heavy machines
Disadvantages permanently installed frequency response : DC to 1KHz power required
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Velocity Xducer
Connection Conductor Coil Spring Case Magnet Damper
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Velocity Xducer
Advantages +
best signal to severity ratio good signal to noise ratio no power required single dif. / int. needed usually pretty hardy
Disadvantages usually big heavy freq. 10 to 2Kz temperature sensitive comparatively expensive magnetic field sensitive orientation sensitive wear and temp. changes calibration
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Accelerometers
Settle Time Supply Voltage
20 - 30 Vdc @ 2-8mA C.C. Bias Voltage 10.5 Vdc
to signal analyzer
Amplifier Preloaded Ref. Mass Mica Insulator Conductive Plate Piezoelectric Crystal Electrical Insulator
Base
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Accelerometers
Advantages
broad frequency range small, light, rugged ICP needs no signal conditioning easy to mount
Disadvantages
poor as a hand held limited signal to noise ratio reads acceleration power required double integration needed
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Accelerometers
4 5 3 2 1
magnet glue wax stud
hand held
natural frequency of accelerometer
frequency
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Overall Level Criteria
The overall level is a single number calculation of the unfiltered amplitude of a vibration waveform.
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Summary of Overall Vibration Standards An insurance agent responsible for insuring companies and their equipment established the Rathbone chart in 1939. So he could set an adequate premium, he had to know the running condition of the machinery. The agent based his chart on casing measurements made on heavy, slow-speed machines.
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Summary of Overall Vibration Standards
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ISO Vibration Chart
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DuPont Severity Chart
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Locations for Data Collection
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Frequency Regimes
Synchronous
NxRPM where N is an integer
Sub synchronous
<1 x RPM
Non-synchronous
F x RPM where F is >1x RPM but not integer
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Causes Sub-synchronous
Another component in the machine Another machine Belt drives Hydraulic instability
Oil whirl, oil whip
Rubs
rotor, shaft, wheel
Cage
fundamental train - rolling element brgs.
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Causes - Synchronous
Imbalance Pitch line run-out Misalignment Bent shaft Looseness Blade / vane pass Recips Gears Slot / Rotor Bar pass
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Causes Non-synchronous
Another machine Belt multiples Brgs. Resonance Electrical Chains Compressor surge Detonation Sliding surfaces Lube pumps Centrifugal clutches U-joints
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