A

abbreviated clause (nh. reduced clause) abbreviation (1) abbreviation (2) (nh. ellipsis, reduction (2)) abbreviatory convention abduction abductive change abessive ability (cf. possibility) ablative ablaut (nh. anpophony, gradation (2), vowel alternation) ablaut basis abnormal plosion abridged abridgement abrupt closure tieu cu gian lc viet tat tnh lc; gian lc quy c gian lc phep suy dien s chuyen bien theo phep suy dien vo cach kha nang (cf. tnh kha hu) ly cach luan phien nguyen am (gia cac hnh thai co quan he vi nhau) c s ablaut no bat thng (giai oan ~) thu gon thu gon (s ~) khep ot ngot (ong tac ~)

10 abrupt release (nh. instantaneous release) absence of nexus absolute case (nh. absolutive) absolute clause absolute comparative absolute construction absolute equivalent absolute idea buong ot ngot khong co loi chu v tuyet (oi) cach tieu cu tuyet oi ty cap tuyet oi ket cau tuyet oi n v tng ng tuyet oi y niem tuyet oi

absolute neutralization trung hoa hoa tuyet oi absolute phrase absolute point of reference absolute possessive absolute superlative ng (oan) tuyet oi iem quy chieu tuyet oi s hu (cach) tuyet oi cc cap tuyet oi

absolute synonymy (cf. ong ngha hoan toan partial synonymy) / tuyet oi absolute universal absolutive case absolutive-patient abstract (n.) abstract (v.) abstract case abstract form abstract noun pho niem tuyet oi tuyet (oi) cach tuyet cach ch b the toat yeu tru xuat cach tru tng hnh thai tru xuat danh t tru tng

11 abstraction abstractness absurd acataphasia accent (1) accent (2) (word / sentence ~) accent (3) accented accentual pattern accentuation acceptability (acceptable, adj.; cf. grammaticality) access to direct objecthood accessibility accessibility hierarchy accessibility scale accessible accidence accidental accidentalization tru xuat (viec ~) tru tng (tnh ~) phi ly roi loan ngon ng (chng ~) giong trong am (t/ cau) dau ch cach phat am ac biet mang trong am / thanh ieu mo hnh trong am cach phan bo trong am chap nhan c

kha nang thanh bo ng trc tiep kha nang truy cap ton ty truy cap thang o truy cap kha cap; kha truy cap v to, bien to (x. inflexion) ngau nhien; bang tnh quy ve mot he hnh (s ~)

12 accommodation (nh. convergence (3)) thch ng / thch nghi (vi moi trng ngon ng) thanh tch / thanh tu

accommodative aspect the thch ng accomplishment accusative (nh. objective oi cach (case)) achievement achronical thanh qua phi thi gian tnh; khong phan biet ong ai hay lch ai thai o phi thi net / ac trng am hoc hnh anh am thanh; am hnh loc am (hien tng / cach ~) ng am hoc am hoc / thanh hoc dau hieu nhan dien am hoc am hoc; thanh hoc thu ac (qua trnh ~) tieng a-chuan tieng co uy tn nhat

achronism acoustic feature acoustic image acoustic filtering acoustic phonetics acoustic cue acoustics acquisition acrolect (1) acrolect (2) (cf. basilect, hyperlect, mesolect, paralect) acronym

ten goi tat (bang ch au)

13 acronymy (cau tao t bang cach) chap ch au t cau th gom cac tieng au / cuoi cua bai th hanh ong hanh ong giao tiep hanh ong noi hanh ong ngon t dien to mo hnh dien to cau truc dien to (x. valency) ly thuyet dien to hanh ong danh t hanh ong lc o hanh ong hanh ong trang thai (moi tng quan gia ~) v t hanh ong s phat ong ph ton cua viec xac nh cu-mi trong giao tiep kh quan cau am chu ong

acrostic

act act of communication act of saying / speaking act of speech actant actant model actantial structure actantial theory action action noun action-schema action-state network

action verb activation activation cost

active articulator

14 active consciousness active language knowledge (nh. productive language knowledge; cf. passive language knowledge) active vocabulary (cf. passive vocabulary) active voice (cf. middle voice, passive ~) activity actor actor-action-goal y thc t giac chu ong (W. Chafe) tri thc ngon ng nang ong

von t chu ong thai chu ong hoat ong hanh the; ngi hanh ong hanh the-hanh ongoi tng (mo hnh cau nhan nh ien hnh) (cach) phan oan thc tai (cua cau) (chu) e thc tai the gii hien thc hien thc hoa

actual division of the sentence actual topic actual world actualization (nh. realization, manifestation) actualizing classifier actuation (of change)

loai t (co tac dung) hien thc hoa khi phat (s bien oi)

15 actum hnh thai cach (trong mot so ngon ng phi An-Au, vd. t. Tay Tang) li noi vo ngha cua ngi that ng bong dau sac am sac bong; am sac "sang" ngan ng thch ng; ng dung (s ~) phong thuat (ban ~) cau am phu; cau am bo sung cong to; phu gia song ng cong them (cong ong a so hoc them ngon ng cua ngi thieu so) tieu cu phu gia cong to cng ieu cong to phi cng ieu ho gi (cach ~) cach xng ho; t ng xng ho t ng xng ho

aculalia acute (cf. grave) acute accent acuteness adage adaptation (1) adaptation (2) additional articulation (nh. secondary articulation) additive additive bilingualism (cf. subtractive bilingualism) additive clause additive emphatic additive de-emphatic address address form (nh. address term, form/ term of address) address term

16 addressee (nh. allocutor) ngi nhan (thong iep) addresser (nh. locutor) adequacy adessive (case) adherent adhesion adhesive adhortative adjacency constraint adjacency pair adjacency principle adjacent adjectival complement adjectival modifier adjectival noun adjectival phrase adjectival predicate adjectival pronoun adjective adjective-based adverbial phrase adjective clause adjective numeral adjective order ngi gi (thong iep) thoa ang (s ~) cach ke can bang tr (yeu to ~) s ket dnh; s ket lien am to ket dnh x. exhortative che nh do ke can cap ke can nguyen tac ke can ke can phu ng (cua) tnh t phu ng (la) tnh t tnh danh t x. adjective phrase v ng tnh t ai t tnh t tnh t trang ng goc tnh t tieu cu tnh t so t tnh t (tnh) trnh t cua tnh t (khi lam nh ng)

17 adjective phrase adjectivization adjectivized adjectivizer adjoined clause adjunct (1) (cu; cf. adnex) adjunct (2) adjunct (3) (cf. conjunct, disjunct, subjunct) adjunct island constraint adjunction (1) adjunction (2) adlative (case) admirative (mood) adnex (cu; cf. adjunct) adnominal (modifier) adoptive form adposition (cf. preposition, postposition) adpositional predicate ng (oan) tnh t; tnh ng tnh t hoa (s ~) tnh t hoa tac t tnh t hoa tieu cu phu can phu ng trang ng (ngoai cau truc cau) trang ng cua v t quy tac che nh cach dung phu ng ghep them (viec / cach ~) phng thc phu ng cach ch ch (t. PhanU) thc kham phuc (t. Albani) ket ng (phu ng) cua danh t hnh thai sieu chnh gii t

v ng gii t tnh

18 adstratum (cf. substratum, superstratum) adultomorphic adultocentric gia tang; tang them

x. adultocentric lay ngi ln lam trung tam (quan iem ~) goc li a ve pha trc pho t; trang t tieu cu trang ng tieu t trang ng ng (oan) trang t trang ng (co tnh ~) ng oan trang ng tr ngai (bieu hien y ~) quan he trac tr o luong hi (viec / cach ~) khoang cach tham my loi noi kieu cach b tac ong vai hanh the b tac ong bo ng b tac ong vai b the b tac ong

advanced tongue root adverb adverb clause adverb particle (nh. prepositional adverb) adverb phrase adverbial adverbial phrase adversative adversative relation aerometry aesthetic distance affectation affected affected actor affected object (cf. effected object) affected patient

19 affectedness affective affective meaning (nh. attitudinal / emotive/ expressive meaning) affinity affirmation tnh b tac ong cam xuc (co tnh ~) ngha cam xuc

s tng can; s gan gui khang nh (s/ li ~)

affirmative (nh. positive) (cau, thc) khang nh affix affix hopping affixal affixal negation affixation affixing language affricate agency agent agent-oriented modality (cf. speakeroriented modality) agentive agentive object agentivity phu to bc nhay phu to thuoc phu to; phu to tnh phu nh bang phng thc phu to phng thc phu to ngon ng dung phu to am tac-xat s tac ong tac the; chu the tac ong tnh thai hng vao tac the tac cach bo ng tac cach tnh cach tac the

20 agentivity scale agentless passive agglutinating thang o cua tnh cach tac the thai b ong khong co tac the chap dnh

agglutinating language ngon ng chap dnh (cf. inflecting language, isolating language, fusional language) aggregate noun (nh. plurale tantum) agnation AGR danh t tap hp ong ngon lieu (quan he~) x. agreement

agrammatis (cf. aphasia, chng mat ng phap agraphia, alexia, anomia) agraphia (nh. dysgraphia) agreement (agree, v.) (nh. concord) aim air chamber airstream airstream mechanism Aktionsart (.) AL alethic (modality) alexandrine (nh. tetrametre) chng mat kha nang viet phu ng muc tieu; muc ch buong hi luong hi c che luong hi the (x. aspect) x. artificial intelligence tat chan (tnh thai~) (th) mi hai am tiet; (th) thap nh ngon

21 alexia (nh. dyslexia, word chng mat kha nang blindness) oc (ch) algorithm alienable alienable possession (cf. inalienable possession) alienation allative allegorical allegory allegro form alliteration (alliterative, adj.) allocutor (cf. addressee) allo-form allograph allomorph allophone alloseme allusion alphabet alphabetic writing thuat toan kha ly s hu kha ly

x. de-automatization hng cach; ch cach phung du (co tnh ~) phung du (phep ~) dang phat am nhanh lap am au; lap thuy am ngi tiep chuyen bien the (am v / hnh v) tha t; bien the ch viet bien the hnh v; tha hnh bien the am v; tha am bien the ngha v; tha ngha to nhac nh; am ch bang t mau van t ghi am to / van t ABC

22 alterity alternant alternation alternative (class) alternative (question) alveolar alveolarity alveo-/ alveolo-palatal (cf. palato-alveolar) alveolar ridge alveolum ambient clause ambient dummy subject ambiguous ambiguity ambilingual ambisyllabicity bat ong nhat (tnh ~); d biet (s ~) yeu to luan phien luan phien (hien tng ~) song tuyen (chung loai ~) song tuyen (cau hoi ~) am li tnh chat li li ngac (am ~) vanh li x. alveolar ridge cau ta moi trng chu ng rong dung trong cau ta moi trng lng ngha; lng kha lng ngha / lng kha (tnh ~) lng ng (co kha nang ~) lng thuoc (thuoc ca am tiet trc lan am tiet sau) lng tr

ambivalent

23 amelioration (of meaning) (nh. melioration; cf. deterioration, pejoration) bien oi tot ngha

amphibrach (cf. mo hnh trong am hay amphimacer, anapaest, trng o [010] antibacchius, antispast, bacchius, choreus, choriamb, dactyl, diiamb, dibrach, dispondee, dochmiac, epitrite, iamb, ionic majore, ionic minore, mollossus, paeon, proceleusmatic, pyrrhic, spondee, trochee) amphimacer (nh. cretic; mo hnh trong am hay cf. amphibrach) trng o [101] amphisbaenic rhyme amplitude anachronism (1) anachronism (2) (linguistic ~) anacoluthon (cf. aposiopesis) anacusis analepsis (cf. prolepsis) analogic change analogic creation van ngc bien o lan lon thi ai x. archaism gian cu; cau gian oan iec ac (tat~) tran thuat hoi co chuyen bien do loai suy sang tao theo phep loai suy

24 analogical pathway analogist (cf. anomalist) analogous environment con ng tng t phai loai suy chu canh tng t

analogy (nh. overloai suy (phep ~) extention, overgeneralization; over regularization) analphabetic notation analysis analysis-by-synthesis analytic analytic approach (cf. synthetic approach) analytic comparison analytic language (cf. synthetic language) analytic procedure analytic proposition anapaest (cf. amphibrach) anaphor cach ghi phi t mau (O. Jespersen) phan tch (viec / cach ~) phan tch bang / qua tong hp phan tch tnh tiep can bang phan tch (cach ~) so sanh phan tch tnh ngon ng phan tch tnh thu phap / thu tuc phan tch menh e phan tch tnh mo hnh trong am hay trng o [001] hoi ch (yeu to ~)

anaphora (cf. cataphora, hoi ch exophora) anaphoric hoi ch (co tnh ~)

25 anaphoric antecedence tien le cua hoi ch anaphoric ellipsis anaphoric grounding anaphorical chain anaptyxis (cf. epenthesis, prothesis) anarthria anatomy anastrophe ancestor language anchored information (cf. unanchored ~) and-relation andronymic angled brackets (cf. braces, curly brackets, round brackets, square brackets) animacy animate animate noun (cf. inanimate noun) anomalist (cf. analogist) anomaly anomia (nh. dysnomia) tnh lc hoi ch c s hoi ch chuoi / to hp hoi ch them nguyen am x. dysarthria giai phau hoc; cach cau tao phep ao nh. parent language thong tin co can c (E. Prince) quan he "va" ho / ten chong dau ngoac nhon (< >)

tnh ong vat ong; (ch) ong vat danh t ong vat phai bat thng; phai phan loai suy bat thng (hien tng ~) chng quen ten goi

26 answer antecedent antepenultimate anterior (cf. nonanterior) anteriority anthropocentrism anthropological linguistics anthropomorphism (anthropomorphic, adj.) anthroponomastics anthroponym anthropophonics li (giai) ap; cau tra li tien le (ng); tien s ch (am tiet) th ba (ke t am tiet cuoi) hang trc (nguyen am ~) tnh co trc (trong thi gian) d nhan vi trung (quan iem ~) ngon ng hoc nhan hoc nhan tnh luan nhan danh hoc nhan danh nhan am hoc (Baudouin de Courtenay) (= ngon am hoc) mo hnh trong am hay trng o [110] x. prolepsis loi ong hoa ngc

antibacchius (nh. palimbacchius; cf. amphibrach) anticipation anticipation error (cf. perseveration error, reversal error) anticipatory anticipatory anaphora

tao v x. cataphora

27 anticipatory assimilation anticipatory coarticulation anticipatory subject anticlimax (nh. bathos) x. regressive assimilation ong cau am sm chu ng tao v (loi hanh van) c dng (ang cao ca bong ri tom vao cho tam thng) biet ng xa hoi phan ngon ng (loai van dung qua nhieu t ng lech chuan hay t ng mi xuat hien) phan b ong (thai ~) mau thuan noi tai phan tieu thuyet phan cong minh phan e; phep oi choi mo hnh trong am hay trng o [0110] phan pho quat luan danh ng mieu ta (dung thay cho mot ten rieng) ten rieng (dung nh mot danh t) ch loai (vd. S Khanh) t trai ngha

antilanguage (1) antilanguage (2)

antipassive antinomy antinovel antiresonance antithesis antispast (cf. amphibrach) anti-universalism antonomasia (1)

antonomasia (2)

antonym

28 antonymic pair antonymy (cf. complementarity, converseness) aorist aperiodic aperture apex (nh. tip) aphaeresis aphasia (aphasic, adj.; nh. dysphasia) aphesis (aphetic, adj.) aphonia (nh. dysphonia) aphorism (cf. proverb) apical apical-dorsal vowel apico-alveolar apico-dental apico-labial apico-post-alveolar apocope apodeictic apodosis (cf. protasis) cap trai ngha (quan he) trai ngha

tac thuat (th / the ~) (song am) khong co chu ky o m; khai o chop li lc am au chng that ng lc nguyen am au chng mat tieng cach ngon chop li (am ~) nguyen am chop limat li chop li li (am ~) chop li rang (am ~) chop li moi chop li sau li (am ~) lc / rung am cuoi tat chan tat yeu (tnh thai ~) thuyet trong cau ieu kien

29 apo koinou apophony aposiopesis (cf. anacoluthon) apostrophe (1) apostrophe (2) apostrophe s (cau truc) ong chc x. ablaut cau lng ho ng khiem dien (goi ngi vang mat) dau phay treo s co dau phay treo

apparent-time analysis phan tch theo thi gian (cf. real-time analysis) bieu kien appelative (noun) (h.) apperception applicability application applicative applicative (aspect) applied linguistics apposition appositional clause appositive clause appositive compound appraisal (danh t) chung phai sinh t danh t rieng nhan biet (s ~) kha nang ng dung ng dung (tam ~) ng dung (co tnh ~) the ng y (oi vi mot chu the) ngon ng hoc ng dung ong chc / ong v (ng ~) tieu cu ong chc / ong v nh. appositional clause nh. appositional clause khen ngi (co tnh ~)

appositional compound t ghep ong chc

30 appraisor appraxia (nh. dyspraxia) t / hnh v co y khen ngi (C. Morris) chng cam do liet c

apprehensional (clause, (tieu cu, v.v.) co etc.) ngha e s approbation appropriate (appropriacy, appropriateness, n.) approximant (nh. frictionless continuant) appropriate word method approximation approximative system a priori synthetic arbitrariness (arbitrary, adj.) arbitrary reference arboreal arc Arc Pair Grammar archaic archaism (nh. anachronism (2)) archetype archiphoneme tan ong (s / li ~) thch hp; thch ng

am tiep can phng phap ien t thch hp tiep can; c lng he thong xap x tong hp tnh tien nghiem vo oan (tnh ~) s ch vo oan cau truc hnh cay; cay cung Ng phap Song cung co t ng co nguyen mau sieu am v

31 areal (cf. non-areal) areal linguistics argot argument (1) argument (2) argument slot argumentation arhyzotonic arity arrangement article articulation (articulate, v.) (1) articulation (2) articulator articulatory definition articulatory gesture articulatory region articulatory phonetics khu vc; a ly ngon ng hoc khu vc tieng long luan chng / luan c tham to ngan (danh cho) tham to lap luan (cach ~) co trong am khong can to x. valency cach sap xep quan t cau am phan oan (s / cach ~) kh quan cau am nh ngha bang thuat ng cau am c ch cau am vung cau am ng / ngon am hoc cau am the cau am ch cau am nhan tao

articulatory phonology am v hoc cau am articulatory setting articulatory target artificial

32 artificial intelligence artificial language arytenoid cartilage ascension ascribe ascriptive (cf. equative / equational) aside aspect aspectualizer asprirata (cu; pl. aspiratae; nh. aspirate) aspirate (cu) aspirated aspiration assertion assertive (act) (cf. nonassertive) assertive territory (cf. non-assertive territory) assibilation tr tue nhan tao ngon ng nhan tao xng sun hnh chop nh. raising (2) phan nhiem; phan vai; gan ngha (cau) nh tnh (bat ao) (noi) e the tac t ch the phu am bat hi phu am bat hi bat hi cau am hi / s bat hi li nhan nh / khang nh (hanh ong) khang nh mien khang nh xuyt hoa

ascender (cf. descender) thng t

assimilation (assimilate, ong hoa v.) association associative (s) lien tng lien tng

33 associative field associative meaning associative object associative relation (nh. paradigmatic relation) associative response assonance (1) assonance (2) assumption asterisk asterisked form (nh. starred form) asyllabic (cf. syllabic) asymmetric dualism asymmetry asyndetic coordination asyndeton asyntactic compound atelic (cf. telic) atelic verb phrase atemporal athematic atomic phonology atomistic approach trng lien tng ngha lien tng bo ng lien tng quan he lien tng

phan ng lien tng lap / lay nguyen am lap / lay am gia nh dau hoa th hnh thai co anh dau hoa th phi am tiet tnh song tnh phi oi xng phi oi xng (s ~) ang ket vo lien t lc bo lien t t ghep phi cu phap vo ch ng v t vo ch phi thi gian; vo thi gian (nguyen am) phi t can am v hoc nguyen t cach tiep can nguyen t luan

34 attack atonic attachment cach khi am phi trong am / khinh am gan bo (ngha / vai) (vao mot oi tng nhat nh) s chu y

attention

attention focusing rule quy tac ve tieu iem chu y attenuative attested form (cf. reconstructed form) attitude (of speaker) attitude scale attitudinal giam lng dang hu chng thai o (cua ngi noi) thang thai o bieu thai; (thuoc) thai o

attitudinal disjunct (nh. trang ng bieu thai content disjucnt) attitudinal meaning (nh. emotive / expressive meaning) attitudinal satellite attraction attribute (1) attribute (2) attributive adjective (cf. predicative adjective) attributive clause x. affective meaning

phu ng ch thai o sc hut; hap lc ac trng; thuoc tnh nh ng; tnh ng tnh t lam nh ng

tieu cu nh tnh

35 attributive meaning attributive noun audible audibility audiogram audiolingual (method) audiology audiometer audio-oral (method) audiovisual (method) ngha nh tnh danh t lam nh ng nghe thay c mc kha thnh thnh o x. audiooral thnh giac hoc thnh ke nghe noi (phng phap ~) thnh th (phng phap ~)

auditory discrimination kha nang phan biet bang thnh giac auditory impression auditory (method) auditory phonetics auditory threshold auditory target (cf. target articulation) augmentative (cf. diminutive) a-umlaut an tng thnh giac nghe/ noi (phng phap ~) ng / ngon am hoc thnh giac ngng thnh giac ch thnh giac tang kch (co tac dung ~) am a-umlaut (chuyen thanh [])

aural language (nh. oral khau ng; ngon ng language) noi authentic (materials) (t lieu) thc

36 authorial voice autism autolexical syntax automatic data processing automatic morphophonemics automatic processing automatic (speech recognition automatic translation automatic variation autonomous phoneme autonomous speech autonomous syntax autosegment autosegmental phonology autosemantic word Austric (languages) Austroasiatic (languages) Austronesian (languages) auxiliary (1) tieng noi cua tac gia chng t ky cu phap t vng t lap cach x ly d lieu t ong hnh am v hoc t ong cach x ly t ong cach nhan dien t ong cach dch t ong s bien thien t ong am v oc lap x. idioglossia cu phap oc lap am oan t lap am v hoc t oan t t ngha; thc t Nam phng (ngon ng ~) Nam A (ngon ng ~) Nam ao (ngon ng ~) phu tr; tr ng

37 auxiliary (verb ~) (2) auxiliary language avalent (verb) aversive avoidance strategy v t phu tr; tr v t ngon ng phu tr vo tr (v t ~) tranh cach chien lc tranh ne

avoidance style (nh. loi noi tranh mother-in-law language) axial properties thuoc tnh truc (quy nh noi dung ngha cua t va s ket hp vi cac ngha to va t khac) cong ly cong ly ve s hien hu cong ly ve can cc oi tng s ch thang o nh gia truc bieu tng net khu biet am hoc (B. de Courtenay)

axiom axiom of existence axiom of identity axiological scale (nh. evaluative scale) axis akusma (Ng.) (cf. kinakema, kinema)

B
babbling baby-talk (1) tieng noi bap be loi noi cua tre con

38 baby-talk (2) (nh. loi noi cua ngi ln caregiver (-taker) vi tre con speech, fatherese, motherese, mother-talk) back (vowel) bacchius (cf. amphibrach) backchaining (nh. backward build-up) back channel back channeling back-formation background assumption background information backgrounding (cf. foregrounding) backlooping backshift (nguyen am) hang sau mo hnh trong am hay trng o [011] lap lui (ky thuat ~) (dung trong viec day tieng) kenh phan hoi phan hoi ang nghe phai sinh ngc (hien tng ~) gia nh lam nen thong tin nen

background knowledge tri thc nen ay lui vao hau canh x. loopback s bien oi th (khi oi li noi trc tiep sang li noi gian tiep) tieng long oc ngc (trat t am) thuyet minh lai (mot van ban) nh. cataphora nh. amphisbaenic rhyme

back slang backup backward anaphora backward rhyme

39 backward build-up bahuvrihi compound balanced bilingualism balance of the system ballistic -bar nh. backchaining t ghep s hu song ng can bang tnh can oi cua he thong an ao; ng an (bay) dau ngang dung sau mot ch cai (nh X-) ch trat t cac pham tru cu phap loi noi / viet ngoai quoc loi dung t dang nguyen tran (cua v t tieng Anh khong co to) hang rao (trong ly thuyet Chi phoi va Rang buoc) i co vach ngang (= []) u co vach ngang ( = []) vach nghieng goc thanh to goc can to ngon ng c s quy tac c s

barbarism (1) barbarism (2) (cu) (cf. solecism) bare infinitive

barrier

barred i barred u bars (nh. slants, solidi) base base component base (form) (nh. root) base language base-rule

40 base structure (nh. deep structure; underlying structure) basic basic form basic word order basic sentence basilect (cf. acrolect (2), hyperlect, mesolect, paralect) baow-waow theory bathos beat (nh. tact (2)) be informative be perspicuous be relevant behabitive behavio(u)r behavio(u)ral behavio(u)rism behavio(u)ristic analysis bel belief benefactive benefactor cau truc c s

c ban hnh thai c ban trat t t c ban cau c ban tieng c s

thuyet gau-gau x. anticlimax phach noi cho co noi dung noi ro y noi vao e ng x (cau ~) hanh vi; thai o, cach ng x hanh vi / thai o (thuoc ~) hanh vi luan cach phan tch hanh vi luan mi decibels niem tin; quan niem hng cach ngi lam ho; an nhan

41 beneficiary (nh. beneficiens) beneficiens (Lat.) (nh. beneficiary) biconditional bidialectal bidialectalism bifocal bilabial bilabial articulation bilabial hole fricative bilabial slit fricative bilateral articulation (of a lateral consonant) (cf. unilateral) ngi hng li (vai ~) ngi hng li (vai ~) x. equivalence song phng ng (ngi/ cong ong ~) che o song phng ng (am) hai tieu iem hai moi / moi moi (am ~) (cau am) hai moi am xat moi-moi chum tron am xat moi-moi khe det cach cau am hai ben (cua am ben)

bilateral (opposition) (cf. (oi lap) hai chieu multilateral) bilingual bilingualism binariness binarism binarity binary song ng che o song ng tnh song oi; tnh lng phan lng phan luan x. binariness song oi; song oi; lng phan

42 binary branching binary contrast (nh. binary opposition) binary digit phan nhanh oi oi lap lng phan (the ~) bt

binary feature (cf. unary ac trng lng phan / single-valued / ([ x]) singulary feature; multivalued feature) binary noun (nh. binary plural; summation plural) binary opposition (nh. binary contrast) danh t song oi

oi lap lng phan (the ~)

binary plural (nh. binary danh t so phc song noun; summation plural; oi cf. plurale tantum) binary system binding binding domain binding scale binding theory he lng phan lien he; rang buoc pham vi rang buoc thang lien he ly thuyet rang buoc (ly thuyet ve cac quan he cu phap s ch trong cau) ang lap song ket (ng ~) sinh hoc ngon ng hoc t song tiet bt

binomial

binomial nomenclature danh muc song thc biolinguistics bisyllable bit (binary digit)

43 bi-transitive sentence bi-transitive verb biuniqueness bivalent black box modelling black English blank verse blade (nh. lamina) blame blasphemy bleaching bleeding (cf. feeding) blend (nh. portmanteau word) blocking cau song chuyen (tac) v t song chuyen (tac) tng ng mot oi mot (trong am v hoc) song tr phng phap / mo hnh hop en tieng Anh cua ngi da en th khong van au li (li) che trach (li) bang bo (ngha) phai bac; b tay trang trch mau t tron ham (co tac dung ngan can viec van dung mot quy tac ng phap) t (ch dung trong) sach v loi van co ac thanh oan ng ngon ng than the quan he lien ket cach quang

bookish word block language body language bonding relation

44 boolean bootstrapping borrowing (nh. loan(word)) bottom-up (cf. topdown) boulmai modality boustrophedon x. binary oan ngha cua t qua thai o ng phap vay mn; t mn (thao tac phan tch ng phap) t di len tnh thai mong c loi viet ch theo hnh ng cay (mot dong t trai sang phai, roi mot dong t phai sang trai, v.v.) gii han rang buoc bieu thc rang buoc

bound (n.) bound (adj.) bound expression (nh. fixed / frozen / set expression) bound form bound morpheme bound morphology bound root boundary boundary-marker boundary marking boundary-symbol

n v / hnh thai rang buoc hnh v rang buoc hnh thai hoc rang buoc can to rang buoc bien gii dau nh bien; ch to bien gii anh dau bien gii / nh bien (cach ~) x. boundary-marker

45 boundary tone bounded (1) (boundedness, n.) bounded (2) bounded (3) thanh nh bien phan lap (danh t ~) hu ket (v t ~) gii han (n v tiet tau khong nhieu hn hai am tiet) tnh phan lap (cua danh t) tnh hu ket (cua v t) ket to ly thuyet gii han dau ngoac om ({})

boundedness (1) boundedness (2) bounder bounding theory braces (nh. curly brackets; cf. angled brackets, round brackets, square brackets) brachygraphy bracketing brackets (cf. angled brackets, braces, curly brackets, round brackets, square brackets) branch branching branching node

gian ky ong ngoac (cho cac thanh phan cau) dau ngoac

(ng) chi lien he nhanh; ng nhanh nut phan nhanh; au nhanh

46 brand-new (information) breath-group mi tinh / mi toanh (thong tin ~) nhom th (nh. phonological phrase, intonation-group, tonegroup, tone-unit) vo thanh (am) co tieng th (am ~) phat am mot hi tieng theu thao; tieng th tham dau ch nguyen am ngan suy dien bac cau (khi co mau thuan trong cach hieu van ban / thong iep) nguyen am sang (~ hang trc) phu nh rong phien am thoang so phc sai lech thanh gay cuong phoi (am) mieng am co v tr li cao va cang chum

breathed breathy breathy voice (1) breathy voice (2) breve bridging inference

bright vowel broad negation broad transcription broken plural (pluralis fractus, Lat.) broken tone bronchus (pl. bronchi) buccal bunching bundle

47

C
cacology cacophony cacuminal (cu, nh. retroflex) cadence (1) cadence (2) caesura calculus calligraphic writing calligraphy calque (nh. loan translation) cancelling (of a presupposition) canonical canonical orientation (encounter) capital cardinal number cardinal point cardinal vowel xu ng (t ng sai do chap cau truc) kho am uon li; quat li cho ha giong cuoi cau nhp ieu trong th / nhac cach / s ngat cau trong th phep tnh cach viet ep nghe thuat viet ch; th phap sao phong vo hieu hoa mot tien gia nh chuan; ung mau nh hng chuan ch (viet / in) hoa so em iem moc nguyen am moc

48 care giver / ~ taker case case attraction (nh. case assimilation) case assimilation (nh. case attraction) case differenciation case filter case form case frame (cf. frame feature) case grammar case-marking case-marking morphology case meaning case phrase case role case stacking case structure of predicate case syncretism case theory catachresis catalectic (line of verse) (nh. truncated) x. baby-talk (2) cach / Cach sc hut cua Cach (hien tng) ong hoa Cach s phan hoa ve Cach bo loc Cach hnh thai Cach khung Cach ng phap Cach anh dau Cach (cach ~) hnh thai hoc anh dau Cach y ngha Cach ng (oan) Cach vai cua Cach chong Cach cau truc Cach cua v ng trung hoa hoa ve Cach ly thuyet Cach an du nghch ly; nghch du cau th that luat

49 catalysis phuc hoi ve sau cua mot quan he cu phap can c vao ve trc kh ch

cataphora (x. anticipatory anaphora; cf. anaphora, exophora) cataphoric cataphoric ellipsis categorial component categorial grammar categorial rule categoric judgement

kh ch (co tnh ~) tnh lc kh ch thanh to pham tru ng phap pham tru quy tac pham tru phan oan co tnh pham tru; phan oan dt khoat pham tru ac trng pham tru trung hoa ve pham tru bien so pham tru pham tru ng (nh. thuyet ng) v t "chuoi" (chang han nh need trong I need to do it, noi chu ng (I) vi v t nguyen dang (to do)) nguyen nhan (ch ~) tieu cu nguyen nhan quan he nhan qua tnh nhan qua

category category feature category-neutral category variable categorema (Aristotle) catenative (verb) (n., adj.)

causal causal clause causal relation causality

50 causation causation chain causative affix causative construction causative verb (1) causative verb (2) s gay khien chuoi nhan qua; chuoi gay khien phu to gay khien ket cau gay khien v t gay hau qua (nh giet) v t tham d vao ket cau gay khien (nh lam (cho), khien (cho)) tnh gay khien nguyen nhan vai ke b gay khien vai ke gay khien khoang; cong minh trng

causativity cause causee causer cavity

cavity feature (cf. major ac trng ve cong class feature, manner of minh trng articulation, prosodic feature, source feature) ceneme cenemic script center central (cf. peripheral) central (vowel) central adjective central coordinator (cf. marginal coordinator) khong v x. phonographic script trung tam; tam thuoc trung tam (cf. thuoc ngoai vi) gia (nguyen am ~) tnh t ien hnh tac t ang ket ien hnh

51 central determiner (cf. postdeterminer, predeterminer) central meaning central modal (cf. semimodal) central preposition (cf marginal preposition) centrality (of the verb) centralization centralization diacritic centrifugal centrifuge (Ph.) centring diphthong centripetal centripete (Ph.) centum language (cf. satm language) trung nh ng; nh ng gia nh. lexical meaning v t tnh thai ien hnh gii t ien hnh tnh trung tam (cua v t) nhch ve pha gia dau ch am gia ly tam ly tam nguyen am oi hng trung hng tam hng tam ngon ng kentum (nhng th tieng An Au van gi cach oc c la [k] ch khong phai la [t] hay [s]) tri giac va t duy (S. Palmer & L.Talmy) (am) uon li; quat li chac chan (tnh ~) chuoi ket hp bien oi day chuyen

ception cerebral (cu, nh. retroflex) certainty chain chain shift

52 chaining structure challenge change channel channel-noise chanting character (1) character (2) character (3) characterising sentence characterology chart chart of consonants chart of vowels checked checked syllable cau truc xau chuoi (tren truc ket hp) (li / s) thach thc chuyen bien; bien oi kenh truyen thong nhieu tren kenh truyen thong tieng ca nghi le ch, ky t nhan vat ca tnh; ac tnh; ac trng cau neu ac trng ac trng hoc bang; bieu o bang phu am bang nguyen am co thanh hau hoa am tiet chat

checking tag (nh. cau hoi uoi co tac reversed polarity tag; cf. dung kiem nghiem copy tag) chereme cherology (cf. kinesics) chest chest-pulse chest register c (ch) v c ch hoc ngc nhp th cua phoi am vc ngc

53 chest voice (cf. head voice) chiasmus child language acquisition choice Chomskyan Chomsky's hierarchy choree giong ngc phep ao oi qua trnh thu ac ngon ng cua tre con s la chon ly thuyet cua Chomsky (thuoc ~) ton ty Chomsky x. trochee

choreus (cf. amphibrach; mo hnh trong am hay tribrach) trng o [000] [do thay the mot am tiet dai bang hai am tiet ngan] choriamb (cf. amphibrach) chomeur chromatic accent chrone chrone language chroneme chunking circonstant circularity circumfix (nh. confix) mo hnh trong am hay trng o [1001] danh ng b that nghiep trong am nhac tnh thi to (s the hien cu the cua thi v) ngon ng dung thi v thi v cat khuc x. free modifier luan quan (tnh ~) tien-hau to; phu to chu vi

54 circumfixation circumflex circumlocution (nh. periphrasis (2)) circumstance circumstant circumstantial phng thc (dung) tien-hau to thanh uon vong loi noi vong hoan canh; chu canh chu to chu to (co tnh); (thuoc) chu canh, tnh huong tnh thai hoan canh vai chu to hnh thai dan hnh thai phat am ri mo hnh trong am hay trng o [11] lp; chung loai x. social dialect n v ngha loai ng hoc co ien phan loai (danh t) biet loai loai t; loai to (hnh v ch loai) t ch loai; nh ng ch loai (M.A.K Halliday) tnh t ch loai

circumstantial modality circumstantial role citation form (1) citation form (2) clashing class class dialect classeme classical linguistics classification classified (noun) (cf. non-classified (noun)) classifier (1) classifier (2) (cf. measure) classifying adjective

55 classifying genitive clausal clausal topic clause clause chaining clause fragment clausemate clause object clause relation clause union clavicular breathing clear [l] (cf. dark [l]) cleft construction cleft-focus cleft-focus negation cleft-focusing cleft palate cleft sentence sinh cach ch loai (thuoc/ co tnh) cau n / tieu cu e lam thanh tieu cu tieu cu; cau n cach ket chuoi tieu cu chiet oan cau n / tieu cu yeu to cung thuoc mot tieu cu tieu cu lam bo ng moi quan he gia cac tieu cu s hp nhat tieu cu th bang cach nang xng on am [l] sang; am [l] khong mac hoa ket cau che ket cau che neu tieu iem ket cau che phu nh tieu iem neu tieu iem bang ket cau che ngac h cau che (neu bat danh ng)

56 cliche click cline (nh. gradience) clinical linguistics clipping clitic doubling clitic pronoun cliticization close approximation close contact close juncture close transition close (vowel) closed class (nh. finite class) quan ng; sao ng am mut day tiem tien ngon ng benh hoc cat t ket cau khinh am ghep oi ai t khinh am phep ket hp phu to / phu ng khinh am cau am khep tiep xuc chat tiep iem khep chuyen tiep khep hep (nguyen am ~) chung loai khep

closed syllable (cf. open am tiet kn syllable) closed text (cf. open text) closing closing diphthong closure (1) (cf. close approximation; open approximatuion) van ban khep ket thuc hoi thoai nguyen am oi khep dan cau am tac

57 closure (2) cach ket cuc (cua mot tac pham van chng) trac nghiem bang viec ien t (thu phap ~) phc cau; to hp (am) hieu qua phc cau phc; phc hp ong tac the hoa uc/ hoa nhap (am v)

cloze testing (procedure) cluster cluster effect clustering co-agent coalescence (nh. convergence (2), merger)

coalescent assimilation ong hoa hp nhat (nh. reciprocal assimilation) co-articulation cochlea / cochleae coda code code mixing code switching (cf. dialect switching, transcodification) codification coding coding density coding point coding strategy ong cau am oc tai ket am; v am ma tron ma chuyen ma

s lap ma x. encoding mat o ma hoa tieu iem ma hoa chien lc ma hoa

58 cognate cognate object cognition cognition-utterance verb (t / hnh v) ong nguyen oi tng cung goc nhan thc; tri nhan v t nhan thc-noi nang

cognitive grammar (nh. ng phap nhan thc space grammar) cognitive linguistics cognitive meaning cognitive semantics coherence coherence (logical / temporal ~) coherence relation cohesion (1) cohesion (2) cohesiveness (nh. uninterruptibility) cohyponym (cf. hyponym, superordinate) coinage coinate ng hoc nhan thc ngha nhan thc ngha hoc nhan thc mach lac (tnh ~) mach lac (logic / thi gian) quan he mach lac s lien ket (trong van ban) kha nang ket hp tnh nguyen khoi (khong chem xen vao c, cua t) ong ha danh

tao t ng mi (viec ~) t mi at

59 coindexation / coindexing anh dau s ong nhat (bang ch hay so c nho ghi sau thanh to hu quan) tap the (danh t ~) quan he kha ket s xung ot kha ket t / yeu to kha ket quan he ket hp ket ngon; ng co nh hoi thoai (co tnh) t ng hoi thoai; khau ng ngi oi thoai mau sac (cua nguyen am) (M. Joos) t ng ch mau sac ket hp; phoi hp tieng bat ra ch co khi ket hp (vi mot t ke theo) bien the ket hp (nghien cu ve) cach ket hp t dang thc ket hp cau lenh (xet ve lc ngon trung)

collective (noun) colligation collision collocable collocate collocation (1) collocation (2) colloquial colloquialism colocutor colour (of a vowel) colour term combination combinatorial explosion combinatorial variant combinatorics combining form command (1) (cf. imperative)

60 command (2) comma comment comment clause ieu khien dau phay thuyet; bnh luan tieu cu bnh luan

commissive (speech act) ket c (hanh ong ~) commissive utterance commitative commitment common core common gender (cf. dual gender) common noun (cf. proper noun) common sense communicant cau ket c lien i (cach ~) s lien i cot loi chung giong chung danh t chung lng thc ngi (tham gia) giao tiep; ngi co hanh ong giao tiep giao tiep thong bao cach day tieng theo hng giao tiep tham nang giao tiep

communication (1) communication (2) communicative approach (to teaching) communicative competence (nh. pragmatic competence) communicative dynamism communicative function

ty lc thong bao chc nang giao tiep

61 communicative transaction commutation commutation test compact (sound) (cf. diffuse) comparative ket c giao tiep (quan he) giao hoan trac nghiem giao hoan (am) ac so sanh

comparative clause (cf. tieu cu so sanh comparison clause) comparative (degree) comparative element comparative method ty cap; cap so sanh yeu to/ ng so sanh phng phap so sanh (cua ngon ng hoc lch s) x. comparative linguistics phuc nguyen bang cach so sanh cau so sanh so sanh (s ~) tieu cu (co y) so sanh bu ap / en bu / bu tr (s ~) (trong cach cau am) keo dai e bu lai am a mat tham nang

comparative linguistics ngon ng hoc so sanh

comparative philology comparative reconstruction comparative sentence comparison (cf. simile) comparison clause (cf. comparative clause) compensation

compensatory lengthening competence (cf. performance)

62 competence grammar (cf. competence grammar) competition competitive dialog(ue) complement complement clause complementarity (1) complementarity (2) (cf. converseness) complementation (1) complementation (2) (h.) complementary (n.; adj.) ng phap tham nang

s ganh ua; s canh tranh oi thoai (co tnh) tranh cai bo ng; phu ng tieu cu phu ng tnh bo sung (trong cach phan bo) quan he trai ngha loai tr viec / cach dung phu ng the phan bo bo sung (t) the trai ngha loai tr

complementary the phan bo bo sung distribution (cf. distributional equivalence, distributional inclusion, overlapping distribution) complementary formation complementary term complementizer cau tao bo sung x. complementary tac t phu ng hoa

63 complete assimilation (cf. partial assimilation; nh. identical assimilation) complete feedback ong hoa toan bo

thong tin phan hoi tron ven

complete reduplication lay hoan toan (cf. partial reduplication) complete sentence cau hoan chnh completive (aspect) (nh. hoan tat (the ~) terminative) complex complex noun phrase complex nucleus complex sentence complex stop complex symbol complex term complex tone complex transitive (verb) (cf. monotransitive verb, ditransitive verb) complex word complexity complementizer component component structure phc (hp) danh ng phc hat nhan phc cau phc am tac phc ky hieu phc thuat ng phc hp thanh trac phc v t ngoai ong phc chuyen

t phc phc tnh; tnh phc hp tac t phu ng hoa thanh to cau truc thanh to

64 component of cognitive system componential analysis composition (nh. compounding) compound compounding (nh. composition) compound letter compound sentence compound stress compound tense compound tone compound word comprehension computational linguistics computational stylistics computer language (nh. machine language) conation conative (function) thanh to cua he nhan thc phan tch ngha to phep ghep t

compositional meaning ngha cau tao ghep phep ghep t ch cai ghep cau ghep trong am phc hp (trong t ghep) th phc (hp) thanh phc (hp) t ghep; t phc s lnh hoi; s hieu biet ng hoc ien toan phong cach hoc ien oan ngon ng ien toan no lc (tnh thai ~) tac ong (chc nang ~) compound bilingualism song ng ghep

65 concatenation conceptual category conceptual meaning (nh. cognitive meaning) conceptual primitive conceptualism conceptualization concession concessioncontraexpectation relation concessive clause concessive mood conclusive concord concord of tenses concordance (Ph.) concrete concrete entity condition conditional s ket noi; s ket hp pham tru khai niem ngha khai niem nguyen to khai niem khai niem luan khai niem hoa (viec / cach ~) nhan nhng (s ~) quan he nhan nhng phan d kien tieu cu nhan nhng thc nhan nhng x. telic x. agreement s phu ng gia cac th trong cau x. agreement cu the thc the cu the ieu kien ieu kien (cau / tieu cu / thc)

condition-consequence quan he ieu kien relation hau qua conditional clause conditional mood tieu cu ieu kien thc ieu kien

66 conditional variant (nh. bien the co ieu contextual variant) kien conditioned (sound) change conditioned variant conductive deafness (cf. sensorineural deafness) conflict configuration configurational language confix confrontation congratulation congruent conjectural family (nh. probable family) conjoined clauses conjoining conjugation conjunct (cf. adjunct (3), disjunct, subjunct) bien chuyen / bien am co ieu kien bien the co ieu kien chng iec do ng dan am s xung ot; s oi khang cau hnh cac ngon ng co tnh cau hnh x. circumfix oi chat li khen, li mng phu hp ng he phong oan nhng cau n c ghep lai x. co-ordination bien ngoi (he ~) trang ng lien ket; lien ket ng

congruence / congruity s phu hp

67 conjunct reduction (nh. s gian hoa lien ket non-constituent / incomplete / reduced coordination, gapping) conjunction (1) conjunction (2) conjunction of subordination conjunctive conjunctive adverb connected speech connective connective pronoun (x. relative ~) connector connotation connotative meaning conscience consciousness consecutive (1) consecutive (2) consecutive clause consistent (language) consistent SVO / SVO etc. language consensus consenter lien ket (s ~) lien t lien t phu thuoc lien ng; ket ng pho t lien ket li noi mach lac ket ng; ket t ai t lien ket tac t lien ket y lien tng ngha lien tng y thc trang thai hu thc; tnh t giac ke theo ch ket qua tieu cu ket qua nhat quan (ngon ng ~) ngon ng SVO / SOV v.v. nhat quan s ong thuan ch to ong thuan

68 consequent clause consonance (nh. consonantal assonance; cf. rhyme) consonant consonant rhyme consonant cluster consonantal x. apodosis lap phu am (ng trc va sau nguyen am) (vd. slip slop) phu am lap phu am (nhat la phu am cuoi t) to hp phu am phu am tnh

consonantal assonance x. consonance (cf. rhyme) consonantal writing conspiracy constant (1) constant (2) (cf. neutralizable) constative (utterance) (cf. performative) constellation constituency constituency grammar constituent constituent analysis constituent ordering van t ch co ky t phu am s hp lc hang so; hang to the oi lap thng xuyen nhan nh (cau ~) quan he hp quan / khong tng thuoc quan he cau thanh; he thanh to x. constituent structure grammar thanh to; thanh phan phan tch thanh to cach sap xep trat t thanh to

69 constituent structure grammar constraint constraint on applicability of transformation constraint on derivation constriction construal (rule of) ng phap cau truc thanh to che nh; han le han le ve kha nang ng dung ng phap cai bien han le ve kha nang phai sinh cau am that / bop quy tac ve quan he gia cac yeu to hoi ch vi tien le kien tao (khai niem c ~) ket cau x. structural ambiguity cau thc phan tch quan he cu phap; co quan he cu phap (vi yeu to nao o) viec thuyet minh noi dung (khai niem) cua cau (R. Langacker) x. informant tieu cu lien he trc ket x. pidgin x. mutation

construct construction constructional homonymity constructive formula construe

construing

consultant contact clause contact language contact mutation (nh. umlaut)

70 contact relative (nh. zero relative) container verb tieu cu lien he tiep xuc v t "thung cha" (co bo ng la mot cau danh hoa) nhiem hp; nhiem ket noi dung tieu cu noi dung trang ng noi dung; trang ng ngon lieu x. lexical word ngon canh; van canh; chu canh b ngon canh rang buoc phi ngon canh / van canh ng phap phi ngon / van canh ngon canh van hoa ngon canh tnh huong

contamination content content clause content disjunct (nh. attitudinal disjunct) content / contentive word context context-bound context-free context-free grammar context-of-culture context-of-situation (nh. situational context; extralinguistic context) context-of-utterance

ngon canh phat ngon

context-sensitive / chu anh hng cua context-sensitivity (cf. ngon canh context-free) context-sensitive grammar ng phap co tnh en ngon / van canh

71 contextual feature (cf. inherent feature, rule feature) contextual variant (nh. conditional variant) contextually determined contiguous contingency continuant continuous (aspect) continuum contoid (cf. vocoid) contour ac trng do chu canh quy nh bien the do chu canh quy nh do ngon / van canh quy nh ke can tnh bang bien; tnh chu canh am lien tuc; am co trng o x. progressive (aspect) the lien tuc am to phu am tnh; am can kh ieu hnh (i len, i xuong, tang, giam, v.v.) thanh dung ieu hnh

contour tone (nh. dynamic tone, kinetic tone; cf. register tone) contour tone language (cf. register tone language) contraction (1) contraction (2) contradiction in terms

ngon ng co thanh dung ieu hnh lc am t lc am mau thuan trong thuat ng; mau thuan ng noi mau thuan

contradictory (1)

72 contradictory (2) (nh. complementarity) contrafactive (nh. counterfactive) contrafactivity contrary (1) contrary (propositions) (2) contrary formation contrast (1) contrast (2) contrast (in praesentia) contrasting (topics) contrastive analysis contrastive focus contrastive linguistics contrastive (study) control (1) control (2) control agreement principle control theory controlled controller (1) controller (2) controllers privilege trai ngha mau thuan phan hien thc tnh phan hien thc trai ngha (menh e) tng phan cau tao ngc ngha x. distinctive x. opposition tng phan (trong ket hp) tng phan (e ~) x. contrastive linguistics tieu iem tng phan ngon ng hoc oi chieu oi chieu (nghien cu ~) kiem nh (quyen) chu y (s) nguyen ly ve quyen kiem nh s phu ng ly thuyet kiem nh chu y (co) x. governor kiem to ac quyen kiem nh

73 convention conventional conventional implicature (cf. conversational implicature) c le c nh ham ngon c nh

conventional name (nh. c danh exonym) conventional sign conventionalism (cf. realism) conventionality convergence (1) convergence (2) (nh. coalescene, merger) convergence (3) (nh. accommodation) conversation conversation analysis conversational inference conversational implicature conversational maxim(s) (nh. maxim(s) of conversation) dau hieu c nh; ky hieu x. nominalism tnh c nh qua trnh hoi tu (cua cac phng ng) hoa nhap bien oi thch ng (vi moi trng ngon ng) hoi thoai phan tch hoi thoai suy dien trong hoi thoai ham ngon hoi thoai phng cham hoi thoai

74 conversational maxim of quantity conversational maxim of quality conversational maxim of relevance conversational maxim of manner (conversational) turn converse converseness (cf. antonymy, complementarity) conversion (nh. zero derivation) conviction convince (cf. persuade) convincing conviviality co-object co-occurrence (nh. simultaneous occurrence) co-operative principle co-ordinate clause co-ordinate bilingualism phng cham hoi thoai ve lng phng cham hoi thoai ve chat phng cham hoi thoai ve tnh quan yeu phng cham hoi thoai ve cach thc lt noi (trong hoi thoai) t trai ngha nghch ao quan he trai ngha nghch ao chuyen (t) loai xac tn thuyet phuc co sc thuyet phuc s hoa muc ong bo ng s cung xuat hien; s ong hien nguyen ly hp tac cau ghep the song ng cong ton

75 co-ordinated (clauses, sentencces, constructions, predicates, etc) co-ordinating conjunction co-ordination (1) co-ordination (2) (nh. syndetic co-ordination) co-ordinator (nh. coordinating conjunction) coprolalia copula (nh. linking verb) copula support copulative conjunction copy tag (cf. checking tag) (tieu cu / cau / ket cau / v ng v.v.) ang ket lien t ang ket ang ket (quan he ~) ang ket co lien t tac t ang ket chng noi tuc he t be cua he t lien t noi ket cau hoi uoi sao chep (tnh khang nh hay phu nh cua ve cau chnh) sao chep loi; cot loi ng phap cot loi hat nhan cua ngha v ng nong cot quy tac loi; quy tac hat nhan ong s ch (quan he ~) oi tng ong s ch

copying core core grammar core of meaning core predication core rule co-reference co-referent

76 co-referential co-referentiality co-representational grammar corollary coronal corpus corpus-based correct correctness correlated pair correlation correlation in typology correlation mark correlation of accent correlation of aspiration correlation of contact correlation of gemination correlation of labiovelarization correlation of nasality ong s ch quan he ong s ch ng phap ong the hien he luan am vanh li kho/ von ng lieu can c vao von d lieu chnh; ung chuan tnh ung chuan cap/ oi tng lien tng lien (the ~) tng lien trong loai hnh hoc ac trng tng lien tng lien ve trong am tng lien bat hi (the ~) tng lien ve tiep xuc (the ~) tng lien phu am iep (the ~) tng lien moi mac hoa (the ~) tng lien ve tnh mui (the ~)

77 correlation of occclusion correlation of palatalization correlation of quantity correlation of relation correlation of tension correlation of voice correlational bundle correlative correlative phonemic unit correlative series correspondence tng lien ve tnh tac (the ~) tng lien ngac hoa (the ~) tng lien ve lng (the ~) tng lien ve quan he (the ~) tng lien ve o cang (the ~) tng lien ve thanh (the ~) chum tng lien tng lien n v am v hoc tng lien loat / day tng lien s tng ng

correlative conjunction lien t tng lien

correspondence fallacy s ngo nhan ve tnh tng ng mot oi mot (gia cac bnh dien ngon ng) corrigibility co-text countability (noun ~) count(able) noun (cf. uncount(able) noun) tnh kha chnh van canh tnh em c (cua danh t) danh t em c; danh t n v

78 counter-agent counterexample counterfactivity (nh. contrafactivity) counterfact(ual) condition(al) counterfield counter-intuitive countermove tac the chong oi; phan tac the phan dan chng tnh phan ham thc (cua v t) x. unreal condition phan trng; phan boi canh phan trc giac hanh ong (ngon t b oi phng buoc phai) ao ngc phan tiep noi tnh phan tiep noi quan he cap oi pho v t ong v t (am) hep, cang yet hau va nang thanh hau an uy tn an (chu) e an x. sound symbolism giong nghien tnh sang tao (cua ngi ban ng)

counter-sequence counter-sequentiality coupling relation co-verb (1) (x. modal verb) co-verb (2) covered

covert (cf. overt) covert prestige (cf. overt prestige) covert topic cratylism creaky voice creativity (cf. competence)

79 creole (cf. pidgin) creole language creole prototype creolization (cf. decreolization) crest cretic cricoid cartilage criterial property criterion (pl. criteria) cross-categorization cross-functional explanation ngon ng lai; tieng creole ngon ng lai / tieng lai tien mau tieng creole (hien tng) lai ngon ng chop x. amphimacer xng sun hnh nhan thuoc tnh ap ng vi chuan tac tieu ch; chuan tac pham tru hoa an cheo giai thch xuyen chc nang (qua viec xet en nhieu chc nang khac nhau) (nghien cu) xuyen ng che nh vt tuyen tham khao cheo (nghien cu) theo cach cat ngang mat ng cua ngi song sinh mat mau at en tot iem

cross-linguistic (investigation) cross-over constraint cross-reference cross-sectional (investigation) (cf. longitudinal) cryptophasia cryptotype (B. L. Whorf) culminate

80 culminative function (of a stress) cultural overlap cultural relativism cultural transmission culture of language cumulative cuneiform script curly brackets (nh. braces; cf. angled brackets, round brackets, square brackets) current relevance cybernetics cycle cyclic node cyclic rule chc nang tao nh (cua trong am) s an chen van hoa tng oi luan van hoa s chuyen giao van hoa viec trau doi ngon ng tch luy (the ~) (van t) hnh inh dau ngoac om

tnh quan yeu hien ng ieu khien hoc chu ky; tuan hoan; vong nut tuan hoan quy tac tuan hoan

D
dactyl (cf. amphibrach) mo hnh trong am hay trng o [100]

81 dactylic (thuoc) mo hnh trong am hay trng o [100] x. fingerspelling x. unattached clause phu ng tha noi

dactylology dangling clause (nh. hanging clause) dangling modifier (nh. dangling participle, hanging participle, misrelated participle, unattached participle, unrelated participle)

dangling participle (nh. v tnh t tha noi dangling modifier, hanging participle, misrelated participle, unattached participle, unrelated participle) dark [l] (cf. clear [l]) dash data database database query dative absolute dative dative-benefactive dative-experiencer subject am [l] toi; [l] mac hoa dau ngang () c lieu; d lieu c s d lieu viec truy tm c s c lieu tang cach oc lap d cach; tang cach tang cach an cach tang cach cua chu the ong vai ngi the nghiem

82 daughter (cf. mother, sister) daughter adjunction (cf. sister adjunction) daughter language (cf. parent language) de-actualization de-automatization (cffamiliarization) de-adjectival de-familiarization dead language dead metaphor decastich decasyllable (decasyllabic, n. & adj.) (nut) con; nut ngay di phng thc dung phu ng trc tiep ngon ng con phi thc tai hoa (s ~) la hoa (s ~) phai sinh t tnh t x. de-automatization t ng an du chet; an du mon cu th thap cu; th mi cau (th) thap ngon; (th) mi am tiet

decision-procedure (nh. thu tuc / thu phap evaluation procedure) quyet nh declarative declarative (mood) declarative sentence declarative speech act declension tuyen bo (cau ~) tuyen bo (thc ~) cau tuyen bo hanh ong tuyen bo bien cach (he ~)

declination (nh. (ng ieu) xuong dan downdrift; cf. downstep) (co ieu kien am v hoc) decoding giai ma (viec / cach ~)

83 decreasing intonation decreolization deduction deductive reasoning deductive universal deep structure (nh. Dstructure; base structure; underlying structure; cf. surface structure) defective defective distribution deferred preposition defining modifier defining relative (clause) (nh. identifying/ restrictive relative; cf. indefining relative) definite definiteness definite article definite description definiteness of reference definiteness (cf. indefiniteness) definition ng ieu yeu dan phi lai hoa (qua trnh ~) dien dch lap luan dien dch pho niem dien dch cau truc sau / chm

khiem khuyet phan bo khiem khuyet gii t chuyen hau phu ng han nh tieu cu lien he han nh

xac nh tnh xac nh quan t xac nh mieu ta xac nh (cach ~) s ch xac nh tnh xac nh (cf. tnh bat nh) nh ngha

84 degree degree adverb degree of comparison deictic (nh. indexical) deictic center deictic distinction deictic element deictic simultaneity deictic system of spatial reference deictic time deictic unit deixis (nh. indexicality) delabialization delayed auditory feed back cap; mc o pho t ch mc o cap so sanh (t) trc ch trung tam trc ch khu biet trc ch yeu to trc ch tnh ong thi trc ch he thong trc ch dung cho s ch trong khong gian thi gian trc ch n v trc ch trc ch phi moi hoa (s ~) tn hieu phan hoi thnh giac en muon (e th nghiem hien tng noi lap nhan tao) buong dan

delayed release (cf. abrupt release; instantaneous release) deletion deletion test

lc bo; xoa bo trac nghiem lc bo

deletion under identity lc bo neu ong s ch delexical (verb) (v t) khuyet ngha deliberative (modality, (tnh thai / thc) ho mood) nghi

85 delicacy delimitative (aspect) delimitative (function) delocutive demarcative stress demonstrative adjective demonstrative pronoun demotic writing demotion denegation denial (deny, v.) denominal denomination denominative phrase denominator denotation denotative meaning denotatum dental denunciation mc tinh te (trong mieu ta) (the) gii han / phan gii (chc nang) phan gii phai sinh t ng co nh trong am phan oan / phan gii tnh t ch xuat ai t ch xuat dan t; van t dan da (vd. ch Nom) giang cap choi bo (viec ~) phu nhan (li ~) phai sinh t danh t nh danh (cach ~) ng nh danh mau so s th; ngha ~ ngha s th (oi tng) s th rang (am ~) hanh ong to cao / to giac

86 deontic modality (nh. intrinsic modality, modulation (1), root modality) depalatalisation dependency dependency grammar tnh thai ao ly

phi ngac hoa (hien tng ~) quan he phu thuoc / le thuoc ng phap cua quan he le thuoc

dependency phonology am v hoc cua quan he le thuoc dephonologization dependent dependent clause deponent verb depth depth hypothesis derivation derivational derivational affixes (qua trnh) phi am v hoa phu thuoc; le thuoc x. subordinate clause v t chu ong co hnh thai b ong chieu sau (trong cach phan tch) gia thuyet chieu sau s phai sinh co tnh phai sinh; do phai sinh ma ra (cac) phu to phai sinh

derivational hnh thai hoc phai sinh morphology (cf. t inflectional morphology) derivational suffix (cf. inflectional suffix) hau to phai sinh t

87 derivative phai sinh (t ~); (phu to) co cong dung phai sinh lc ngon trung phai sinh cau phai sinh cau truc phai sinh ngon ng dung phng thc phai sinh mat trong am (hien tng ~) ng ieu i xuong mieu ta (viec / cach ~) (co tac dung) mieu ta hieu lc mieu ta tnh t mieu ta chc nang mieu ta sinh cach mieu ta ngon ng hoc mieu ta ngha mieu ta phu nh mieu ta (cf. phu nh sieu ngon ng)

derived illocutionary force (nh. illocutionary conversion) derived sentence derived structure deriving language desaccentuation (nh. loss of accentuation) descending intonation description descriptive (cf. restrictive / defining) descriptive adequacy descriptive adjective descriptive function descriptive genitive descriptive linguistics descriptive meaning (nh. cognitive meaning) descriptive negation (cf. metalinguistic negation)

descender (cf. ascender) ha t

88 descriptive relative clause descriptivism descriptor tieu cu lien he mieu ta mieu ta luan ng oan ch chc danh

desentential transform hoan hnh phai sinh t cau desiderative mood (nh. volitional / volitive mood) desiderative sentence designation designatum destination mong muon (thc ~)

cau mong muon s quy bieu oi tng s quy ngi nhan; ch en

deterioration (cf. bien oi xau ngha amelioration, pejoration) determinable proposition determinandum determinant determination determinative determiner determiner class determiner phrase determinism menh e kha nh oi tng can c xac nh nh to nh tnh xac nh (co tac dung ~) nh ng lp nh ng ng oan nh ng quy nh luan; quyet nh luan

89 develarization developmental linguistics deverbal deviant deviation device devoiced devoicing phi mac hoa (s ~) ngon ng hoc phat trien (ve s thu ac ngon ng tre con) phai sinh t v t lech; lech lac s lech lac; ~ lech chuan thiet b mat thanh vo thanh hoa (hien tng ~); (hien tng) mat thanh lch ai (s) chuyen bien lch ai

diachronic (cf. synchronic) diachronic change

diachronic explanation (cach) giai thch lch ai diachronic foreignism t (ng) ngoai lai lch ai

diachronic linguistics ngon ng hoc lch ai (nh. historical linguistics) diachronic process diachronic source diachronic spread diacritic diacritic mark diacritics qua trnh lch ai coi nguon lch ai s lan rong lch ai khu biet (dau ~); phu (dau ~) dau khu biet, dau phu khu biet hoc

90 diaeresis (1) diaeresis (2) (cf. umlaut (2)) diagram dialect dialect continuum dialect (linguistic) atlas dialect (linguistic) geography dialect switching (cf. code switching, transcodification) dialectalization dialectology (1) dialectology (2)(nh. dialect geography, geographical linguistics, geolinguistics) dialinguistics cach phat am ri hai nguyen am ke can dau tach biet hai nguyen am ke can bieu o biet ng; phng ng the lien tuc ve phng ng tap ban o phng ng x. dialectology chuyen ma biet ng; chuyen ma phng ng biet ng hoa; phng ng hoa biet ng hoc phng ng hoc

xuyen ngon ng hoc (khoa nghien cu cac phng / ngon ng khac nhau trong mot cong ong) co tnh (chat) oi thoai oi thoai luan

dialogical dialogism

dialogue (cf. monologue) oi thoai

91 diamorph xuyen hnh to (mo hnh hnh v chung cho cac phng ng) bien the phng ng cua am v c hoanh xuyen he thong (chung cho nhng ngon ng khac nhau) thai he (he oi v gia cac thai) xuyen mo hnh (chung cho nhng ngon ng khac nhau)

diaphone diaphragm diasystem

diathesis diatype

dibrach (cf. amphibrach) mo hnh trong am hay trng o [00] dichotic listening nghe tng tai mot (e th phan ng cua tng ban cau nao) nh phan; song phan nh phan/ song phan (phep ~) song phan hoa (s ~) von t (cua mot tac gia, mot van ban) cach oc (mot oan van) t ien; t ien ngha (trong) t ien x. lexical word ngon lieu

dichotomic dichotomy dichotomization diction (1) diction (2) dictionary dictionary meaning dictionary word dictum (nh. lexis)

92 diegesis (cf. mimesis) difference diffuse (sound) (cf. compact) diglossia digraph di-iamb dimension dimensionality dimeter diminutive (cf. augmentative) diminutive derivation diphthong dipthongization diphthongoid diplonomy diptote diplomatics direct case (nh. nominative; cf. oblique ~) direct illocutionary force phng thc ke (thong tin bang cach ke lai) d biet (s ~) loang (am ~) song biet ng ch oi; ch kep mo hnh trong am hay trng o [0101] chieu; chieu kch; thong so co chieu kch (tnh ~) (th) hai chan giam kch (phu to ~; co tac dung ~) phai sinh giam kch nguyen am oi nguyen am oi hoa nguyen am hi chuyen sac anh hng hai chieu danh t ch co hai Cach van th hoc trc cach

lc ngon trung trc tiep

93 direct method (nh. immersion method) direct object direct objecthood direct question direct quote direct speech direct speech act direction directional object directional relation directional schema directive (speech act) directive utterance director dir(h)ema discontinuous (constituent) discontinuous (sound) (nh. interrupted; noncontinuant) discontinuity (of phrasal verb) phng phap trc tiep bo ng trc tiep tnh cach bo ng trc tiep cau hoi trc tiep dan y nguyen van li dan thuat trc tiep hanh ong ngon t trc tiep hng bo ng ch hng quan he phng hng lc o phng hng cau khien (hanh ong ~) cau cau khien; cau menh lenh khien to song thuyet ng (cau ~) gian oan (thanh to ~) gian oan (am ~)

hien tng tach ri (hai phan cua v t ng tnh)

94 discourse discourse analysis discourse coherence discourse decision discourse deixis discourse event discourse execution discourse focus discourse genre discourse grammar discourse history discourse model discourse organization discourse particle discourse presupposition discourse referent discourse relation dien ngon; ngon t phan tch dien ngon tnh mach lac cua dien ngon quyet nh cua dien ngon trc ch trong dien ngon bien co cua dien ngon cach thc thi dien ngon tieu iem (cua) dien ngon the loai dien ngon ng phap dien ngon lch s (cua mot) dien ngon mo hnh dien ngon (cach) to chc dien ngon tieu t dien ngon tien gia nh (cua) dien ngon oi tng s ch trong dien ngon nhng quan he trong dien ngon

95 discourse representation structure (DRS) cau truc bieu hien dien ngon

discourse ly thuyet bieu hien representation theory dien ngon discourse strategy discourse structure discourse style discourse unit discourse world discovery procedure discrepancy discrete discreteness discursive disjunct (nh. sentence adjunct, sentence adverb(ial), sentential adverb; cf. adjunct (3), conjunct, subjunct) disjunction (1) disjunction (2) disjunctive interrogative disjunctive question dislocation chien lc dien ngon cau truc dien ngon phong cach dien ngon n v dien ngon the gii cua dien ngon thu phap phat hien tnh trang khong khp phan lap tnh phan lap ngon t / dien ngon (thuoc ~) trang ng cau

phep tuyen cach dung trang ng cau x. disjunctive question cau hoi tuyen chon ra/ thao ri (thao tac ~)

96 displaced speech dispondee (cf. amphibrach) dispositional modality dissimilar dissimilation dissymmetrical dissymmetry (n.) dissonance distal distance distich distinctive (feature) dien ngon khong noi ve s tnh trc mat mo hnh trong am hay trng o [111] tnh thai tam the bat ong d hoa bat can oi bat can oi (s ~) nghch am vien tnh; (cach) xa khoang cach th song cu; th hai cau (net / ac trng) khu biet

dissimilative (tendency) d hoa (xu hng ~)

distributional phan bo tng ng equivalence (cf. complementary distribution, distributional inclusion, overlapping distribution) distributional inclusion phan bo bao ham (cf. distributional equivalence) distributional theory of ly thuyet ngha hoc meaning da tren cach phan bo distributive (aspect) phan phoi (the ~)

97 distributive plural distributive plural concord distributive singular distributive singular concord dissyllable so phc phan phoi quy tac phu ng trong so phc phan phoi so n phan phoi quy tac phu ng trong so n phan phoi t song tiet

ditransitive (verb) (cf. (v t) ngoai ong song complex transitive verb, chuyen monotransitive verb) ditransitive complementation ditrochee (cf. amphibrach) divergence diversification divine revelation dochmiac (cf. amphibrach) doggerel domain cach dung bo ng song chuyen mo hnh trong am hay trng o [1010] chia tach; phan re (s ~) a dang hoa (s ~) khai th cua Thng e mo hnh trong am hay trng o [01101] (th) d, tam thng lnh vc; pham vi

domain of applicability lnh vc ng dung; pham vi ng dung domain of occurrence dominance / domination dominant dialect / language pham vi xuat hien thng v; a v cap tren phng ng / ngon ng chiem u the

98 dominant position dominated (by) donkey sentence donor dorsal dorsum double articulation (1) double articulation (2) (nh. double structure) double assimilation double-base transformation (nh. generalized transformation; cf. single-base transformation) double-bar category double consonant double cross (nh. hash mark) double genitive double marking double negation double rhyme v tr u the di mot bac (co cng v ~) cau con la ngi cho mat li (am ~) mat li cau am hai tieu iem phan oan hai bac ong hoa kep cai bien hai c s

pham tru bac hai phu am oi dau thap oi (#) sinh cach kep ch to oi phu nh kep van oi

double-peak consonant phu am hai nh / hai tieu iem double predication ket cau chu v song oi; v ng kep

99 double structure (nh. double articulation) double subject doublet downdrift downglide downgrading downstep cau truc hai bac chu ng oi cap ong nguyen; song thc x. declination am lt xuong giang cap (ng ieu) xuong dan (khong co ieu kien am v hoc) nhan vat kch phat am keo dai xu hng chuyen bien (chung cua mot ngon ng) bai tap dt rung am (hien tng ~) so oi chc nang kep giong oi lng thai; thai song ton nh nguyen luan (ve quan he hnh thc ngha) song tnh x. double structure

dramatis personae drawl drift

drill dropping (of a sound) dual dual function dual gender (nh. sexneutral) dual voice dualism (cf. monism)

dual(ity) duality of structure

100 dubious dubitative mood dummy (subject, element) duration durative (situations) kha nghi thc ng vc (chu ng, yeu to) gia/ rong/ bu nhn thi lng co thi lng/ co chieu dai trong thi gian (s tnh ~) co trng o (am ~) t ghep lien danh ang lap to hp hai chiet oan ong ng hoc (ong ai) ong tnh thai khang nh s kien d thanh ong (the ~) trong am lc thanh ong v t ong in chng that ng ong giac x. agraphia x. alexia x. anomia

duratve (sound) (nh. continuant) dvandva (compound) dyad dynamic dynamic linguistics dynamic modality dynamic perfect dynamic stress dynamic tone (nh. contour tone) dynamic verb dyne dysarthria (nh. anarthria) dysgraphia dyslexia dysnomia

101 dysphasia dysphemism dysphonia x. aphasia xu ng x. aphonia

E
e/ o series echo question echo utterance echoic memory loat luan phien e/ o cau hoi vong lai cau noi vong; cau noi thuoi ky c ngan han thuan ng am (W. Chafe) chng noi thuoi cach tiep can / giai phap chiet trung chiet trung (quan iem ~) tiet kiem tiet kiem sc lc nguyen ly tiet kiem rung nguyen am cuoi khi t ke theo m au bang nguyen am (hien tng) lc bo mot am / am tiet (thng la gia hai phu am)

echolalia eclectic approach / solution eclecticism economy economy of efforts economy principle ecthlipsis (1)

ecthlipsis (2)

102 educational (pedagogical) linguistics effected object (nh. result object) effective egocentric speech egocentrism egressive ejective elaborated code elaborated speech elaboration elaborater elative (case) ngon ng hoc day tieng bo ng ket qua bieu tac noi nang theo loi t ky d nga vi trung (quan iem ~) am xuat am phut x. elaborated speech li noi trau chuot khai trien / un uc (s ~) x. actant xuat cach

electromyograph (EMG) may ien ghi s co bop c electropalatograph (nh. may ghi ien ngac o palatograph) elegy element (cf. factor) elide elicit elision (elide, v.); (nh. syncope; cf. haplology) th bi; ai thi yeu to; thanh phan xoa bo; lc bo lay thong tin (t t lieu vien) xoa bo; lc bo (s ~)

103 ellipsis (nh. abbreviation (2), reduction (2)) elliptical (adj.) elliptical sentence embedded embedded category embedded construction embedded question embedded sentence embedding tnh lc tnh lc cau (co phan) tnh lc (c) long (vao cau) pham tru long ket cau long (trong cau) cau hoi long cau long cach long (cau / ng oan)

emic (approach) (cf. etic) (cach tiep can) chc nang emotion emotional state emotional symbolism emotive emotive meaning (nh. attitudinal/ expressive meaning) emotivitism emotivity empathetic deixis cam xuc; s xuc ong trang thai cam xuc bieu trng cam xuc thuoc cam xuc; cam tnh x. affective meaning

cam xuc luan / cam tnh luan cam tnh / tnh cam xuc trc ch nhap cam

104 empathy nhap cam (t at mnh vao quan iem cua oi tng) the can bang ve nhap cam s xung ot ve nhap cam tieu iem nhap cam nguyen ly nhap cam cng ieu (phep ~) tac t cng ieu cng ieu ai t cng ieu pho niem kinh nghiem rong o trong pham tru rong nguyen ly pham tru rong x. dummy hnh to rong nut trong tap hp rong h t

empathy balance empathy conflict empathy focus empathy principle emphasis emphasizer emphatic emphatic pronoun (nh. intensive pronoun) empiric universal empty empty case empty category empty category principle empty element empty morph empty node empty (null/ void) set empty word (nh. form word, function word, functor, grammatical word)

105 enable causation enallage enclave tao kha nang gay khien (phep tu t) dung tnh ng bat thng s chem xen cua mot ngon ng vao gia mot cong ong d ng s ket hp hau t khinh am (vi mot t von co trong am vi ket qua la trong am chuyen sang t trc) hau t khinh am ong vo; boc vo van bao; van vong lap ma; ma hoa x. canonical orientation (nguyen tac) tieu iem at sau tieng noi ben trong van chan dong th ket thuc cho ngng logic (nguyen tac) trong hau x. term of endearment noi tam (cf. ngoai tam)

enclisis

enclitic encapsulated enclosing rhyme encoding (nh. coding) encounter end-focus (principle) endophasy end-rhyme end-stopped line end-weight (principle) endearment endocentric (cf. exocentric)

106 endocentric (headed) construction / syntagma endonym endophora (cf. anaphora, cataphora, exophora) enjambement (Ph.) ket cau / ng oan noi tam noi danh noi ch

bat cau (phep ~) (tiep cau th trc trong cau th sau) hanh ong phat ngon phat ngon hoi thoai phat ngon lch s keo theo; bao ham (quan he ~) thc the loai (hnh) / kieu thc the entropi x. lexical entry ieu kien tiep nhan chu canh phep iep t / iep ng au hay cuoi cau th (hien tng) chem am am chem

enonciation (Ph.) enonciation de discours (Ph.) enonciation historique (Ph.) entailment entity entity type entropy entry entry condition environment epanalepsis

epenthesis (cf. prothesis, anaptyxis) epenthetic (sound)

107 epic (n. & adj.) epicene (cu) epideictic epiglottis epiglottal articulation epigram epigraph (1) epigraph (2) epigraphy epilogue epimone episememe episode episodic information episodic memory epitaph epistemic epistemic contract epistemic modality epistemic necessity s thi nh. dual gender, sexneutral x. deictic nap hong cau am nap hong oan vnh (cham biem) e t van khac (tren tng, a, v.v.) khac van hoc t mo phep lap t / ng co bien am chut t ngha to ng phap oan chuyen; oan thien thong tin oan tnh ky c oan thi oan thi tng niem (thuoc) tri thc / nhan thc hp ong tri / nhan thc tnh thai tri / nhan thc tnh tat yeu tri / nhan thc

108 epistemic possibility epistemology epithalamion epitrite (cf. amphibrach) epithet epitheton ornantium (pl. epitheta ornantia) eponym epopoeia (nh. epic) epopee (nh. epic) epos (nh. epic) equational / equative (sentence) (cf. ascriptive) equipollent opposition tnh kha hu tri / nhan thc tri thc hoc; tri thc luan; khoa hoc luan th mng ci mo hnh trong am hay trng o [0111] tnh ng tnh ng trang tr d / tang danh s thi s thi s thi (cau) ang thc

the oi lap ang tr

equi-NP deletion (EQUI) lc bo danh ng ong s ch equi-subject equi-topic clause equivalence (1) equivalence (2) (nh. biconditional) equivalent equivalent class ong (s ch) chu ng tieu cu ong chu e tnh ang tr / tng ng noi, lien ket ang tr; tng ng lp tng ng

109 ergater ergative (case) ergative-absolutive ergative-antipassive ergative language ergativity erlebte Rede (.) error error analysis esophageal (nh. oesophageal) esophagus (nh. oesophagus) essential condition (cf. felicity condition) essive establishing discourse topic etat de langue (Ph.) ethnography of communication estrangement ethnolinguistics (nh. ethnography of communication) khien the khien cach khien cach tuyet cach khien cach phan b cach ngon ng khien cach (tnh / c cau) khien cach x. free indirect speech (lam) loi; sai lam phan tch loi (viec / cach ~) thc quan (thuoc ~) thc quan ieu kien thiet yeu cach cng v xac lap chu e dien ngon (cach ~) trang thai ngon ng; ng trang x. ethnolinguistics x. de-automatization dan toc ngon ng hoc

110 ethnoscience ethnosemantics ethology etic (approach) (cf. emic) etymological figure dan toc phan loai hoc dan toc ng ngha hoc tap tnh hoc (cach tiep can) chat lieu thuat chi ch t nguyen hoc (ket hp hai t cung t nguyen) t nguyen hoc nguyen t; t goc uyen ng my am phap; uyen am d Au vi trung d Au vi trung (quan niem ~) cach anh gia

etymology etymon (pl. etyma) euphemism euphony euro(peo)centric euro(peo)centrism evaluation

evaluation procedure thu phap anh gia (nh. decision procedure) (cac kha nang phan tch) evaluative affix evaluative genitive evaluative meaning evaluative scale (nh. axiological scale) even stress phu to co y ngha anh gia sinh cach co y ngha anh gia ngha tr gia thang o nh gia trong am bang phang

111 event event frame event integration eventive everyday language evidence evidential (1) evidential (2) evidentiality evolution evolutive (aspect) examination frame example examplification exception exceptional case marking exchange exclamation (cf. interjection) bien co; s tnh khung s tnh nhap canh them mot bien co t ng / hnh thai ch bien co ngon ng thng ngay bang chng; s chng kien hu chng; c chng kien chng to tnh hu chng dien bien; tien hoa (s ~; qua trnh ~) chuyen bien (the ~) khung khao sat dan chng; th du cach dung dan chng (minh hoa) trng hp le ngoai cach anh dau Cach han hu trao oi; cap oi ap cam than; t ng cam than

evocative (x. expressive) gi cam; bieu cam

112 exclamation theory ly thuyet (ve nguon goc) cam than (cua ngon ng) cau cam than cau (co ngha/ co hnh thc) cam than cau hoi (co lc ngon trung) cam than (ngoi) tr (khong gop ngoi th hai: chung toi)

exclamative sentence exclamatory sentence exclamatory question exclusive (cf. inclusive)

exclusive disjunction phep tuyen chat (cf. inclusive disjunction) exclusive OR exegesis exemption exercitive (speech act) exercitive utterance exhalation exhaustive existence existent existential construction lien t hoac co ngha loai tr thuyet minh van ban (viec / cach ~) mien th (hanh ong) hanh chc cau hanh chc hi th ra thau ao; thau triet ton tai; hien hu vat / ngi hien hu ket cau ton tai / hien hu

existentialcau ton tai-gii thieu introductory sentence

113 existential operator (x. existential quantifier) existential presentative (nh. existential introductory) existential presupposition existential quantifier (cf. universal quantifier) existential sentence exit operator exocentric (cf. endocentric) exocentric construction / syntagma tac t ton tai (cau) ton tai gii thieu tien gia nh ton tai lng t ton tai cau ton tai tac t ch vat / ngi ri bo ngoai tam ng oan / ket cau ngoai tam

exonym (nh. conventional ngoai danh name) exophora (cf. anaphora, cataphora, endophora) exophoric exophoric ellipsis expanded form ngoai ch ngoai ch (co tnh ~) tnh lc ngoai ch hnh thai khai trien (co them phu to cau tao t) khai trien; m rong quy tac khai trien d kien; ch i

expansion expansion rule (nh. rewrite rule) expectation

114 expectative (mood) experience experienced speech d kien / ch i (thc ~) kinh nghiem; s the nghiem li noi co the nghiem; li noi ben trong trang thai tng the nghiem nghiem the; ngi cam thu; ngi the nghiem mieu ta qua kinh nghiem th qua kh kinh nghiem x. instrumental phonetics tri thc chuyen gia hi th ra trong am lc ly thuyet lc th ra (ve s hnh thanh am tiet) (cach) giai thch hieu lc giai thch sc giai thch bo the / thay the bo khuyet (hnh thai ~)

experienced state experiencer

experiential description experiential past experimental phonetics expert knowledge expiration expiratory accent (x. dynamic ~) expiratory theory of syllable-formation explanation (explanatory, adj.) explanatory adequacy explanatory power expletive (form)

115 expletive insertion explication explicative explicative clause explicit explicit author explicit focus explicit meaning explicit performative formula explicit performative utterance exploded diagram (cf. compact ~) exploiting of maxims xen bo the s hien ngon hoa co tac dung hien ngon hoa tieu cu giai thch hien ngon tac gia hien ngon tieu iem hien ngon ngha hien ngon cong thc ngon hanh hien ngon cau ngon hanh hien ngon bieu o khai trien en toi a cach khai thac cac phng cham (hoi thoai P. Grice) s / tieng bat ra bat ra (phu am ~) s bieu hien cu the (cua mot n v tru tng) bieu the li lc trnh pho t gii thieu van ban dan nhap

explosion explosive exponence

exponent exposition expositive adverb expository discourse

expositive (speech act) hanh ong lc trnh

116 expressibility (principle of) expression (1) kha bieu (nguyen ly ~) bieu thc; cach bieu at

expression (2) (plane of) bnh dien bieu at (L. Hjelmslev) expression rule expressive alternant expressive (function) quy tac bieu hien / dien at yeu to luan phien dien cam bieu cam (chc nang ~)

expressive meaning x. affective meaning (nh. attitudinal / emotive meaning) expressive (speech act) Extended Standard Theory (EST) (cf. Revised Extended Standard Theory) extended promotion extension (1) extension (2) bieu cam (hanh ong ngon t ~) Ly thuyet Chuan M rong (Chomsky)

e bat m rong ngoai dien s khai trien

extension (3) (bounded / tnh [ hu tan] unbounded) extension of meaning (nh. widening of meaning) extensional definition s m rong ngha

cach nh ngha bang ngoai dien

117 extensional proposition (cf. intensional proposition) extensive menh e ngoai dien

ve vo trng (L. Hjelmslev)

extensive (construction / (ket cau/ v t) phan verb) (cf. intensive) tan extensive structure external external adequacy (cf. internal adequacy) cau truc ngoai dien ngoai; ngoai tai s thoa ang ngoai tai

external reconstruction phuc nguyen ngoai (cf. internal chieu (cach ~) (so reconstruction) sanh vi cac ngon ng cung he) external sandhi external time sandhi ben ngoai thi gian ben ngoai (rieng cua van ban hay cua oi tng) kiem tra tnh hu hieu bang c lieu ngoai tai ngon ng ngoai hoa

external validation externalized language (cf. internalized language) extra-clausal constituent extraction

thanh to nam ngoai cau trch xuat (viec / cach ~)

extralinguistic (nh. non- ngon ng chi ngoai; linguistic) ngoai / phi ngon ng

118 extralinguistic context boi canh ngoai ngon (nh. context-of-situation; ng situational context) extralinguistic knowledge extrametricality extranuclear extrapolation extraposition extrapositive extrasyllabicity extra-systemic extrinsic modality extrinsic ordering (cf. intrinsic ordering) eye dialect tri thc ben ngoai ngon ng phng phap khao sat khong tnh en kho th ngoai hat nhan ngoai suy ngoai v (thuoc) ngoai v tnh chat ngoai am tiet ngoai he thong tnh thai ngoai tai trnh t ngoai tai loi viet e ghi cach phat am biet ng / phng ng ky thuat dung / quan sat hng nhn cua oi tng hiep van tren ch viet

eye movement technique eye rhyme

119 F0 / f0 (nh. fundamental frequency) fabula (nh. histoire) face face threatening act face-to-face communication fact faction (cf. fiction; nh. non-fiction) factitive factitive affix factitive morpheme factitive presupposition (x. factive presupposition) factive (1) (cu) factive (2) factive presupposition factive verb factor factorization factivity (n.) factor analysis factual tan so c ban cot chuyen; sn t s the dien hanh ong uy hiep the dien giao tiep dien-oidien s kien; s thc (tac pham) phi h cau tao tac; tao ket qua phu to tao tac hnh v tao tac tien gia nh tao tac

nh. factitive ham thc tien gia nh ham thc v t ham thc nhan to nhan to hoa (s ~) ham thc (tnh ~) phan tch nhan to (viec / cach ~) xac thc

120 factual information facultative variant (cf. obligatory variant) faculte de language (Ph.) fading intonation fall-rise tone (nh. falling-rising accent) falling (tone / intonation / diphthong) falling-rising accent (nh. fall-rise tone) false cognate (nh. false friend) false friend (nh. false cognate) false vocal cords (nh. ventricular bands) false etymology falsetto falsifiability falsifiable family name family (of languages) thong tin xac thc bien the t do kha nang ngon ng ng ieu xuong uon vong (thanh ~) i xuong (thanh / ng ieu / nguyen am oi ~) thanh uon vong t ong nguyen gia t ong nguyen gia day thanh gia t nguyen sai lac giong me kha nang c chng minh la sai co the c chng minh la sai ho (ng) he; ho (ngon ng)

facultative (nh. optional) tuy y

121 family resemblance (Wittgenstein) family of sounds s giong nhau trong he toc toc am to (cach nh ngha am v cua D. Jones) cay ng he x. baby-talk (2) (phu am) yet hau tieng bat khau mac yet hau x. false cognates (mo hnh cau) a thch (thong thng nhat, co sc san sinh cao nhat) net; ac trng han nh ve s ong xuat hien cac ac trng goc o ac trng

family tree fatherese faucal (consonant) faucal plosion faux amis (Ph.) favourite (nh. major)

feature feature coocurence restriction (FCR) feature mode (cf. distribution mode, manifestation mode) feature specification feedback feeding (cf. bleeding) felicitous felicity condition feminine (gender)

s minh nh ac trng phan hoi (thong tin ~) nuoi dng hu hieu; hp le ieu kien hu hieu n tnh; giong cai

122 feminine rhyme (cf. masculine rhyme) van n (van mang khinh am; van gia mot am tiet trc co trong am va mot am tiet sau co khinh am) cau th ket thuc bang van khinh am cach phe bnh theo quan iem n quyen ngon ng hoc theo quan iem n quyen (tac pham) h cau van ban h cau tac gia khong co that trng; lnh vc pham vi luan ban ly thuyet ngha trng nghien cu ien da hien tng ao hnh nen (hnh chuyen thanh nen va ngc lai, khi tri giac mot loai tranh) cach noi co hnh tng ngon ng hnh tng

feminine clausula feminist criticism feminist linguistics (cf. genderlect) fiction fictional text fictive author field field of discourse field theory (nh. theory of semantic (lexical) fields) fieldwork figure-ground reversal / shifting

figurative expression figurative language (nh. imagery)

123 figurative meaning figure (cf. ground) figure (of speech) filled pause (cf. silent pause) filler ngha bong; ngha hnh tng hnh bien phap / phep tu t; hnh anh tu t khoang ngng co tieng am t em; tieu to dung phap; yeu to co the ien vao o bo loc chung am; (yeu to) cuoi (hien tng) vo thanh hoa am cuoi trang thai sau cung tac t ket thuc thu tuc / thu phap phat hien khoa dien at bang ngon tay hu han / hu tan pham tru hu tan x. closed class cau n co v t bien ngoi chuoi hu ket ng phap tien bc mot

filter final final devoicing (finally devoiced, adj.; cf. initial devoicing) final state finalizer finding procedure fingerspelling (nh. dactylology) finite (cf. non-finite) finite category finite class finite clause finite sequence finite state grammar

124 finite verb finite verb form finiteness finitive first language (1) (nh. mother tongue, native language) first language (2) v t bien ngoi hnh thai co bien ngoi cua v t tnh hu han / hu tan the hu han ngon ng th nhat

ngon ng c dung nhieu nhat (trong mot cong ong a ng) ngoi th nhat thuoc trng phai Firth hien tng tre con khong chu chap nhan cach phat am sai (do bat chc no) cua ngi ln bieu thc co nh

first person Firthian Fis phenomenon

fixed expression (nh. bound / frozen / set expression) fixed pause fixed phrase fixed stress fixed word order flap flapped (sound) flat

cho ngng co nh ng co nh trong am co nh trat t t co nh am vo (am) vo giang; bet; det

125 flat structure cau truc det; ~ co ba thanh to trc tiep tr len thanh cong hut (trong van t s) trat t linh ong lng t tha noi chiet oan tha noi thanh tha noi; thanh tren am tiet khong co nguyen am vet tha noi (hnh v ch con lai phan ieu tnh) bat chap phng cham hoi thoai am oan dao ong th mang chi trong am tieu iem vung tieu iem y thc co tieu iem khong gian tieu iem tieu iem

fleeting success flexible order floating quantifier floating segment floating tone

floating trace

flouting of maxim fluctuant segment flyting (cf. invective, lampoon) focal accent (nh. sentence stress) focal area focal consciousness focal space focalization (nh. perspective, point of view) focalizer focus focus construction

tac t tieu iem hoa tieu iem (trong cau) ket cau tieu iem

126 focus of assertion focus of attention tieu iem cua li khang nh tieu iem cua s chu y tieu iem cua thong tin mi tien gia nh tieu iem

focus of consciousness tieu iem cua y thc focus of new information focus presupposition

focus(ed) interrogative cau hoi co tieu iem (nh. wh- question) focusing adverb folk etymology (nh. popular etymology) folk taxonomy folk theory folktale foot foot-timed forbidding force foreground foregrounding (cf. backgrounding) foreign accent foreign language pho t tieu iem hoa t nguyen hoc dan gian cach phan loai dan gian ly thuyet dan da truyen (co tch) dan gian chan (n v tiet tau cua th) x. stress-timed le cam oan lc tien canh a len tien canh giong ngoai quoc ngoai ng

127 foreigner talk foreignism forensic phonetics forestress kieu noi ngoai quoc t (ng) ngoai lai ng am hoc phap y tien trong am; trong am at hnh v au t hnh thai; hnh thc t loai hnh thc (phan theo ng phap, thai o cu phap) x. address form h t

form form class

form of address form word (nh. emty word, function word, functor, grammatical word) formal formal criterion formal grammar (cf. notional grammar) formal language formal semantics formal universal (cf. substantive universal) formalism (1) formalism (2) formalist linguistics formality

hnh thc; xa giao; nghi thc tieu ch hnh thc ng phap hnh thc ngon ng hnh thc ngha hoc hnh thc pho niem hnh thc chu ngha hnh thc hnh thc he ng hoc hnh thc chu ngha tnh nghi thc

128 formalization formant formation formation of concepts formative formula formulaic formulaic discourse formulaic expression formulaic subjunctive (nh. optative subjunctive) formulation fortis (consonant) fortition fossilized fossilized (compound) fourth person (cf. obviative) frame frame feature (cf. case frame) hnh thc hoa (cach ~) formant; vung cong hng s hnh thanh; (cach) cau tao s hnh thanh khai niem yeu to cau tao (t) cong thc cong thc (co tnh ~) li noi co tnh cong thc bieu thc co tnh cong thc ha thuoc cong thc (thc ~; dang v t ~) lap thc (cach ~) cang (phu am ~) cang hoa hoa thach hoa thach / mat sc san sinh (t ghep ~) ngoi th t khung ac trng khung

129 frame of cognitive acts khung (cua nhng) hanh ong nhan thc frame of reference framework framing free free alternation free direct speech free form free genitive free indirect speech (nh. style indirect libre, erlebte Rede, represented speech) free modifier (nh. circonstant) free moneme free morpheme free root free translation (cf. literal translation) free variant free variation / fluctuation free verse (nh. vers libre) free word order frequency khung quy chieu bo khung; sn tnh huong hoa t do; oc lap luan phien t do li dan thuat trc tiep t do hnh thai t do sinh cach t do li dan thuat gian tiep t do

phu ng t do nguyen v t do hnh v t do can to t do dch thoat; phong dch bien the t do bien dang t do th t do trat t t t do tan so

130 frequency adverb frequency universal frequentative (nh. iterative) fricative (nh. spirant) friction frictionless frictionless continuant (nh. approximant) front front vowel fronting frozen expression (nh. bound/ fixed/ set expression) FSP full full apposition (cf. partial apposition) full sentence full stop full verb full word function (1) function (2) pho t ch tan suat pho niem thong ke tai dien / thng dien (the ~) am xat tieng xat khong co tieng xat am lien tuc khong xat trc (hang ~) nguyen am (hang) trc nhch ve pha trc bieu thc ong cng

x. Functional Sentence Perspective ay u; tron ven; hoan chnh ong chc hoan chnh cau hoan chnh cham (dau ~) x. lexical verb x. lexical word chc nang; cong nang ham

131 function word (nh. emty h t; t chc nang word, form word, grammatical word, functor) functional (1) functional (2) functional equivalence functional grammar functional burden (nh. functional load) functional linguistics functional load functional phonetics functional sentence perspective (FSP) functional shift (nh. transfer) functional structure functional syntax functional yield functionalism functionalist functioning x. relator chc nang (thuoc ~) tng ng ve chc nang ng phap chc nang ganh nang chc nang ng hoc chc nang x. functional burden ng am hoc chc nang; am v hoc phan oan thc tai; quan iem chc nang ve cau truc cau chuyen di chc nang cau truc chc nang cu phap chc nang x. functional burden chc nang luan (ngi theo) chc nang luan cong nang; (cach) hanh chc

132 functor (nh. emty word, form word, function word, grammatical word) fund fundamental tone fusion fusional language (nh. inflecting language) future future perfect future tense futurity fuzziness fuzzy h t; tac t chc nang

von khung v ng thanh c ban hoa uc ngon ng hoa uc tng lai; th tng lai the d thanh th tng lai th tng lai tnh tng lai tnh chat m m

fundamental frequency tan so c ban

fuzzy grammar (cf. non- ng phap m discrete grammar) fuzzy logic logic m

G
gallicism gap t ng ac Phap cho khuyet / trong

133 gapping (nh. incomplete conjunct / nonconstituent / reduced coordination, conjunction reduction) GB geminate (consonant) geminateinterpretation gemination gender genderlect (cf. feminist linguistics) genealogical classification of languages genealogical relation general affirmation (nh. total ~) general linguistics (nh. theoretical linguistics) general grammar (1) general grammar (2) general negation (nh. total ~) general phonetics general pragmatics generalization tnh lc trung tam

Government and binding Theory phu am iep; iep am giai thuyet nh iep am hien tng iep am tnh; giong biet ng gii tnh; gii tnh ng phan loai ngon ng theo pho he (cach ~) quan he gia pha khang nh tong quat ngon ng hoc ai cng ng phap ai cng x. universal grammar phu nh tong quat ng am hoc ai cng x. pragmatics khai quat hoa (s / viec ~)

134 generalized implicature ham ngon khai quat hoa generalized generalized phrasestructure grammar (GPSG) generalized transformation (nh. double-base transformation; cf. single-base transformation) generate generative generative grammar generative phonology generative rule (nh. production rule) generative semantics generative syntax generic generic background knowledge generic definite generic information generic negation generic plural khai quat hoa ng phap cau truc ng oan khai quat hoa cai bien tong quat

san sinh; tao sinh san sinh; tao sinh ng phap tao sinh / san sinh am v hoc san sinh / tao sinh quy tac san sinh ngha hoc san sinh cu phap hoc san sinh tong loai; toan chung von tri thc tong loai danh ng xac nh ch tong loai thong tin tong loai phu nh tong loai phc so ch tong loai

135 generic statement generic reference generic state genericity genetic affinity genetic classification genetic relation Geneva School genitive genitive of definition genitive-possessive modifier genitive qualificative modifier genre genus geographical linguistics (nh. dialectology, geolinguistics) geographical name (cf. exonym) geolinguistics geometry of tree nhan nh tong loai s ch tong loai trang thai thong thng tnh tong loai; tnh tong quat s gan gui ve coi nguon phan loai theo quan he coi nguon quan he coi nguon Trng Geneva (C. Bally, S. Karcevsky, v.v.) sinh cach sinh cach co tac dung nh ngha phu ng sinh cach ch s hu phu ng sinh cach ch pham chat the loai (van chng) giong ngon ng hoc a ly

a danh x. geographical linguistics hnh hoc cua cay

136 gerund gerundive Gestalt (.) v danh t v danh t (hnh thai ~) Gestalt; dien mao chung

Gestaltpsychologie (.) Tam ly hoc Gestalt; Tam ly hoc cau truc gesture ghost (form / word) c ch (hnh thai / t) ma (do oc sai mot ch co ma thanh) chan rang / li (phu am ~) cai cho san; cai biet san e cho san lt; am lt thanh lt; thanh trac nguyen am chuyen sac; nguyen am lt han le phai sinh tong quat quy tac tong quat dch gia dong; chu thch (cho tng ch tren van ban) (thuoc) li danh sach t ng (dung trong mot cuon sach, mot nganh, v.v.)

gingival given (cf. new) given topic glide gliding tone (cf. level tone) gliding vowel global derivation constraint global rule (nh. global derivation constraint) gloss

glossal glossary

137 glossectomy glossematics glosseme glossograph glossolalia glottal glottal constriction glottal reinforcement glottal replacement glottal stop glottal stricture glottalic airstream mechanism glottalization glottalized glottis glottochronology glottograph gnomic gnomic statement goal giai phau cat li ng v hoc ng v may ghi chuyen ong li chng gia ng thanh hau (am ~) x. glottal stricture tang cng am thanh hau thay the bang am thanh hau am tac thanh hau that thanh hau (ong tac ~) c che luong hi thanh hau thanh hau hoa (am) thanh hau hoa khe thanh; thanh mon thong ke ng thi hoc may o / chup khe thanh thong le (co tnh ~) nhan nh ve thong le ch; oi tng

138 goal incorporation goal orientation hien tng v t cha san oi tng nh hng nham vao oi tng

Gods truth duy thc (ngon ng (linguistics) (cf. Hocus- hoc ~) pocus ~) govern governing category government government(-and)binding theory (GB) governor (nh. controller (1)) gradable (cf. polar) gradability gradation (1) gradation (2) (nh. vowel alternation) gradience (nh. cline; serial relationship) grading gradual opposition grammar grammarian grammatical chi phoi pham tru chi phoi quan he chi phoi ly thuyet chi phoi-varang buoc chu to; yeu to kiem nh co thang o; hu o tnh hu o chuoi t hu o x. ablaut day tiem tien; tnh tiem tien phep chia bac (E. Sapir) the oi lap thanh bac ng phap nha ng phap ng phap (thuoc ~); (co tnh) ng phap; ung ng phap

139 grammatical agreement phu ng ng phap

grammatical ambiguity lng ngha ng phap (tnh ~) grammatical analysis grammatical behavio(u)r grammatical category grammatical form (cf. lexical form) grammatical function grammatical gender phan tch ng phap (viec / cach ~) thai o / hanh vi ng phap (cua cac n v ngon ng) pham tru ng phap hnh thai ng phap chc nang ng phap pham tru ng phap giong

grammatical meaning ngha ng phap (nh. structural meaning) grammatical morpheme grammatic*al rule (nh. rule of grammar) grammatical subject grammatical word (nh. emty word, form word, function word, functor) hnh v ng phap quy tac ng phap chu ng; chu ng ng phap t ng phap; h t

grammaticality (cf. tnh (ung) ng phap acceptability,ungramma ticality, wellformedness) grammaticalization ng phap hoa

140 grammaticization grammaticalized graph grapheme graphemics graphology grave (cf. acute) Great Vowel Shift nh. grammaticalization ng phap hoa (a c ~) t to; ch n t v t v hoc van t hoc tram cuoc chuyen bien ln cua nguyen am tieng Anh (li) chao on nh luat Grimm

greeting Grimms law

groove (fricative) (nh. rill ranh (am xat ~) fricative; slit fricative) ground grounding group group noun guttural (consonant) nen; at; c s at nen tang (viec ~) to hp; t to danh t to hp (phu am) sau (t goc li en thanh hau)

H
h-colored habit of pronunciation habitual (aspect) co sac[h]; x. breathy tap quan phat am tap quan (the ~)

141 habitual collocation (nh. idiom) habituality haiku habituality half-close (nh. midclose) half-line half-rhyme (nh. pararhyme) Hallidayan hanging clause (nh. dangling clause, unattached clause) hanging participle (nh. dangling participle, dangling modifier, misrelated participle, unattached participle, unrelated participle) hapax legomenon (pl. hapax legomena; Lat.) quan ng; thanh ng tnh tap quan hai cu tnh tap quan hep va x. hemistich van thong theo ly thuyet cua M.A.K. Halliday tieu cu treo; tieu cu tha noi v tnh t treo; v tnh t tha noi

half-open (nh. mid-open) rong va

t oc hien (xuat hien ch mot lan trong mot van ban hay mot von ng lieu) lc bt mot am / am tiet trung nhau phng tien giao tiep xuc giac (phu am) cng

haplology (cf. elision, syncope) haptic medium (nh. tactile medium) hard (consonant)

142 hard attack hard consonant khi am manh phu am cng (mac hoa hoac khong ngac hoa) ngac cng; ngac trc dau cng cng hoa (hien tng ~) tan so cong hng hoa am; hoa thanh hai hoa nguyen am (hien tng ~) dau thap oi (#) trung tam (ng phap) phan au (cua n v ng ieu) ng phap can c vao trung tam cac ng oan ngon ng tam-itrc ngon ng tam-i-sau net ac trng cua trung tam quy c ac trng cua trung tam tham so cua t trung tam ng oan

hard palate hard sign hardening

harmonic (nh. overtone) thanh cong hng harmonics harmony harmony of vowels hash mark (nh. double cross) head (1) head (2) (cf. prehead) head-driven phrasestructure grammar head-first language head-last language head feature head feature convention (HFC) head parameter

143 head register head-rhyme head voice (cf. chest voice) headed construction headlinese headword hearer hearing hearing acuity hearsay heavy noun phrase heavy stress heavy syllable (cf. light syllable) heightened subglottal pressure hemistich (nh. half-line) hendecasyllable (hendecasyllabic, n. & adj.) heptameter heptastich am vc oc nh. alliteration giong oc x. endocentric contruction / syntagm ng phap cua tieu e t au muc (trong t ien) ngi nghe nghe; thnh giac kha nang phan biet am tin on danh ng nang (co cau truc phc hp) trong am nang am tiet nang (co van mau phc hp) ap suat tang di thanh mon ban cu; na cau th (th) mi mot am tiet; (th) thap nhat ngon (th) bay chan (th) that cu; (th) bay cau

144 heptasyllable (th) that ngon; (th) (heptasyllabic, n. & adj.) bay am tiet hermeneutics thuyet minh hoc (mon nghien cu ve cach lnh hoi mot van ban dung ngon ng t nhien) hec / Hz / hertz tieng am tuyen d ng t d t ong am

hertz (Hz) hesitation noise heterogloss (cf. isogloss) heterograph (cf. heterophone, homophone) heterography (cf. homography) heteromorphemic heteronym (1) (cf. heterograph, homophone) heteronym (2) (cf. paronym) heteronymy heterophemy (cf. tongue-slip) heterophone heterorganic (sounds) heterosyllabic heterotopy hexameter

d ta d hnh v (thuoc ~) t ong t hay ong am t d nguyen tnh chat ong t / ong am / d nguyen noi nhu hay viet nhu t ong t d am (am) d v d (am) tiet (thuoc ~) am lac v (th) sau chan

145 hexastich hiatus (th) luc cu; (th) sau cau cho tach (co hai nguyen am lien tiep thanh hai am tiet)

hierarchic organization to chc co ton ty (cach ~) hierarchic structure hierarchy hierarchy of access to subjecthood hieratic writing hieroglyph high (vowel) (cf. low, mid) high frequency hissing (sound) histoire (Ph.) historic present historical historical linguistics (nh. diachronic linguistics) cau truc co ton ty ton ty (he ~) he ton ty ve kha nang co cng v chu ng tang t; than van thanh t (nguyen am) cao; hep tan so cao (tieng) x x x. fabula th hien tai lch s lch s ngon ng hoc lch s

historical-comparative ngon ng hoc so sanh linguistics lch s hocus-pocus linguistics ng hoc duy danh; ng (cf. Gods truth ~) hoc ao thuat hold (phase) (1) hold (2) (giai oan) gi hien dien; ang dien ra

146 hold (3) hole in distribution holograph holophrase (holophrastic, adj.) holonym (cf. meronym) co hieu lc; co gia tr o trong trong he phan bo toan van do tac gia viet tay t-cau tong danh

holophrastic utterance cau mot t; cau toan khoi homeostatic system homograph homographic orthography homography (cf. heterography) homomorph homonymous lexeme homonym homonymic conflict homonymous homonymy homophone homophonous homophony he thong t ieu chnh t ong t chnh ta co s tng ng mot oi mot gia am va ch nhat ta; quan he ong t t ong hnh khac loai t v ong am t ong am s xung ot gia t ong am ong am (quan he) ong am t ong am d ngha ong am d ngha (quan he) ong am d ngha

147 homorganic (sound) honorific expression horizontal axis (cf. vertical axis) horizontal grouping horizontal splitting hortative human / non-human hybrid word hydronym hypallage hyperbaton (am) ong v bieu thc ton xng truc hoanh quy nhom / tap hp ngang chia tach ngang thc co vu (pham tru) ngi / phi ngi t lai goc thuy danh x. transferred epithet phep tach ket cau cu phap thanh chuoi tuyen tnh (bien phap tu t) (phep) ngoa du sieu chnh tieng thng lu

hyperbole (cf. litotes) hypercorrection hyperlect (cf. acrolect (2), basilect, mesolect, paralect) hypernym hyperonym (nh. superordinate) hypersememic (cf. sememic)

x. hyperonym / superordinate thng danh sieu ngha tang hoc (thuoc ~) (nghien cu quan he gia ngon ng vi the gii ben ngoai)

148 hyphen hypocoristic (suffix) hypomorphemic stratum hyponasality hyponym (nh. subordinate; cf. cohyponym, superordinate) hyponymy hypophoneme dau noi giam kch au yem (hau to ~) cap o di hnh v giam tnh mui hoa ha danh

x. inclusion (1) thanh to di cap am v

hypophonemic stratum cap o di am v hoc hyporheme hypostasis hypotaxis, hypotactic (adj.) (cf. co-ordination, parataxis) hypotheme hypothetical tieu thuyet; thuyet cap di chuyen t loai (hien tng ~) phu ket

tieu e; e cap di gia thiet

hypothetical condition ieu kien gia thiet (nh. unfulfilled condition, unreal condition, rejected condition, counterfactual condition)

149 hysteron-proteron phep ao lon trat t bnh thng cua phat ngon (bien phap tu t)

I
iamb (cf. amphibrach) iamb (iambic, adj.) IC IC-analysis ICM icon iconic iconicity ictus ID idea ideal hearer / listener ideal language type ideal speaker idealization mo hnh trong am hay trng o [01] mo hnh trong am hay trng o [01] x. immediate constituent x. immediate consituent analysis x. idealized cognitive model hnh hieu hnh hieu (co tnh ~) hnh hieu (tnh ~) am tiet co trong am x. immediate dominance y; y niem ngi nghe ly tng kieu ngon ng ly tng ngi noi ly tng ly tng hoa

150 idealized native speaker ideation ideation phase ideational function of language ideational meaning identical identical asimilation (nh. complete asimilation) identical environment identifiability identifiable identifiable referent identification ngi ban ng ly tng hoa bnh dien y niem giai oan hnh thanh y niem chc nang y niem cua ngon ng ngha y niem ong nhat ong hoa ong nhat

chu canh ong nhat kha nang (c) nhan dien / ong nhat hoa co the (c) nhan dien / ong nhat hoa oi tng s ch co the xac nh c nhan dien / ong nhat hoa / xac lap can cc (viec / cach ~) tac t nhan dien nhan dien; ong nhat (hoa) ket cau ong nhat hoa; ket cau ang thc thiet b hoi c nhan dien

identifier identify identifying construction identifying mnemonic device

151 identifying relative identity identity condition identity deletion / erasure ideogram / ideograph ideographic script ideophone idioglossia (nh. autonomous speech) idiolect idiom (1) (nh. habitual collocation) idiom (2) idiom chunk idiomatic idiomaticity idiomatization idiophone if-clause if-needed inference iff (= if, and only if) x. defining relative can cc; tnh ong nhat ieu kien nhan dien / ong nhat lc bo yeu to ong nhat y t van t ghi y t dung bieu trng am thanh; t bieu y mat ng (ca nhan) biet ng ca nhan; ca ng thanh ng biet ng; phng ng bo phan cua thanh ng thanh ng tnh tnh thanh ng thanh ng hoa (qua trnh ~) ac trng ng am cua ca nhan cau phu dung if s suy dien can en if khi va ch khi

152 ill-formedness (nh. ungrammaticality) illative (1) illative (2) ill-formed illiteracy illocution illocutionary (cf. locutionary, perlocutionary) illocutionary act illocutionary conversion illocutionary force illocutionary goal illocutionary meaning (nh. illocutionary force) illocutionary operator illocutionary particle illocutionary satellite illocutionary suicide khong chnh; khong chuan (tnh chat ~) nhap cach; noi bien cach pho t ch hau qua khong chnh; khong chuan (trang thai) mu ch x. illocutionary act ngon trung

hanh ong ngon trung chuyen v ngon trung lc ngon trung (muc) ch ngon trung ngha ngon trung tac t ngon trung tieu t (dung lam tac t) ngon trung phu ng ngon trung yeu to hien ngon phu nh lc ngon trung cua cau (nh toi xin vu cao rang no la anh) (t ien) co minh hoa minh hoa

illustrated (dictionary) illustration

153 illustrative sample image (1) image (2) image (3) mau minh hoa hnh (anh) hnh anh (tu t) hnh tng cu the hoa mot khai niem tru tng x. figurative language he thong nhng cach hnh dung (khai niem hoa) hien thc (L. Talmy) bat chc; mo phong (viec / cach ~) thuyet mo phong (giai thch coi nguon cua ngon ng bang qua trnh bat chc nhng am thanh cua t nhien) mo phong (am / t ~) noi tai cau truc noi tai (L. Hjemslev) thanh to trc tiep thng v trc tiep x. immediate dominance tieu iem trc tiep x. direct method

imagery imaging system

imitation imitation theory

imitative (sound/ word) immanent immanent structure immediate constituent (IC) immediate dominance (ID) immediate domination immediate focus immersion method

154 immutability impediment imperative (mood) (cf. command) imperfect (aspect) imperfective (aspect) impersonal implementation implementation of change implication implicational universal implicative (glagol, Ng.) tnh bat di dch (cua nh luat ng am) chng ngai; s ngan can thc menh lenh the v thanh the khong hoan thanh vo nhan xng (s) the hien; hien thc hoa lan truyen (s bien oi) ham y; keo theo pho niem tat suy (v t) bao ham (co ngha ham thc trong cau khang nh va ham h trong cau phu nh) v ng bao ham ieu c ham y ham ngon an mac; ham an ty du mac an (trong ngha cua tnh t hu o) ham ngha; ngha ham an

implicative predicate implicatum (implicata, pl.) implicature implicit implicit comparative

implicit meaning

155 imply implied author implosive (1) implosive (2) imposition impossibility impressive improper compound in-group language (cf. out-group language) inactive consciousness inactive information inadequacy (cf. observational/ descriptive / explicative adequacy inalienable inanimate inanimate noun (cf. animate noun) incapsulation inceptive (aspect) inchoative (aspect) (x. inceptive) incidence bao ham; keo theo tac gia an mac am bap vao phu am hut vao s ap at (O. Yokoyama) bat kha hu (tnh ~) an tng (t ng ~) t ghep gia hieu (nh v nhan) ngon ng dung trong nhom y thc t giac khong chu ong tri thc khong c kch hoat tnh khong thoa ang (cua mot mo hnh)

bat kha ly bat ong vat danh t bat ong vat x. nesting khi phat/ khi ong (the ~) lam trang (the ~) tam ngha

156 inclusion (1)(nh. hyponymy) inclusion (2) inclusive (cf. exclusive) quan he bao ngha x. nesting gop (ngoi th nhat phc so co bao gom ngoi th hai : chung ta) phep tuyen long (ca hai ve co the c tuyen) o k (tnh ~); khong / bat tng thch (tnh ~) o k; khong / bat tng thch khong tron ven; d dang ng lien ket khong tron ven

inclusive disjunction (cf. exclusive disjunction) incompatibility incompatible incomplete incomplete conjunct coordination (nh. nonconstituent/ reduced coordination, conjunction reduction, gapping) incompletive inconsistency inconsistent incorporating topic incorporation

khong hoan tat (the ~) tnh thieu nhat quan thieu nhat quan chu e bao gop (cac chu e trc) c cau a to hp; s bao gop

157 incorporating language ngon ng a to hp (nh. polysynthetic language) increasing intonation indeclinable indefinite indefinite article ng ieu manh dan khong bien cach c bat nh quan t bat nh

indefiniteai t bat nh nghi interrogative pronoun van indefinite noun phrase indefinite numeral indefinite pronoun indefinite quantifier danh ng bat nh so t bat nh ai t bat nh lng t bat nh

indefinite relative (nh. tieu cu lien he bat non-defining relative; cf. nh definite relative) indefiniteness independency indeterminacy indeterminate class tnh bat nh (ng phap hay ngha hoc) quan he khong phu thuoc tnh bat nh danh sach bat nh (khong ro la khep hay m) ch hieu (Ch. S. Peirce) ch luc; muc luc tra cu trc ch yeu to trc ch

index (1) index (2) indexical (nh. deictic) indexical item

158 indexicality indicative (mood) indirect illocutionary force indirect interrogative indirect object indirect question indirect quote indirect speech (nh. reported speech, oratio obliqua) indirect speech act individualizing classifier Indo-European inessive inference infinite class infinitival clause infinitival construction infinitival particle x. deixis thc tran thuat lc ngon trung gian tiep (cau) nghi van gian tiep bo ng gian tiep cau hoi gian tiep cau dan gian tiep li dan thuat gian tiep hanh ong ngon t gian tiep loai t ca the hoa An-Au nh v (cach ~) suy dien (s / cach ~) x. open class tieu cu co v t dang nguyen ket cau (dung thc) vo nh tieu t to ch v t dang nguyen (trong tieng Anh) thc vo nh dang nguyen (cua v t)

infinitive (1) infinitive (2)

159 infix infixation infecting influence infelicity (cf. felicity condition) inference explosion infinite regress noi to phng thc (dung) noi to anh hng lay nhiem tnh vo hieu lc s bung no cua so kha nang suy dien kha nang phan nho en vo tan (ngha to hay chiet oan) ngon ng khuat chiet; ngon ng bien hnh v to; bien to hnh thai hoc bien hnh t

inflectional / inflecting language (nh. fusional language) inflection (cv. inflexion) inflectional morphology (cf. derivational morphology) inflectional suffix (cf. derivational suffix) inflexible inflexion (cu) influence inform reason informal (discourse / speech) informant (nh. consultant) information capacity

hau to bien hnh t bat kha bien x. inflection anh hng nguyen do thong tin khong chnh thc (dien ngon ~) t lieu vien dung lng thong tin

160 information dynamics information focus information loss information source information structure information theory informational coherence informational compromise informational hybrid informational incompatibility informational redundancy informative informativity ingressive inhalation inherent inherent attribute inherent feature (cf. context feature, rule feature) inherently reciprocal verb ty lc thong tin tieu iem thong tin s ton that (lng) thong tin nguon thong tin cau truc thong tin ly thuyet thong tin mach lac ve noi dung thong tin thoa hiep trong thong tin ket cau lai tap ve thong tin tnh bat kha dung ve thong tin tnh tha d ve thong tin co gia tr thong tin gia tr thong tin am nhap hi th vao co hu tnh ng noi tai; thuoc tnh co hu (net) ac trng noi tai / co hu v t cha san ngha tng ho

161 inheritance tha hng (cac quan he cau truc sau khi chuyen hnh) thuy am; am au ( v tr) au (hien tng) vo thanh hoa am au (tap quan viet tat) gi ch au t c quan khi phat (luong hi) ngi / nhan to khi gia thuyet bam sinh (kha nang ngon ng la bam sinh) tai trong bien hnh ben trong; khuat chiet ben trong vo c ng vao xen x. abrupt release

initial (1) (cf. medial, final) initial (2) (at ~ position) initial devoicing (initially devoiced, adj.; cf. final devoicing) initialism initiator initiator (of action) innateness hypothesis

inner ear inner inflection inorganic (cf. organic) input insertion instantaneous release

instantaneous (situation iem tnh (s tnh ~) type) instantiation institution institutional minh hoa; minh nh thiet che thiet che (thuoc ~)

162 institutional fact s kien thuoc thiet che

institutional linguistics khoa nghien cu ngon ng trong cac thiet che institutionalization institutionalized hyperbole institutionalized politeness institutionalized situational context institutionalized time institutionalized understatement instrumental (case) thiet che hoa phep ngoa du thiet che hoa lch s thiet che hoa ngon canh tnh huong thiet che hoa thi gian thiet che hoa phep khiem du thiet che hoa cach cong cu

instrumental phonetics ng am hoc kh cu (nh. experimental phonetics) intended pleonasm intensification intensifier intension (cf. extension) intensional meaning (nh. intension) intensional definition intensive (construction / verb) (cf. extensive) trung ng co y s tang cng tac t / trang ng tang cng noi ham ngha noi ham nh ngha bang noi ham (ket cau/ v t) tap trung

163 intensive-iterative intensive pronoun (nh. emphatic pronoun) intensity (cf. loudness) intention intention of utterance intentional (cognitive) structure intentionality inter-level interaction interaction management interactive system interactional sociolinguistics interactionalism phep lap lai vi y ngha cng ieu ai t cng ieu cng o y nh y nh cua viec phat ngon cau truc nhan thc cua y nh tnh chat co y bnh dien trung gian tng tac (hoat ong ~) quan ly s tng tac (viec / cach ~) he thong tng tac xa hoi ngon ng hoc tng tac tng tac luan (quan iem ve ban chat tng tac trong tat ca cac bnh dien ngon ng) kha nang thay the nhau (v tr) gia hai phu am gia (hai hang) rang tng thuoc (quan he ~)

interchangeability interconsonantal (position) interdental interdependence

164 interdisciplinarity (of linguistics) interface interference (1) interference (2) (nh. negative transfer) interfix interfixation interior monologue interjection (cf. exclamation) interlanguage (nh. intermediate language) interlingua tnh lien nganh cua ngon ng hoc giao dien giao thoa (hien tng ~) (s) chuyen di tieu cc trung gian to; trung to phng thc (dung) trung (gian) to oc thoai ben trong than t ngon ng trung gian (trong viec hoc tieng) ngon ng trung gian (trong nganh tr tue nhan tao) ngon ng trung gian s phong chieu trung gian ng trang trung gian nguyen am trung gian (gia hai nguyen am moc) s thoa ang noi tai bien hnh ben trong; khuat chiet ben trong bo ng noi tai (cha trong v t)

intermediate language (nh. interlanguage) intermediate projection intermediate state intermediate vowel

internal adequacy (cf. external adequacy) internal inflection internal object

165 internal reconstruction phuc nguyen ben trong internal rhyme (cf. Leonine rhyme) internal sandhi internalization internalized language (cf. externalized language) van lng sandhi ben trong nhap tam; nhap noi; noi hoa ngon ng noi hoa

international language ngon ng quoc te; quoc te ng International Phonetic Alphabet International Phonetic Association interpersonal interpersonal meaning interpretant T mau Ng am Quoc te Hoi Ng am hoc Quoc te lien nhan y ngha lien nhan nhan hieu (mot trong ba yeu to cua tam giac bieu ngha theo ly thuyet C.S. Peirce) thuyet minh; giai thuyet; dch (mieng) (co tnh) thuyet minh ngi dch (mieng); ~ thong ngon hoi; nghi van cau / tieu cu nghi van ai t nghi van

interpretation (cf. translation) interpretative interpreter interrogative interrogative clause interrogative pronoun

166 interrogative sentence cau nghi van; cau hoi interruptability interrupted interruption intersection of sets tnh co the chem xen x. non-continuant s dt quang / ngat quang s an chen gia cac tap hp

inter-sentence anaphor hoi ch xuyen cau (yeu to ~) intersentential linkage lien he gia cac cau intertextual intertextuality interval interview intervocalic (position) intonation intonation contour intonation-group (nh. breath-group, phonological phrase, tone-group, tone-unit) intonational phrase intonation pattern intonogram intonograph intransitive adjective lien van ban tnh lien van ban khoang; khoang cach phong van (cuoc ~) gia hai nguyen am (v tr ~) ng ieu ieu hnh ng ieu nhom ng ieu

x. intonation-group mo hnh ng ieu ban ghi am ieu may ghi am ieu tnh t khong the co bo ng

167 intransitive verb (nh. one-place verb) intransitivity intraoral pressure intrasentential linkage intrinsic intrinsic bound intrinsic modality intrinsic ordering (cf. extrinsic ordering) intrinsic system of spatial reference introductory (element) introflecting language (nh. introflexive language) introflection introflexive language introspection introspective method intrusive intuition (nh. tacit knowledge, Sprachgefuhl) intuitive invariable v t bat cap vat; v t noi ong tnh noi ong; tnh bat chuyen tac ap suat ben trong mieng lien he ben trong cau noi tai; co hu gii han noi tai x. deontic modality trnh t noi tai he thong quy chieu noi tai trong khong gian dan nhap (yeu to ~) ngon ng co phng thc khuat chiet ben trong phng thc khuat chiet ben trong x. introflecting language noi quan phng phap noi quan am chem trc giac; cam thc

trc giac (co tnh ~) bat bien

168 invariant invective (cf. flyting, lampoon) inventory inversed word order inversion inversion test inverted commas inverted pseudo-cleft sentence ionic majore (cf. amphibrach) ionic minore (cf. amphibrach) irony, ironic (adj.) irrealis irrealis scope irregular irrelevant irreversibility hang the dung e la mang danh sach liet ke (n v / yeu to, v.v.) trat t t ao ao (cau, trat t, vai) trac nghiem ao v x. quotation mark cau che gia ao v mo hnh trong am hay trng o [1100] mo hnh trong am hay trng o [0011] biem du; (li) ma mai phi (hien) thc (tnh thai ~) tam bao quat cua y phi thc bat quy tac; phi quy tac khong quan yeu tnh khong the ao v (cua ket cau cu phap) cu lao (to hp co cac thanh to khong the tach rieng)

island

169 island condition ieu kien cu lao (cho phep cac thanh to cua mot to hp co the tach rieng) han le cu lao x. isochrony mo hnh co trong am cach eu tuyen ang ng x. isogloss x. isogloss (ngon ng) tach biet / biet lap

island constraint isochronism isochrony (cf. isosyllabism) isogloss isoglottic line isograph isolate (language)

isolated opposition (cf. the oi lap n nhat / proportional) opposition) biet lap isolating language isolect isolex (cf. isogloss) isomorph (cf. isogloss) isomorphic line isomorphism isophone (cf. isogloss) isophonic line isopleth isoseme isosyllabism (cf. isochrony) ngon ng n lap biet ng n ang tuyen tuyen ang t tuyen ang hnh x. isomorph tnh ang hnh tuyen ang am x. isophone tuyen ang ng van hoa tuyen ang ngha mo hnh co am tiet bang nhau

170 isotopy tnh tng hp (ve) chu e (trong van ban) (A. Greimas) ch in nghieng n v; hnh thai n; yeu to (mo hnh) n v-vacach-sap- xep (mo hnh) n v-vathao-tac tai dien nh. frequentative so t thng dien x. recursive rule

italics item item-and-arrangement (IA) (model) item-and-process (IP) (model) iteration iterative iterative numeral iterative rule

J
Jakobsonian theo ly thuyet cua R. Jakobson Jakobsonian hypothesis gia thuyet Jakobson (ve th t thay oi cua cac the oi lap am v hoc) jargon jaw-breaker joint moneme (cf. free moneme) journalese biet ng nghe nghiep t kho phat am; t treo quai ham nguyen v rang buoc giong bao ch

171 judgement junction junctives junctor juncture jussive (form/ sentence) phan oan quan he hoi ket ch to tiep iem tac t lien ket ket hieu; tiep iem; tn hieu tiep iem (hnh thai/ cau) menh lenh co ngha cho phep ket noi quan he ang ket khong co lien t bien am ket hp

juxtaposing juxtaposition juxtapositional change

K
kana ch kana (van t am tiet tnh cua tieng Nhat) ch kanamajiri (van t Nhat Ban ket hp ch kanji vi ch kana) ch kanji ("han t"; van t Nhat dung ch Han) ch katakana (van t Nhat ghi mora) kanamajiri

kanji

katakana

172 Katz-Postal hypothesis gia thuyet Katz-Postal (phu nhan s tng ong ve ngha gia cau truc sau va cau truc be mat) Kazan School Keenan-Comrie hierarchy kenning Trng Kazan ton ty Keenan-Comrie phep thay danh tnh bang hnh anh mieu ta cau loi chuoi loi chuyen hoa cot loi (khong co tac dung vi tieu cu phu) cha khoa giong; phong cach noi ha thap giong t cha khoa he thong t-cha khoa bieu tng net khu biet ong-am hoc (B. de Courtenay) bieu tng net khu biet ong hoc (B. de Courtenay) (ieu) bo v ieu bo hoc

kernel sentence kernel string kernel transformation

key (1) key (2) key-lowering (nh. register-lowering) keyword keyword system kinakema (Ng.) (cf. kinema, akusma) kinema (Ng.)

kineme kinesics

173 kinesthesia kinesthetic kinetic tone kinship term koine (Hy) kymogram kymograph ong giac ong giac (thuoc ~) x. dynamic tone t ng ch quan he than toc dang ngon ng chung ban ghi ba ong may ghi ba ong

L
label labelled brackets labeling labial labial umlaut labialization labialized labial velar labiodental labiovelar labiovelarization lacuna LAD nhan ong ngoac co (e) nhan nh nhan; e nhan moi (am ~) hien tng umlaut moi (hien tng) moi hoa moi hoa x. labiovelar moi rang moi mac (am ~) (hien tng) moi mac hoa cho khiem khuyet x. language acquisition device

174 laletics lamina (nh. blade) laminal lampoon (cf. flyting) landing site landmark language language acquisition language acquisition device ng am hoc cua khau ng au li au li (am ~) bai cham biem v tr chuyen ti moc nh v; nen nh v ngon ng; (th) tieng qua trnh thu ac ngon ng thiet b thu ac ngon ng

language apprehension tri giac ngon ng (viec / cach ~) language barrier rao chan ngon ng; ngon ng bat ong (tnh trang ~) hanh vi ngon ng (nh. linguistic competence) chuyen bien ngon ng tiep xuc ngon ng s tieu vong cua ngon ng x. language spread x. language planning kha nang ngon ng (t nhien)

language behavio(u)r language capacity language change language contact language death language diffusion language engineering language faculty

175 language family language game language generation ng he tro chi ngon ng s san sinh ngon ng

Language Independent Trat t thanh to c Preferred Order of u ai trong moi ngon Constituents (LIPOC) ng (S. Dik) language laboratory language loss language loyalty phong may (e hoc tieng) that ng (hien tng ~) x. language maintenance

language maintenance s trung thanh oi vi ngon ng Language of Thought Hypothesis language pathology Gia thuyet ve Ngon ng cua T duy (G. Fodor) benh hoc ve ngon ng

language planning (nh. ke hoach hoa ngon language engineering, ng language treatment) language recognizing system language shift he nhan dien ngon ng s bien oi ngon ng (do nhan to phi ngon ng) s banh trng ngon ng he thong ngon ng x. language planning

language spread (nh. language diffusion) language system language treatment

176 language universal (cf. pho niem ngon ng linguistic universal) langue (Ph.) (cf. parole) lapsus calami lapsus linguae laryngeal laryngealized laryngectomy laryngograph laryngopharynx laryngoscope larynx last name ngon ng (phan biet vi li noi) viet nhu noi nhu am thanh hau thanh hau hoa giai phau cat bo (mot phan) thanh hau may ghi chan ong cua thanh hau phan thanh hau di yet hau may quay phim hoat ong cua thanh hau thanh hau ho (ten e sau cung theo tap quan cua ngi Au) am ben phu am ben am xat ben tieng bat ben (sau am tac) luat phu-tram (trong t lay tieng Viet)

lateral lateral consonant lateral fricative lateral plosion law of harmony of tones

177 law of the sign quy luat cua phu hieu (hai mat nang bieu va s bieu khong bao gi thieu nhau) am li oan thi lp lp cua cau truc phan lp cung cap cau hoi dan dat kha nang hoc; tnh hoc c loi noi bac hoc t bac hoc giam kho (luat ~) li t biet bien the ngon ng biet ng hay phng ng (thuoc) ng nhanh sang trai ra sang trai

lax lay layer layer of structure layering (1) layering (2) leading question learnability learned expression learned word least effort (law of ~) leave-taking lect lectal left-branching left dislocation

left linear grammar (cf. ng phap tuyen tnh right linear grammar) viet t trai sang phai (trong ngon ng hoc ien toan) leftward expansion legal (leit)motif khai trien sang trai hp phap motp

178 lemma (1) lemma (2) (cf. lexical entry) lemmatization length length-mark lengthening lenis (pl. lenes) lenition bo e dang t ien cua t cach xac nh dang t ien cua t trng o dau ch trng o tang trng o yeu; li giam o cang (cua phu am) (hien tng ~) (phat am / oc) cham vn Leonine (tieng trc cho ngat nhp hiep van vi tieng cuoi dong th) ch cai bnh dien; cap o; mc o bang; phang mc o thch ang / thoa ang mc trong am

lento Leonine rhyme

letter level (1) level (2) level of adequacy level of stress

level of representation cap o the hien / trnh hien level-skipping (cf. loopback, layering(2)) level tone thang cap thanh ngang; thanh bang

179 levelling lexeme san bang (viec ~; cach ~) t v; t can v; n v mang ngha t vng trong t t v (thuoc ~) tnh khu biet t vng tnh ong nhat t v t tang; lp t v he thong t v t vng (thuoc ~) truy cap t vng (trong nhan thc) tnh lng vng ngha t

lexemic lexemic distinctness lexemic identity lexemic stratum lexemic system lexical lexical access lexical ambiguity lexical attachment lexical category lexical causative (cf. morphological ~) lexical component (cf. postlexical component) lexical cycle lexical diffusion

xac nh v tr cua t v (viec / cach ~) pham tru t vng ket cau gay khien t vng thanh to t vng vong t vng lan truyen (s bien oi am) qua t vng

lexical entry (cf. lemma muc t (2)) lexical field (nh. semantic field) trng t vng

180 lexical form (cf. grammatical form) lexical-functional grammar (LFG) lexical gap lexical-interpretative semantics lexical item lexical meaning lexical means (of expression) lexical metonymy lexical phonology lexical priority lexical semantics lexical stress lexical structure (nh. lexical system) lexical syntax hnh thai t vng ng phap chc nang t vng-

o trong t vng ngha hoc thuyet minh t vng yeu to t vng ngha t vng phng tien t vng hoan du t vng hoc am v hoc t vng the u tien t vng hoc ng ngha hoc t vng x. word stress cau truc t vng cu phap t vng hoc (giai thch quy tac cu phap bang ngha cua t) he thong t vng thanh ieu cua t v t thc ngha

lexical system (nh. lexical structure) lexical tone lexical verb (nh. full verb)

181 lexical word (nh. content thc t / contentive / full / dictionary word) lexicalist hypothesis lexicalist morphology lexicalization lexicography lexicology lexicon lexico-grammatical (class / meaning) lexicostatistics lexis (1) (nh. lexicon) lexis (2) (nh. dictum) liaison license licensed extrasyllabicity licenser lifting ligature light syllable (cf. heavy syllable) light vowel limitative gia thuyet theo quan iem t vng hnh thai hoc tren quan iem t vng t vng hoa t ien hoc t vng hoc von t vng (loai/ ngha) t vngng phap t vng thong ke hoc von t vng ngon lieu (cf. tnh thai) oc noi cap phep tnh ngoai am tiet hp le tac t ieu tnh cau truc am v cua t thao tac nang cap ch ghep dnh am tiet nhe nguyen am sang co chc nang han nh

182 linear linear grammar (cf. regular grammar) linear(istic) phonology (x. segmental ~); autosegmental ~) linear precedence (LP) rule linear processing linear script linear structure of language linear succession linearity linearity principle linearization (1) linearization (2) hnh tuyen; tuyen tnh ng phap tuyen tnh (trong ngon ng hoc ien toan) am v hoc tuyen tnh (luan) quy tac trat t tuyen tnh cach x ly theo trat t tuyen tnh van t tuyen tnh cau truc tuyen tnh (t nhien) cua ngon ng s tiep noi tuyen tnh tuyen tnh nguyen ly tuyen tnh tuyen tnh hoa ap at tuyen tnh len nhng n v phi tuyen

lingering relevance (cf. tnh quan yeu thng current relevance) xuyen lingua franca ngon ng chung (c nhng ngi d ng dung e giao tiep vi nhau) Ngon ng trong Tr nao li (phu am ~) rung li (am ~)

Lingua Mentalis lingual lingual roll/ trill

183 linguist (1) linguist (2) linguistic ngi biet nhieu th tieng nha ngon ng hoc ngon ng hoc (thuoc ~)

linguistic anthropology nhan hoc ngon ng hoc linguistic area (nh. Sprachbund) linguistic behavio(u)r linguistic characterology linguistic competence linguistic community linguistic construct linguistic criticism linguistic determinism (cf. linguistic relativity) linguistic experiment linguistic form linguistic geography (nh. dialectology (2)) linguistic intuition khu vc ng vc ngon ng;

hanh vi ngon ng; thai o ngon ng hoc ac trng ng hoc ngon

tham nang ngon ng (khoi) cong ong ngon ng kien tao ngon ng hoc phe bnh ng hoc (ve) ngon

quyet nh luan ngon ng th nghiem ngon ng hoc hnh thai ngon ng a ly ngon ng (nh phng ng hoc) cam thc ngon ng (hoc); trc giac ngon ng (hoc)

linguistic environment chu canh ngon ng

184 linguistic minority linguistic pragmatics dan toc thieu so noi tieng

dung phap ngon ng hoc; ng dung phap; ng dung hoc /

linguistic performance (cach) dung ngon thc hanh ngon ng linguistic philosophy linguistic relativity (cf. linguistic determinism) linguistic relevance linguistic semantics linguistic science linguistic sciences (1) triet ly ngon ng hoc tng oi luan ngon ng hoc tnh quan ng hoc yeu

ngon

ngha hoc ngon ng; ng ngha hoc x. linguistics ngon ng hoc va ng am hoc (nh hai mon hoc rieng) (cac) khoa ngon ng hoc ve

linguistic sciences (2) (sciences du langage (Ph.)) linguistic sign

dau / phu hieu ngon ng; ky hieu ngon ng thong ke ngon ng hoc

linguistic statistics

linguistic substrate c tang ngon ng hoc; (nh. substrate language) tang ngon ng c s linguistic theory linguistic typology ly thuyet ngon ng hoc loai hnh hoc ngon ng

185 linguistic universal (cf. pho niem ngon ng language universal) hoc linguistic variable linguistic view of the world linguistic world image bien so ngon ng hoc the gii quan cua ngon ng hnh anh cua the gii qua ngon ng

linguistically irrelevant khong quan yeu ve phng dien ngon ng hoc linguistically relevant linguistically significant generalization linguistician quan yeu ve phng dien ngon ng hoc s khai quat hoa co y ngha ngon ng hoc x. linguist (2)

linguistics (nh. linguistic ngon ng hoc science) linguolink linkage linking morpheme linking r li (thuoc ~) (moi) lien he lien he (viec / cach xac lap ~) hnh v (co tac dung) lien he am r co tac dung lien he t co tac dung lien ket moi

linking verb (nh. copula) v t lien ket; he t linking word x. copula lip(s)

186 lip position lip rounding lip spreading LIPOC t the moi (t the / ong tac) tron moi (t the / ong tac) banh moi x. Language Independent Preferred Order of Constituents nc (phu am ~) tat khong phat am c [s], [z] danh sach ngi nghe biet ch ngha nguyen van dch sat nguyen van phe bnh van chng ngon ng van chng ngon ng hoc van hoc ng dung phap van hoc ngha hoc van hoc ly luan van hoc (phep) noi giam; khiem du

liquid lisping list listener literacy (cf. illiteracy) literal meaning literal translation (cf. free translation) literary criticism literary language literary linguistics (cf. stylistics) literary pragmatics literary semantics literary theory litotes (nh. meiosis; cf. hyperbole)

loan blend (cf. loan shift) t mn gi am goc loan shift (cf. loan blend) t mn bien am goc

187 loan translation (x. calque) loan (word) (nh. borrowing) local determinacy phong dch; sao phong t mn tnh xac quyet cuc bo (nguyen tac quy mot am to vao mot am v nao o ma ch xet hnh thc ng am va chu canh ng am cua no) cai bien cuc bo khong gian co cng v chu ao (quan iem ~) gia thuyet khong gian luan ieu kien ve tnh cuc bo khong gian hoa (quan iem ~) iem c nh v nh v; v tr nh v (cach ~); v tr ng trang ng v tr/ ni chon s di chuyen am tieu x. locutionary act

local transformation localism localist hypothesis locality condition localization located point location locative locative adverbial locomotion locus (pl. loci) locution

188 locutionary (cf. illocutionary, perlocutionary) locutionary act locutionary force locutionary meaning (nh. propositional meaning) locutor logic logic of belief logic of values logical logical connective logical consistency logical constant logical form (LF) (cf. phonetic form) logical positivism logical presupposition logical semantics logical subject logico-discursive meaning logocentrism (nh. phonocentrism) logogen model logogram/ logograph (cf. phonogram) tao ngon

hanh ong tao ngon lc tao ngon ngha tao ngon

ngi noi (x. addresser) logic logic cua niem tin logic cua cac gia tr logic (thuoc ~) ket t logic tnh nhat quan logic x. logical connective dang logic thc chng luan logic tien gia nh logic ngha hoc logic chu e logic; s e ngha logic ngon t quan iem e cao ngon ng noi mo hnh t dang ch ghi t

189 logographic script logophoric pronoun logographic script logophoric pronoun logorrhea logo-syllabic writing long component long segment long term memory long (vowel) longitudinal (cf. crosssectional) loopback (nh. backlooping; cf. levelskipping, layering(2)) loose (contact / sentence) loss of accentuation (nh. desaccentuation) loss of information loudness (cf. intensity) low (vowel) lower category lower lip van t ghi t ai t hoi ch (trong li dan trc tiep) van t ghi t ai t ch ngi phat ngon chng bang ngon ch viet ghi hnh-am tiet / t-am tiet thanh to dai chiet oan dai ky c dai han (nguyen am) dai nghien cu theo cach cat doc vong quay ngc (chuyen mot cap cao xuong lam phu ng cho mot cap di) long (cau / tiep xuc) mat trong am (hien tng ~) mat thong tin (tnh trang ~) o ln (nguyen am) rong; thap pham tru thap (hn) moi di

190 lower jaw lower teeth lowering lungs ham di rang di ong tac ha thap phoi

M
macaronic (van ban) lam dung t ng ngoai quoc (nhat la Lat.) machine aided (human) dch may co ngi translation hieu chnh machine language (nh. computer language) machine translation machine trasnslation system macrocontext macrofamily macrolinguistics (cf. microlinguistics, prelinguistics, metalinguistics) macron macrosegment macro-state macro(-)structure ngon ng may dch may he thong dch may van canh v mo ai ng he ngon ng hoc v mo

dau ch nguyen am dai chiet oan v mo ng trang v mo cau truc v mo

191 magnitude (of sound) MAHT main clause main stress main subject main syllable main variant main verb major (nh. favourite) o ln (cua am thanh) x. machine-aided human translation cau chnh; tieu cu chnh trong am chnh chu ng chnh am tiet chnh bien the chnh v t chnh (mo hnh cau) chnh (thong thng nhat, co sc san sinh cao nhat) kh quan cau am chnh

major articulator (cf. minor articulator)

major class feature (cf. ac trng ve ng cavity feature, manner dan am of articulation, prosodic feature, source feature) major parts of speech major pause (nh. phonological phrase boundary) t loai chnh cho ngng chnh

major syllable (cf. minor am tiet chnh syllable) majuscule malapropism viet hoa; ch hoa dung t sai ngon canh

192 Malayo-Polynesian (languages) male rhyme malformation Ma Lai a ao (ngon ng ~) van nam cau tao t sai (do loai suy sai)

mandative subjunctive thc ha thuoc sai khien manifestation manipulating agent manipulative manner manner adverbial manner maxim x. actualization, realization tac the sai khien (the / thc) sai khien phng thc trang ng phng thc cham ngon ve phng thc phng thc san sinh (am thanh) phng thc hanh ong (ngon t) logic a tr anh xa ngoai vi; le ngoai le tac t ang ket khong ien hnh x. semi-modal (verb) ban gii t; gii t khong ien hnh

manner of articulation phng thc cau am manner of production manner of (verbal) action many-valued logic mapping margin marginal marginal co-ordinator marginal modal (verb) marginal preposition

193 marginal subordinator marginally acceptable marked marked form marked term of an opposition markedness markedness shift marker Markov chain Markov process masculine (gender) (cf. feminine) masculine rhyme (cf. feminine rhyme) mass media mass noun (cf. count noun) master speech act material copula material implication material noun tac t phu thuoc hoa khong ien hnh kha th ngoai bien co anh dau; hu trng hnh thai hu trng ve hu trng cua mot the oi lap tnh co anh dau; tnh hu trng di chuyen tnh hu trng (s ~) ch to; tac t anh dau chuoi / day Markov thu thuat Markov nam tnh; giong c van nam (van chan co trong am) truyen thong ai chung danh t khoi hanh ong ngon t chu yeu v t thc ngha dung nh he t ham ngha vat chat danh t vat chat

194 MAT matching condition matched pair mathematical linguistics mathematical logic matrix matrix clause matrix sentence matrix string matrix predicate matronymic maxim (conversational ~) maxim of discourse maxim of manner (nh. manner maxim) maxim of quality (nh. quality maxim) maxim of quantity (nh. maxim of quantity) x. machine aided (human) translation ieu kien phu hp cap tng xng ngon ng hoc toan hoc logic toan ma tran tieu cu me cau me; cau chnh chuoi me v ng me ten at theo ho ngoai phng cham hoi thoai phng cham cua dien ngon phng cham ve cach thc (noi cho ro) phng cham ve chat (noi ieu g mnh tin la co that) phung cham ve lng (noi het s that)

maxim of relevance (nh. phng cham ve tnh maxim of relevance) quan yeu ("noi vao e") maxim violation vi pham phng cham (hoi thoai)

195 maxims of conversation maximal extension maximal command x. conversational maxims ngoai dien cc ai; (s) bao quat toi a thong lanh toi a

maximal projection (nh. s phong chieu toi a phrasal expansion) maximalism m-command mean length of utterance meaning meaning-changing transformation (cf. meaning-preserving transformation) meaning algebra toi a luan x. maximal ~ trng o trung bnh cua phat ngon ngha cai bien co thay oi ngha

ai so hoc cua ngha

meaning-as-use theory ly thuyet ngha la cach dung (L. Wittgenstein) meaning congruence class meaning extension meaning of speech act meaning postulate meaning-preserving transformation (cf. meaning-changing transformation) meaning structure lp t co ngha tng hp ngoai dien cua ngha ngha cua hanh ong ngon t nh e ve ngha cai bien khong thay oi ngha

cau truc ngha

196 meaning substitution meaning system meaning vs. content meaningful meaningfulness meaninglessness mean length of utterance means Means-End Model means of actualization measure mechanism mechanicism media (1) (n.) (cu; pl. mediae) media (2) (adj.) medial (1) thay ngha (viec / hien tng ~) he thong ngha quan he gia ngha va noi dung co ngha; mang ngha tnh co ngha tnh vo ngha chieu dai trung bnh cua phat ngon phng tien mo hnh Phng tienCu canh phng tien hien thc hoa ac ng (M.A.K.Halliday) (= "loai t") c che c gii luan phu am gia (= phu am tac hu thanh) gia (trong ngon ng am tiet tnh) bo phan au cua van mau thai trung (tnh) (v tr) gia nguyen am gia

medial (2) (nh. middle (voice)) medial (position) medial vowel

197 medial verb mediation mediative medio-passive mediopalatal mediovelar medium (1) medium (2) (pl. media) medium stress megamaxim of selfdefense meiosis mel melioration (nh. amelioration; cf. deterioration, pejoration) meliorative (cf. pejorative) v t trung tnh v the trung gian co v the trung gian thai b ong-trung tnh ngac gia (am ~) mac gia (am ~) trung bnh; gia phng tien/ kenh truyen thong trong am trung bnh sieu phng cham t ve x. litotes mel (n v o cao o) bien oi tot ngha

tot ngha

mellow (nh. non-strident; du cf. strident) melodic pattern melodics mo hnh giai ieu net len xuong cua li noi (bo phan cua ng ieu) giai ieu thanh vien / phan; bien the

melody member

198 member of phoneme membership meme chi the cua am v t cach thanh vien; thanh phan ky c v (n v ky c tha hng t truyen thong van hoa) ky c; tr nh ac lng / o lng loai t o lng; danh t n v o lng ac lng / o lng (tnh ~) (thuoc) tam tr hanh ong tam tr thai o noi tam bien co tam tr von t vng noi tam mo hnh noi tam v ng noi tam qua trnh noi tam cach trnh hien trong tam tr khong gian noi tam tam trang; trang thai tam tr cau truc noi tam cu phap noi tam

memory mensural (cf. sortal) mensural classifier mensurality (cf. sortality) mental mental action mental attitudes mental event mental lexicon mental model mental predicate mental process mental representation mental spaces mental state mental structure mental syntax

199 Mentalese mentalism (cf. antimentalism) mentalist mentalistic linguistics mentalistic theory mention mentioned entity Noi tam ng; th tieng noi tam tam tr luan (cf. phan tam ly luan) nha ng hoc tam tr luan ngon ng hoc tam tr luan ly thuyet tam tr luan nhac en (viec ~) thc the co c nhac en

merger (nh. coalescence, hoa nhap convergence (2)) mereological system x. mereology mereology (nh. he tong-phan mereological system; cf. meronym; holonym) merism merismatics meronym (cf. holonym) meronymy mesolect (cf. acrolect (2), basilect, hyperlect, paralect) mesolectal message net khu biet; net ac trng khu biet ac trng hoc phan danh quan he tong phan ngha tieng trung gian (gia tieng c s va tieng co uy tn nhat) tieng trung gian (thuoc ~) thong iep

200 meta-action metabasis metaclass meta-communication metacommunicative speech act metafunction metagoge metagrammar meta-inference meta-interaction metalanguage (cf. object language (1)) metalepsis metalexicography metalinguistic metalinguistics (cf. macrolinguistics, microlinguistics, prelinguistics) metalinguistic conditional clause sieu hanh ong; sieu tac dung sieu c s sieu chung loai sieu giao tiep hanh ong ngon t sieu giao tiep sieu chc nang an du gan cam xuc cho vat vo tri sieu ng phap sieu suy dien sieu tng tac sieu ngon ng hoan du lech thi (vd. mo cai chet) sieu t ien hoc sieu ngon ng (hoc) (thuoc ~) sieu ngon ng hoc

tieu cu ieu kien sieu ngon ng hoc

metalinguistic function chc nang sieu ngon of language ng hoc cua ngon ng

201 metalinguistic negation metanalysis metanalyse metaphony metaphor metaphoric(al) extension metaphoric(a) scheme metaphrase metaplasm phu nh sieu ngon ng sieu phan tch bien oi do sieu phan tch (hien tng) oi am an du khai trien ngoai dien qua an du lc o an du ban dch tng ch cach tai tao t hnh (thng a en mot song thc ong nguyen) sieu dung phap sieu quy tac chuyen oi ngha cua mot bieu thc sieu nhan nh sieu ky hieu sieu ly thuyet ao am chuyen v trong am sieu chu e nhp (n v tiet tau cua th)

metapragmatics metarule metasemy metastatement metasymbol metatheory metathesis (cf. spoonerism) metatony metatopic meter

202 method for representing cognitive structures method of knowledge representation metonymy (cf. synecdoche) metrical phonology metrics (nh. prosody(1)) microcontext microlinguistics (cf. macrolinguistics, prelinguistics, metalinguistics) microphoneme microsegment micro-state mid/ middle mid-close mid-open mid-position middle ear middle verb phng phap trnh hien cac qua trnh nhan thc phng phap trnh hien von tri thc hoan du; lan du am v hoc tiet ieu tiet ieu hoc tieu van / ngon canh ngon ng hoc vi mo

tieu / oan am v tieu chiet oan tieu trang thai gia; trung hoa; trung tnh x. half-close x. half-open trung v; v tr gia tai gia v t trung tnh

middle voice (cf. active, thai trung tnh passive) MDP x. minimal distance principle

203 mimesis (cf. diegesis) phng thc mo phong (thong tin bang cach mo phong, nh kch chang han) nhai lai tam tr van e quan he gia tam tr va the xac net so nho nhat; toi thieu nguyen ly khoang cach toi thieu hnh thai t do nho nhat cap (t) toi thieu phan ng toi thieu cau truc cu phap toi thieu toi thieu luan am tiet toi thieu tieu thuyet; thuyet cap di kh quan cau am phu cau gian lc tieu chu ng

mimicry mind Mind-Body problem minim minimal minimal distance principle (MDP) minimal free form minimal pair minimal response minimal syntax structure minimalism minimum syllable minor rheme / comment minor articulator (cf. major articulator) minor sentence minor subject

minor syllable (cf. major am tiet phu syllable) minor theme / topic tieu (chu) e; e cap di

204 minuscule miscommunication miscue misderivation mismatch misplaced modifier misrelated participle (nh. dangling modifier, dangling participle, hanging participle, unattached participle, unrelated participle) mitigation mixed form mixed language mixed structure mobile mobile stress modal adverb modal auxiliary modal operator modal particle modal (propositional) attitude (ch) viet thng (khong viet hoa) giao tiep khong at dau hieu sai lac nhan nh sai ve phai sinh oi chieu / ket hp khong trung khp phu ng at nham cho v tnh t khong co quan he ng phap (vi v t goc)

giam nhe ty trong (cach ~) hnh thai pha tron ngon ng pha tron cau truc pha tron linh ong trong am di ong pho t tnh thai tr v t tnh thai tac t tnh thai tieu to / tieu t tnh thai thai o (menh e) tnh thai

205 modal verb modality modality verb modalizer mode (of expression) mode (of consideration) mode of discourse model model-theoretic semantics model of understanding modernism modification v t tnh thai tnh thai v t co y ngha tnh thai tac t tnh thai hoa phng thc (bieu ngha) goc o tiep can phng thc dien ngon mo hnh (ly thuyet) ngha hoc theo ly thuyet mo hnh mo hnh lnh hoi chu ngha hien ai bien oi/ oi ngha (tac dung ~); lam phu ng (viec ~) tac t oi ngha x. near-RP phu ng; tnh ng; trang ng tieu cu (co chc nang) phu ng co tnh modul cau truc modul tnh modul

modal verbal predicate v ng v t tnh thai

modificator modified RP modifier modifier clause modular modular structure modularity

206 modularity of language tnh modul cua ngon ng modularity of mind modulation (1) modulation (2) module moll mollossus (cf. amphibrach) tnh modul cua tam tr x. deontic modality net ieu tnh the hien thai o modul giang; be-mon mo hnh trong am hay trng o [111]

momentaneous (aspect) nhat co (the ~) momentary (event) (nh. nh. punctual non-durative) momentary aspect moneme monism (cf. dualism) the choc lat nguyen v; hieu v nhat nguyen luan (ve quan he hnh thc ngha) oc tieu iem quan niem oc nguyen (ve lch s cac ngon ng) x. monolingual oc ng; ngi oc ng oc ng (hien tng ~) co tnh oc thoai

monofocal monogenesis

monoglot monolingual monolingualism monologic

monologue (cf. dialogue) oc thoai

207 monometer monomorphemic monomorphous mononuclear sentence (th) mot chan n hnh v n hnh cau mot hat nhan; cau n hach tam

monophthong (nh. pure nguyen am n vowel) monorheme monosemantic monostratal grammar monosyllabism monosyndetic monosystemic monosemy (cf. polysemy) monostrata monosyllabic monosyllable monothongization monotonic monotony monotransitive (verb) monotransitive complementation monovalent Montague grammar mood (cau) n thuyet n ngha ng phap n tang tnh n (am) tiet n lien t n he thong n ngha (tnh ~) n tang n am (tiet); n tiet t n tiet; tieng n nguyen am hoa n thanh (cf. a thanh) tnh n thanh v t ngoai ong n chuyen cach dung bo ng n chuyen n tr ng phap Montague thc

208 mood of irreality mood of unreal condition mora morph morpheme morpheme alternant morpheme-final position morphemic script morpheme-structure rule morphemic analysis morphemic boundary morphemic class morphemic suture morphemic variant morphemics morphologic construction morphologic(al) morphological alternation thc phi (hien) thc thc ieu kien phi (hien) thc mora (n v o trng o) hnh to hnh v yeu to luan phien hnh v v tr cuoi hnh v van t ghi hnh v quy tac cau truc hnh v phan tch hnh v (viec / cach ~) bien gii hnh v chung loai hnh v tiep iem hnh v bien the hnh v hnh v hoc ket cau hnh thai hoc hnh thai hoc (thuoc ~) luan phien hnh thai hoc (hien tng ~)

morphological analysis phan tch hnh thai hoc (viec/ cach ~)

209 morphological analyzer thiet b phan tch hnh thai hoc morphological category pham tru hnh thai hoc morphological causative morphological classification of languages morphological marker morphological neutralization morphological opposition ket cau gay khien hnh thai hoc phan loai ngon ng theo hnh thai hoc (viec / cach ~) ch to hnh thai hoc s trung hoa hoa hnh thai hoc the oi lap hnh thai hoc

morphological synonym t ong ngha hnh thai hoc morphologization morphology morpho(pho)neme morphophonemics morphophonology morphosyllabeme morphosyntactic morphosyntax morphotactics morphotonemics mot (Ph.) s hnh thai hoa hnh thai hoc hnh am v x. morphophonology hnh am v hoc hnh (am) tiet; tieng hnh cu phap hoc (thuoc ~) hnh cu phap (hoc) hnh ket hoc hnh ieu v hoc x. prosodic word

morpho(pho)nemic rule quy tac hnh am v hoc

210 mother (cf. daughter, sister) motherese mother-in-law language mother (node) mother-talk me; nut me x. baby-talk (2) ngon ng me v nut me; nut tren x. baby-talk (2)

mother tongue (nh. first tieng me e; ban ng language (1), native language) motif motion motivation motp s linh hoat ng phap nguyen do

motivated (cf. arbitrary) co nguyen do motivational statement nhan nh ve nguyen do motive motive of communication ong c ong c giao tiep

motor theory (of speech ly thuyet ong giac perception) (ve c che tri giac ng am) mouth mouth cavity (nh. oral cavity) movable (cf. stationary) movable entity move mieng khoang mieng c ong c; di chuyen c thc the di chuyen c lt li

211 movement (1) (nh. chuyen v (ong tac permutation, reordering) ~) movement (2) movement rule movement di chuyen quy tac chuyen v hoan v

multidimensional am v hoc cua tri giac perception phonology a chieu multidimensional scaling (technique) nh mc o theo nhieu chieu (ky thuat ~)

multilateral (opposition / (the oi lap/ the correlation) (cf. bilateral) tng lien) nhieu chieu multilingual multilingualism (nh. plurilingualism) multiple-choice item multiple negation multiple position adverb multiple-regression a ng hien tng a ng yeu to c chon gia may kha nang phu nh trung iep pho t a v tr thoai nhieu bc

multivalued feature (cf. ac trng a tr binary feature, unary value) multivariate analysis multi-word (formation) multi-word naming construction phan tch nhieu bien a t (to hp ~) ket cau nh danh a t

multi-word lexical item n v t vng a t

212 murmur (nh. breathy voice (2)) musical tone mutation (nh. contact mutation, umlaut (1)) mute (consonant) mutually exclusive mutual knowledge myringotomy mythologeme tieng th tham nhac thanh; tieng thanh chuyen bien nguyen am (do anh hng cua chu canh) phu am cam loai tr nhau s hieu biet lan nhau giai phau dan lu tai gia than thoai v

N
naive knowledge naive notion name name-thing situation naming naming unit narrated world narratee narrative (n.) narrative (adj.) tri thc ngay th khai niem ngay th ten (goi) tnh huong at ten cho s vat nh danh (viec / cach ~) n v at ten the gii t s ngi nghe ke chuyen ke; (li) t s co tnh t s

213 narrative infinitive (cf. personal infinitive) narrative logic narrative text narrative thread narrative time narrative voice narratology narrator narreme narrow narrow focus narrow scope narrow transcription narrow vowel narrowed meaning narrowing of meaning nasal (cf. oral) nasal cavity nasal passage nasal plosion nasal release (nh. nasal plosion) nasal stop nasal twang nasal vowel thc vo nh t s logic cua the loai t s van ban t s mach van t s thi gian t s giong ke t s hoc ngi ke chuyen t s v hep tieu iem hep tam bao quat hep phien am sat nguyen am hep ngha thu hep thu hep ngha mui (am ~) khoang mui ng mui tieng bat mui (sau am tac) ket am mui; tieng buong mui am tac mui giong mui nguyen am mui (hoa)

214 nasality nasalized nasopharynx national language nationality word native language (nh. first language (1), mother tongue) native speaker nativization natural class natural fallacy tnh chat mui mui hoa phan yet hau gan khoang mui ngon ng quoc gia t ch quoc tch tieng me e; ban ng ngi ban ng (qua trnh) ban ng hoa am loai t nhien s ngo nhan t nhien luan (tng ngha cua t phan anh ban chat t nhien cua s vat) gii tnh t nhien am v hoc tao sinh t nhien lc t nhien (vai ngha ~) chung loai t nhien ngon ng t nhien lap luan bang ngon ng t nhien (viec / cach ~) giao dien cua ngon ng t nhien

natural gender natural generative phonology natural force (semantic role of ~) natural kind natural language natural language argumentation natural language interface

215 natural language logic natural language processing natural language understanding natural logic natural morphology natural phonology natural reasoning natural school natural topic natural topic hierarchy naturalism (nh. cratylism) naturalness near miss near-negative near-RP (nh. modified RP) near universals necessary necessary truth necessiation necessity logic cua ngon ng t nhien x ly ngon ng t nhien (cach ~) lnh hoi / hieu ngon ng t nhien logic t nhien hnh thai hoc t nhien am v hoc t nhien cach lap luan t nhien trng phai t nhien chu e t nhien ton ty chu e t nhien t nhien luan (ve quan he am- ngha) tnh t nhien gia thuyet s khi ve noi dung van ban x. semi-negative dang phat am gan chuan gan nh pho niem tat yeu s that / chan ly tat yeu the bo buoc tnh tat yeu

216 Neg-assertion negation negation of a total assertion negation (speech act of ~) negation (modal verb of ~) negation marker negation projection negative negative evaluation negative event negative evidence negative face (cf. positive face) negative face strategy negative inference negative intensifier negative knowledge negative particle negative politeness negative scope negative sentence phan nhan nh phu nh phu nh mot nhan nh tong quat hanh ong phu nh v t tnh thai phu nh ch to phu nh phong chieu phu nh (s ~) (cau, thc) phu nh anh gia tieu cc (viec / cach ~) bien co tieu cc bang chng tieu cc the dien tieu cc chien lc bao ve the dien tieu cc suy dien tieu cc tac t tang cng tieu cc tri thc tieu cc tieu t phu nh lch s tieu cc tam phu nh cau phu nh

217 negative transfer (nh. interference) negotiation argumentation negotiation scenario / script Neogrammarian hypothesis (nh. regularity hypothesis) Neogrammarian neologism nested construction chuyen di tieu cc lap luan thng lng

negotiation behavio(u)r hanh vi thng lng kch ban thng lng gia thuyet cua phai Tan ng phap phai Tan ng phap t ng mi xuat hien ket cau long

nesting (of constructions) long (nhng ket cau (nh. incapsulation, vao cau) inclusion (2)) network network grammar mang li ng phap mang li

network representation trnh hien tri thc nh of knowledge mot mang li (viec / cach ~) neurolinguistics (nh. neurological linguistics) neuter neuter gender neutral neutral gradable adjective neutral vowel than kinh ngon ng hoc trung tnh; giong trung giong trung trung hoa; trung dung tnh t trung hoa hu o nguyen am trung dung

218 neutralizable (cf. constant (2)) neutralization new (information) New Criticism nexus nexus negation NGP node noeme noise the oi lap co trung hoa hoa trung hoa hoa (hientng ~) cai mi; thong tin mi trao lu Phe bnh mi loi chu-v phu nh loi chu-v x. natural generative phonology nut; au nhanh ngha cua ng v (glosseme) tap am; tieng on; nhan to nhieu

nomen adjectivum (Lat.) danh t phu gia (= tnh t) nomen substantivum (Lat.) nomenclature nominal nominal classification nominal compound nominal group (cf. noun phrase) nominal object nominal predicate danh t danh muc; danh ba danh tnh phan loai danh t (viec / cach ~) phc cau danh t; danh t ghep to danh t; danh ng oi tng hu danh v ng danh t

219 nominal relative clause tieu cu lien he danh t tnh nominal relative pronoun nominal sentence nominalism (nh. conventionalism; cf. realism) nominalization nominalized restrictor nominalizing transformation nomination nominative (nh. subjective) nominative(accusative) language (cf. ergative(absolutive)) nominative island condition nominative of permanent identity nominative sentence non-affixal ai t lien he danh t tnh cau danh t tnh duy danh luan

danh hoa; danh t hoa tac t han nh danh hoa cai bien danh (t) hoa nh danh; tao danh (hanh ong ~) danh cach ngon ng chu cach(oi cach)

ieu kien cu lao cua danh ng mang danh cach danh cach dung cho tnh ong nhat thng xuyen cau danh cach (nh.Sneg. Grad !) phi phu to

220 non-anterior non-areal non-assertive non-assertive territory (cf. assertive territory) non-attributive (nh. predicative) non-chrone language khong hang trc (nguyen am ~) (s khac biet) phi a ly (hanh ong) khong khang nh mien khong khang nh (tnh t) khong lam tnh ng ngon ng khong dung thi v (s khu biet ve trng o nguyen am) logic (hoc) phi co ien (danh t) khong biet loai hnh thai v t cha bien ngoi x. atelic ngon ng phi cau hnh

non-classical logic non-classified (noun) (cf. classified (noun)) non-conjugated verb form non-conclusive non-configurational language (nh. W* language) non-consenter non-consonantal non-constituent coordination (nh. reduced/ incomplete conjunct coordination, conjunction reduction, gapping)

ch to cua thai o khong ng thuan phi phu am tnh quan he ang ket phi thanh to

221 non-continuant (nh. discontinuous, interrupted, stop) non-continuous non-contrastive non-contrastive distribution non-core rule non-correlation non-count(able) noun non-defining non-defining relative (nh. indefinite relative) non-deriving language am khong lien tuc

khong tiep dien khong tng phan phan bo khong tng phan quy tac khong thuoc hach tam bat tng lien x. uncoun(table) noun bat nh tieu cu lien he khong co tac dung xac nh ngon ng khong dung phng thc phai sinh ng phap khong phan lap khong co tac dung khu biet khong thi lng (nh. iem tnh) khong tng ng / phi ang tr (quan he ~) vo ham (vi cac v t sai khien) phi xac thc (vi cac v t nhan nh)

non-discrete grammar (cf. fuzzy grammar) non-distinctive non-durative (nh. punctual) non-equivalence non-factive non-factual

222 non-fiction (nh. faction) non-finite (tac pham) phi h cau vo han; vo nh; khong co ngoi; khong co th phi chc nang th phi tng lai khong co thang o khong co trung tam oi tng s ch khong nhan dien c khong co hieu lc nhan dien vo ham tnh ng phi noi tai; thuoc tnh khong co hu tap hp khong cat nhau am v hoc phi tuyen tnh phi ngon ng hoc chuan tac phi ng hoc tng phan phi toi thieu bat tat yeu; tnh khong tat yeu phi hach tam; phi hat nhan

non-functional non-future tense non-gradable non-headed (nh. exocentric) non-identifiable referent non-identifying (nh. non-defining) non-implicative non-inherent attribute

non-intersecting set non-linear phonology non-linguistic (nh. extralinguistic) non-linguistic criterion non-minimal contrast non-necessity non-nucleus

223 non-past non-past tense non-personal non-phonemic non-plural non-predicative non-referential noun phrase non-relevant (nh. irrelevant) non-referential non-referential object non-restrictive non-restrictive relative clause non-restrictive relative pronoun non-rhotic (nh. r-less) non-rounded non-root non-segmental phonology non-segmental non-sentence phi qua kh th phi qua kh phi nhan tnh; phi nhan xng phi am v hoc phi phc so; khong anh dau so phc phi v ng tnh danh ng khong co s ch khong quan yeu khong co s ch oi tng vo s ch khong (co tac dung) han nh tieu cu lien he khong co tac dung han nh ai t lien he khong han nh khong r-tnh khong tron moi phi can to am v hoc phi oan phi oan (tnh) phi cau

224 non-singular non-speech sound non-specific noun phrase non-specified object non-standard non-syllabic non-tense non-tonal language non-strident (nh. mellow) non-unique(-ness) non-verbal communication non-verbal predication non-vocalic nonce-word (1) nonce-word (2) phi n so; khong anh dau so n am phi ngon ng danh ng khong (c) minh nh vat / oi tng khong minh nh phi tieu chuan phi am tiet tnh; khong thanh am tiet khong cang ngon ng khong co thanh ieu khong the (tnh) khong duy nhat/ n nhat giao tiep phi ngon t ket cau chu v khong dung v t phi nguyen am tnh t ch dung mot lan t von c tao ra trong mot trng hp nhat nh (nhng a tr nen pho bien) chuoi t ba at (chap nhan c ve ng phap nhng ve ngha th khong)

nonsense

225 nonsense word norm (1) norm (2) norm of pronunciation normal (2) (nh. grammatical) normal ordering normal word order normality postulate normative normative goal normative grammar normative rule nose nostril notation notion notion explication t ba at (e luyen nghe) tieu chuan bien the chnh / chuan (cua am v) chuan phat am ung chuan; hp chuan; ung ng phap trat t bnh thng (cach xep ~) trat t t bnh thng / hp chuan nh e ve tnh hp chuan nh chuan ch hp chuan ng phap nh chuan quy tac nh chuan mui lo mui cach phien am; ky hieu khai niem giai thuyet / hien ngon hoa khai niem (viec / cach ~) s hnh thanh cua khai niem

normal (1) (cf. abnormal) bnh thng

notion formation

226 notional verb v t khai niem (co thc ngha va co the t no lam v ng) thc t ng phap theo ngha danh t lp / tieu loai danh t phan loai danh t (viec / cach ~) tieu cu danh tnh bien cach danh t (viec / cach ~) thanh to danh tnh v t co cau tao danh t+v t (nh tieng Anh to tale-tell) danh t lam tnh ng phu ng cua danh t danh t ch hanh ong ng (oan) danh t; danh ng tien to cua danh t hau to cua danh t ngon ng nhan tao do O. Jespersen sang che (1928) x. noun phrase

notional word notional grammar (cf. formal grammar) noun noun class noun classification noun clause noun declension noun-equivalent noun incorporation

noun modifier (1) noun modifier (2) noun of action noun phrase noun prefix noun suffix Novial

NP

227 NP-movement NP-VP model nouniness nuclear nuclear argument nuclear predication nuclear sentence nuclear stress (1) nuclear stress (2) (nh. nuclear tone, tonic stress) nuclear syllable nuclear tone nucleus (pl. nuclei) (1) (cf. margin) nucleus (2) (nh. nuclear syllable, tonic syllable) nucleus (3) null allophone null anaphor null coda null complement null element null final di chuyen danh ng (thao tac ~) mo hnh Danh ng V ng tnh chat danh t am chnh; am nh tham to hat nhan ket cau chu v hat nhan cau hat nhan / ~ hach tam trong am cau trong am nh / hat nhan x. nucleus (2) x. nuclear stress (2) hat nhan (am tiet); trung tam am tiet hat nhan cau truc hat nhan bien the am v zero; tha am zero hoi ch zero v am zero bo ng zero yeu to zero chung am zero

228 null initial null onset null pro-form null (emty / void) set null-subject language null variant number numeral numerative numerative classifier numerator nursery language thuy am zero khi am zero ai hnh thai zero; ai ng zero; ai to zero tap hp rong ngon ng co chu ng zero bien the zero so so t lng t loai t so lng lng t ngon ng vn tre

O
object object clause object control object language (1) object language (2) object of a verb object of a preposition object of result bo ng; oi tng tieu cu bo ng quyen kiem nh bo ng ngon ng oi tng x. target language bo ng cua v t bo ng cua gii t x. result object

229 object raising objectal objectification objection objectival objective (case) objective accusative objective complement (cf. subjective complement) objective correlate e bat bo ng; a bo ng len thuoc oi tng oi tng hoa; tao oi tng li phan bac bo ng (thuoc ~) oi cach; tan cach oi cach dung cho bo ng bo ng ch oi tng

lien ng khach quan (co lien quan ti mot trang thai cam xuc) tang cach ch oi tng oi sinh cach; sinh cach ch oi tng tnh thai khach quan tnh kha hu khach quan xac suat khach quan s phu ng gia bo ng va v t bon phan (tnh thai ~) bat buoc gian cach

objective dative objective genitive (cf. subjective genitive) objective modality objective possibility objective probability object-verb agreement obligation obligatory oblique case

230 oblique context oblique speech obscene obscure vowel observation observational adequacy obsolescent obsolete obstacle obstacle to goal achievement obstruction obstruent obviation (nh. inversion) obviative (1) (nh. fourth person) obviative (voice) (2) occasional meaning occasional word occlusion (nh. closure (1)) occlusive occurrence ngon / van canh gian tiep li noi gian tiep tuc (tu) nguyen am toi (vd. [u], [o]) quan sat (s / cach ~) thoa ang ve quan sat (tnh ~) cu; ang tr thanh loi thi loi thi; co chng ngai vat s vat can tr (chng ngai vat oi vi) viec at muc ch s ngan can am chan; am on (cf. sonorant) ao vai (hien tng ~) hnh thai ngoi th t (thai) ao vai ngha han hu t han hu (cau am) tac x. plosive s xuat hien

231 OCR x. optical character recognition

octameter (nh. octonarius (th) tam chan (2)) octastich octonarius (Lat.) (1) (nh. octastich; octave; octet) octonarius (Lat.) (2) (nh. octameter) octave (nh. octonarius (1); octastich; octet) octet (nh. octonarius (1); octastich; octave) octosyllable (octosyllabic, n. & adj.) officialese off-record strategy (cf. on-record strategy) oesophageal oesophagus off-glide (cf. on-glide) old information omission omniscient narrator omnitemporal proposition (th) bat cu; (th) tam cau (th) bat cu (th) tam chan (th) bat cu (th) bat cu (th) bat ngon; (th) tam am tiet giong hanh chnh chien lc tang an x. esophageal x. esophagus chuyen tiep thoai; giai oan thoai; lt thoai thong tin cu lc bo ngi ke chuyen biet ro moi s menh e phiem thi

232 on-glide (cf. off-glide) on-line on-record strategy one-dimensional one-participant verb one-place verb (nh. intransitive verb) one(-to)-one correspondence onoma epitheton (pl. onomata epitheta, Lat.) onomasiology (cf. semasiology) onomastics onomatopoeia chuyen tiep tien; giai oan tien; lt tien ang tren mang chien lc cong khai mot chieu; n kch v t mot tham to v t n tr tng ng mot oi mot danh t phu tr (= tnh t) nh danh hoc danh hoc t tng hnh; t tng thanh; t mo phong tng hnh, tng thanh, mo phong (co tnh chat ~) thuyet tng hnh tng thanh (ve coi nguon ngon ng) khi am x. ontogeny co qua trnh hnh thanh va tieu vong trong tng ca nhan

onomatopoetic

onomatopoetic theory

onset ontogenesis ontogenetic

ontogeny (cf. phylogeny) ca sinh (cach tiep can ~)

233 ontologization of knowledge ontology opacity ban the hoa tri thc ban the luan tnh chat uc (khong ro thc chat, nguyen do) uc (khong ro thc chat va nguyen do) ngon / van canh uc cau tao uc quy tac uc

opaque opaque context opaque formation opaque rule

open approximation (cf. cau am m closure; close approximation) open class open condition open juncture open predication open question open syllable (cf. closed syllable) open text (cf. closed text) open transition open vowel opening openness (1) chung loai m / ~ vo han x. real condition tiep iem m ket cau chu v m cau hoi m am tiet h van ban m chuyen tiep h nguyen am rong ong tac m o m; o rong; khai o

234 openness (2) operand(um) (cf. operator) operation operational operational code operational coding operational definition operationalism operationalization operative verb operator opposition (nh. contrast (2)) opposition checkedfree opposition of contact optative (mood) optative sentence optative subjunctive (nh. formulaic subjunctive) optical character recognition tnh chat m, rong, khong gii han oi tng tac ong thao tac; thu phap co tnh chat thao tac ma (co tnh) thao tac lap ma co tnh thao tac (viec / cach ~) nh ngha bang thao tac (viec / cach ~) thao tac luan thao tac hoa (viec / cach ~) v t tac ong tac t oi lap (the ~) oi lap khep-h oi lap chat-long c vong (thc ~) cau to y mong nuon ha thuoc c vong (thc~,dang v t ~) nhan dien ch / ky hieu bang th giac (viec / cach ~)

235 optimization opting out of maxim option optional optional part of the sentence optional variant oracy oral (sound) toi u hoa / cai thien (viec / cach~) (co y) vi pham mot phng cham (viec ~) kha nang la chon tuy y; khong bat buoc phan tuy chon cua mot cau bien the t do / tuy chon kha nang nghe-noi am mieng

oral airstream c che luong hi mechanism (nh. velaric mieng airstream mechanism) oral cavity (nh. mouth cavity) oral communication oral gesture oral language (nh. aural language) oral (method) oral tradition oratio obliqua oratio recta order khoang mieng giao tiep / thong bao bang li c ch bang mieng / ~ cau am khau ng; ngon ng noi nh. auditory (method) truyen thong truyen khau x. indirect speech x. direct speech menh lenh; trat t

236 ordered ordered pair ordering ordering of rules order of informativity ordering operation ordinal number ordinal numeral ordinary clause ordinary discourse ordinary language ordinary language philosophy ordinative organ of speech organic (cf. inorganic) organogenetic phonetics organs of articulation oriental studies orientation oriented use of gradable adjectives co trat t cap t co trat t sap xep nhat nh trnh t trnh t cac quy tac trat t trong chat lng thong tin thu phap sap xep trat t so th t so th t tieu cu bnh thng dien ngon thng ngay ngon ng bnh thng triet ly cua ngon ng bnh thng th t (so ~) kh quan phat am hu c ng am hoc cau am kh quan cau am ong phng hoc hng; nh hng cach dung co nh hng cac tnh t hu o

237 oropharynx or-relation orthoepy orthography (nh. spelling) oscillogram ostension ostensive definition otherness o-umlaut outburst outer development phan yet hau gan mieng quan he hoac; quan he tuyen chnh am hoc chnh ta ban ghi chan ong ien trc ch; minh nh nh ngha trc quan bat ong nhat (tnh ~) o-umlaut (chuyen thanh [] hay []) tieng bat ra phat trien ben ngoai

outer passive (x. pseudo- (thai) b ong be passive) ngoai / gia hieu out-group language (cf. ngon ng dung ngoai in-group language) nhom outline out-of-sequence output (1) output (2) output structure OV word order overall context phac thao ben ngoai chuoi tiep noi au ra ket luan cau truc ket qua trat t t OV toan the ngon / van canh

238 overanalysis overcorrect overcorrection over-coded over-extension (cf. underextension; nh. analogy; overgeneralization; over-regularalization) sieu phan tch; phan tch thai qua sieu chnh sieu chnh; sa thai qua (s ~) sieu ma hoa; ma hoa thai qua sieu m rong; m rong thai qua

overgeneralization (nh. sieu khai quat hoa; analogy, over-extension; khai quat hoa thai over-regularization) qua overlapping overlapping distribution (cf. distributional equivalence, complementary distribution, distributional inclusion) overlong overpower overlexicalization (cf. under-lexicalization) chong cheo; an xen phan bo an xen

sieu dai khac phuc sieu t vng hoa; t vng hoa thai qua

over-regularization (nh. sieu quy tac hoa; quy analogy; over-extention; tac thai qua overgeneralization) overt (cf. covert) hien ngon; hien lo; cong khai

239 overt category pham tru hien ngon

overt prestige (cf. covert uy tn hien lo prestige) overtone (nh. harmonic) OVS word order oxymoron oxytone oxytonic thanh cong hng; thng thanh trat t t OVS phep ket hp nghch ly t co trong am chnh ri vao am tiet cuoi co trong am am tiet cuoi

P
PA package x. picture aider goi t lieu packaging (nh. functional cach ong goi noi sentence perspective) dung cua cau (Ch. Morris) paeon (cf. amphibrach) palaeography palatal palatal mutation palatal sound palatal umlaut mo hnh trong am hay trng o [1000] co t hoc ngac (am ~) chuyen bien ngac hoa cua nguyen am am ngac umlaut ngac hoa

240 palatalization palatalized palate palato-alveolar (cf. alveolo- palatal) palatogram palatograph palatography paleography palimbacchius palindrom palilalia ngac hoa ngac hoa ngac ngac li (am ~) (cf. li ngac (am ~) ngac o x. electropalatograph cach dung ngac o co van t hoc x. antibacchius th thuan nghch oc noi lap (do khuyet tat than kinh)

panchronistic approach cach tiep can phiem (to languages) thi luan (oi vi cac ngon ng) pandialectal panlectal grammar (cf. polylectal grammar) paradigm (1) paradigm (2) paradigmatic paradigmatic association (nh. paradigmatic response) paradigmatic axis paradigmatic class paradigmatic level co trong moi biet ng ng phap lien phng ng / biet ng hnh he; he oi v trao lu khoa hoc tieu bieu cho mot thi ai oi v lien tng oi v

truc oi v lp oi v bnh dien oi v

241 paradigmatic relation / relationship paradigmatic response (cf. paradigmatic association) paradigmatics paradox paradoxical paragoge paragogic paragrammatism paragraph paralanguage paralect (cf. acrolect, basilect, hyperlect, mesolect) paralinguistic paralinguistic feature paralinguistics (n.) paralepsis paralipsis parallel parallel construction parallel distribution parallelism (1) parallelism (2) quan he oi v phan ng oi v

oi v hoc nghch ly nghch ly (co tnh ~); ngc i chem am cuoi t (am) chem cuoi t loi ng phap do chng that ng oan (van) can ngon ng tieng can chuan

gan vi ngon ng; can ngon ng ac trng can ng hoc can ngon ng hoc ke tha (co y them) ke sot (co y giau) song hanh; song song cau truc song hanh phan bo song song the song hanh lap cau truc

242 parameter parametric parametric phonetics parametrization tham so co tnh tham so ng am hoc tham so xac lap tham so (viec ~ cua d lieu) (e mieu ta va phan loai) can am v hoc cau mo phong mo phong (mot cau) viec san bang cac t hnh theo phep loai suy x. half-rhyme nguyen am ky sinh dien ngon ky sinh cho khuyet ky sinh phai sinh t ket cau ghep phai sinh t ket cau ghep t c cau tao theo loi phai sinh ghep t x. parataxis

paraphonology paraphrase (n.) paraphrase (v.) paraplasm pararhyme parasite vowel (nh. svarabhakti) parasitic discourse parasitic gap parasynthesis (n.) parasynthetic (adj.) parasyntheton paratactic

parataxis (1), paratactic ang ket (adj.) parataxis (2), (nh. asyndetic co-ordination) paratone parechesis ang ket vo lien t oan ng ieu loi chi ch gan am

243 parent language (cf. daughter language) parenthesis (pl. parentheses) parenthetical modulation parenthetical verb parisyllabic parisyllabic word ngon ng me/ goc/ coi nguon ng (oan) ong ngoac chuyen giong anh dau yeu to chem xen v t chem xen cung co so am tiet nh nhau t co so am tiet khong thay oi (trong khi bien hnh) van biem phong li noi (cf. ngon ng) chi ch t ong nguyen tnh chat d nguyen sc hut gia nhng t ong nguyen t co trong am chnh ri vao am tiet ap chot co trong am am tiet ap chot phan nhan; phan tach t loai (co tnh chat) bo phan

parody parole (Ph.) (cf. langue) paronomasia paronym (cf. heteronym (2)) paronymy (paronymous, adj.) paronymic attraction paroxytone

paroxytonic parsing part of speech partial

244 partial apposition (cf. full apposition) partial assimilation (cf. complete assimilation) partial devoicing (partially devoiced, adj.; cf. initial devoicing; final devoicing) partial homonymy partial overlapping partial reduplication (cf. complete reduplication) partial synonymy (cf. adsolute synonymy) participant identification ong chc cuc bo ong hoa cuc bo (hien tng) vo thanh hoa bo phan

ong am bo phan chong cheo bo phan lay bo phan

ong ngha bo phan nhan dien tham to (cach/ viec ~)

participant in the act of tham to trong hanh communication ong giao tiep participant role participial adjective (nh. verbal adjective) participial clause vai tham to v tnh t x. participle clause

participial construction ket cau phan t / v tnh t participial phrase participial restrictor participle participle clause (nh. participial clause) ng oan phan t han nh ng phan t phan t / v tnh t tieu cu phan t

245 participle conjunction participle preposition particle particularized implicature partitive (case) partitive (article/ noun) partitive genitive partitive noun (nh. unit noun) partner pasigraphy passive (cf. active, middle voice) passive adjective passive articulator passive language knowledge (nh. receptive language knowledge; cf. active language knowledge) passive organs of speech passive transformation passive vocabulary (cf. active vocabulary) lien t phan t gii t phan t tieu t; tieu to ham ngon ca biet hoa chiet phan; trch phan (cach ~) trch phan (quan t/ danh t ~) sinh cach chiet phan danh t chiet phan oi tac; ong thanh to viec s dung cac ky hieu pho bien (thai) b ong tnh t b ong kh quan cau am thu ong tri thc ngon ng thu ong

kh quan phat am thu ong cai bien b ong hoa von t thu ong

246 passivization passivity (passivively, adv.) past continuous past indefinite past-in-the-past past participle past perfect (nh. pluperfect) past progressive past simple past subjunctive past (tense) path(way) pathetic fallacy b ong hoa tnh chat b ong (th) qua kh tiep dien (th) qua kh bat nh x. past perfect phan t qua kh the d thanh th qua kh th qua kh tiep dien th qua kh n gian thc ha thuoc th qua kh th qua kh loi i ngo nhan cam xuc (gan cam xuc cua ngi cho vat) b the; oi tng b tac ong oi tng b bien oi oi tng mang trang thai t cach b the mc o b tac ong tho ng phu danh mo hnh

patient (nh. undergoer) patient of change patient of state patienthood patienthood scale patois (nh. subdialect) patronymic pattern

247 pattern congruent pattern congruity pattern consistency pattern inconsistency pattern drill pattern matching pattern recognition patterning pausal pause pause filler peak peak of prominence pedagogical linguistics peer group pejoration (cf. deterioration, amelioration) pejorative pentameter phu hp vi mo hnh chung tnh phu hp vi mo hnh chung tnh nhat quan vi mo hnh tnh thieu nhat quan vi mo hnh luyen tap theo mo hnh oi chieu mo hnh (viec / cach ~) nhan dien mo hnh mo hnh hoa (viec/ cach ~) cho ngng (thuoc ~) cho ngng tieng "a", "" em vao cho ngng nh nh iem (cua s) noi troi x. educational linguistics nhom ong chat bien oi xau ngha

xau ngha (th) nam chan

248 pentastich penultimate perceptibility perception perception verb perception-utterance verb perceptual perdurative perfect perfect infinitive perfect nominalization perfect participle perfective perfective adverb perfectivity perfectivity scale performance (cf. competence) performance grammar (cf. competence grammar) performative adverb (th) ngu cu; (th) nam cau ap cuoi tnh kha tri giac; ~ tri giac c tri giac v t tri giac v t tri giac noi nang (thuoc) tri giac (cach) vnh cu d thanh (the ~) thc vo tan hoan chnh danh hoa hoan chnh (s ~) phan t d thanh hoan thanh (the ~) pho t co y ngha d thanh tnh hoan thanh; tnh d thanh mc o hoan thanh / d thanh dung ngon ng phap dung ngon

pho t ngon hanh

249 performative analysis performative manner adverb performative negation performative (utterance) (cf. constative) performative sentence performative statement performative verb performativity performatory performer period/ periodic sentence period periodic periodicity peripetia (cv. peripeteia) peripheral periphery periphrasis (1) periphrasis (2) (periphrases, pl.; nh. circumlocution) periphrastic phan tch ngon hanh pho t phng thc ngon hanh phu nh ngon hanh ngon hanh (cau ~) (cf. cau nhan nh cau ngon hanh li nhan nh ngon hanh v t ngon hanh tnh ngon hanh x. performative ngi thc hien trng cu dau cham (song am) co chu ky tnh trng cu; tnh thi oan tnh tiet dien bien ngoai vi (thuoc ~) ngoai vi (vung ~) trng phc cu loi noi vong

noi vong (co tnh chat ~)

250 perlocution perlocutionary (cf. illocutionary, locutionary) perlocutionary act perlocutionary effect perlocutionary force perlocutionary verb permanent permanent file permanner permission permission-granting utterance permissive (mood) permutable permutation (nh. movement, reordering) permutation test x. perlocutionary act xuyen ngon

hanh ong xuyen ngon hieu qua xuyen ngon lc xuyen ngon v t xuyen ngon thng ton; thng xuyen ho s thng trc x. performative manner adverb phep (cho/ c ~) cau cho phep bao lanh cho phep (thc ~) co the ao v / hoan v hoan v (thao tac ~) trac nghiem ao v (e chng minh tnh quan yeu cua trat t trc sau) ben am (cf. hien tng ~) loi ben am

perseveration perseveration error

251 perseverative assimilation ong hoa ben (am)

perseverative ong cau am ben coarticulation (nh. progressive assimilation) persistence persisting in error person person-deixis personal personal ending personal infinitive personal name personal pronoun personification perspective (cf. focalization, point of view) persuade (cf. convince) persuasion (force of ~) persuasive pertinent relation petrification petrograph petroglyph PF tnh kien tr thai o kien tr trong sai lam ngi / ngoi trc ch ngi thuoc ca nhan v to ch ngoi thc vo nh nhan xng ten ngi; nhan danh ai t nhan xng nhan cach hoa nhan giac; quan giac; quan iem ra sc thuyet phuc thuyet phuc (sc ~) thuyet phuc (thuoc sc ~) quan he quan yeu hoa a (tnh trang ~) ch khac tren a x. petrograph x. phonetic form

252 pharyngeal pharyngeal cavity pharyngealization pharyngonasal pharynx phasal verb phase phase of production phase structure phase verb phatic function yet hau (am ~) khoang yet hau yet hau hoa (am) yet hau mui/ mui hong yet hau v t ket chuoi quan he chuoi; giai oan giai oan cau am cau truc chuoi v t co cau truc chuoi chc nang kiem thong; chc nang bao giao giai thuyet hien tng luan hien tng luan hien ng cau truc be mat giai thuyet ng van hoc giai thuyet triet hoc

phenomenological hermeneutics phenomenology phenotype (1) phenotype (2) philological hermeneutics philosophical hermeneutics

philosophical linguistics ngon ng hoc triet hoc philosophical semantics ngha hoc triet hoc (cf. linguistic semantics)

253 philology ng van hoc

philosophy of language triet ly cua ngon ng phonaestheme phonaesthesia (1) phonaesthesia (2) phonaesthetics phonation (type) phonatory setting phone phonem(at)ic phonem(at)ic unit phonem(at)ic transcription phoneme phonemic phonemic analysis phonemic change phonemic clause phonemic inventory phonemic representation n v bieu trng am thanh bieu trng am thanh (s ~) khoa nghien cu s bieu trng am thanh x. phonaesthesia (kieu) tao am viec xac lap mot kieu tao am am to; am thanh am v tnh; am v hoc n v am v hoc phien am am v hoc am v x. phonematic phan tch am v hoc (viec / cach ~) bien oi am v hoc tieu cu am v hoc danh sach am v trnh hien am v (cach ~)

254 phonemic restoration effect phonemic (segmental) tier phonemic split phonemic system phonemic tier phonemic variant phonemics phonemicist phonemicization phonetic phonetic alphabet phonetic change phonetic form (PF) (cf. logic form) phonetic image phonetic indicator phonetic notation phonetic rule phonetic script (nh. phonetic writing) hieu qua cua viec phuc nguyen am v hoc lp / tang am v hoc (oan tnh) chia tach am v (s ~) he thong am v lp am v bien the cua am v x. phonology x. phonologist am v hoa (qua trnh ~) ngon am / ng am (thuoc ~) he ky hieu ng am bien oi ng am hoc (s ~) dang ng am hnh anh ng am (F. de Saussure) ch to ng am cach ghi ng am hoc quy tac ng am hoc van t ghi am

phonemic transcription phien am am v hoc

255 phonetic similarity phonetic spelling phonetic symbol phonetic symbolism phonetic transcription phonetic universal phonetic value phonetic writing (nh. phonetic script) tng ong ve ng am cach viet ng am hoc ky hieu ng am bieu trng am thanh (hien tng ~) phien am ngon / ng am hoc pho niem ng am hoc gia tr ng am van t ghi am

phonetically consistent (nhng) hnh thai kien forms (nh. proto-words, nh ve ng am vocables) phonetician (nh. phonetist) phonetics nha ng am hoc ngon am hoc; ng am hoc

phonetics of connected ng am hoc cua speech tieng noi mach lac phonetist (nh. phonetician) phonetization phoniatrics phonic nha ng am hoc ng am hoa (qua trnh ~) am tat hoc am thanh/ ng am (thuoc ~)

256 phonic continuum phonic substance phonocentrism phonogram (cf. logogram) phonographic script (nh. cenemic script) phonography phonologic(al) phonologic(al) component phonologic(al) feature phonologic(al) feature theory (nh. distinctive feature theory) phonologic(al) opposition phonologic(al) paraphasia phonologic(al) phrase (nh. breath-group, intonation-group, tonegroup, tone-unit) phonologic(al) phrase boundary (nh. major pause) phonologic(al) representation phonologic(al) rule the lien tuc cua cac am thanh chat lieu am thanh x. logocentrism ch ghi am van t ng am x. phonographic script am v hoc thanh to am v hoc (net) ac trng am v hoc ly thuyet net ac trng am v hoc oi lap am v hoc (the ~) tat phat am ng oan am v hoc

bien gii ng oan am v hoc cach trnh hien am v hoc quy tac am v hoc

257 phonologic(al) scaling phonologic(al) space phonologic(al) transcription phonologist phonologization phonology phonometry nh mc manh yeu cua am v khong gian am v hoc phien am am v hoc

phonologic(al) strength lc am v hoc

phonologic(al) universal pho niem am v hoc nha am v hoc qua trnh am v hoa am v hoc; ng am hoc (chc nang) thong ke ng am hoc (tren c s c lieu ng am hoc kh cu) ng am phong cach hoc ket am hoc ng (oan) tnh s m rong ng oan trong am ng oan v t phc oan v t co pho t bo ngha

phonostylistics phonotactics phrasal (phrasally, adv.) phrasal expansion (nh. maximal projection) phrasal stress phrasal verb (1) phrasal verb (2) (cf. prepositional verb, phrasal-prepositional verb) phrasal-prepositional verb (cf. phrasal verb, prepositional verb; nh. three-part verb / word)

v t co mot trang t va mot gii t kem theo; v t co hai tieu t

258 phrase phrase marker phrase-sentence phrase structure phrase-structure grammar phraseme (nh. phraseological unit) phraseography phraseologic(al) phraseologic(al) locution phraseologic(al) unit (nh. phraseme) phraseology (1) phraseology (2) phrastic phylogenesis (phylogenetic, adj.) ng (oan) ch to ng oan ng oan hanh chc nh cau cau truc ng oan ng phap cau truc ng oan n v ng cu van t ghi tng cau ng cu (co tnh ~) phc cu n v ng cu ng cu kieu dung t ng rieng biet ng (oan) (thuoc/ co tnh ~) x. phylogeny

phylogeny (cf. ontogeny) quan sinh (cach tiep can ~) phylum (phyla, pl.) physicalism physiology physiology of speech (ng) toc vat ly luan sinh ly hoc sinh ly hoc cua hoat ong ngon ng

259 pictogram pictographic writing picture frame hnh dung lam ch hoa ch viet tng hnh khung hnh anh trong tam tr (dung e nhan dien s vat cua the gii) tieng boi; tieng pidgin hnh thanh tieng boi (qua trnh ~) o cao (cua (nhac) thanh); am vc trong am am vc ieu hnh am ieu o cao mo hnh am ieu ch tng hnh; van t hnh hoa thuoc tnh cua oi tng dien to ban le ni chon; v tr; cho v tr cau am cho at trong am bieu thc ch ni chon cach bo tr / sap xep bang (phang)

pidgin (nh. contact language; cf. creole) pidginization pitch pitch accent pitch contour pitch level pitch pattern pictographic writing picture aider pivot place place of articulation place of stress place-referring expression placement plain

260 plain tone planar phonology plane plane of content plane of expression pleonasm pleonastic pleonastic genitive (cu; nh. double genitive) pleonastic pronoun plereme (x. semantic feature) plosion (nh. occlusion) plosive (nh. occlusive) plot plot unit plug pluperfect plural plural of majesty thanh bang; thanh vo trng am v hoc bnh dien tnh bnh dien (cua he thong ngon ng) bnh dien noi dung; ~ ngha bnh dien bieu at; ~ phng tien trung ng trung ng (co tnh ~) sinh cach trung ng

ai t trung ng ngha v; net ngha giai oan no / bat (cua am tac) tac (am ~) cot chuyen n v t s mat x. past perfect so phc; phc (so) phc so trong cach t xng cua vua

261 plurale tantum (pl. pluralia tantum; nh. aggregate noun) plurality plurilingualism PM poetic poetic diction poetic language poetic license poetics point of articulation point-of-event point-of-observation point-of-reference point of view (nh. perspective; cf. focalization,) pointer polar polarity politeness polygenesis polyglot (1) polyglot (2) danh t tap hp; danh t ch co so phc tnh phc so x. multilingualism x. phrase marker thi ca (co tnh / thuoc ~) oc th / ngam th (loi ~) ngon ng th khoan mien th cho th thi phap; thi hoc iem / v tr cau am (thi) iem cua bien co iem quan sat iem quy chieu iem nhn; quan iem

tnh t nh hng lng cc lng cc (tnh ~) lch s thuyet a can ngi a ng sach a ng

262 polylectal grammar (cf. panlectal grammar) polymorphem(at)ic polymorphism polymorphous polymorphy polyphone polyphony polyphthong polyseme polysemic (nh. polysemous) polysemous (nh. polysemic) polysemy polysyllabic polysyllable polysyndeton ng phap a phng ng / biet ng a hnh v nh. polymorphy a hnh a hnh (tnh ~) a thanh a thanh (tnh ~) nguyen am chuyen sac nhieu lan a ngha (t ~) a ngha a ngha a ngha (tnh ~) a (am) tiet t a (am) tiet cau a lien t

polysynthetic language ngon ng a tong hp (nh. incorporating language) polysystemic phonology polysystemicism polytonic language am v hoc a he quan iem (am v hoc) a he ngon ng a thanh ieu

263 pooh-pooh theory pop marker popular etymology popular language portmanteau (morph) portmanteau word Port-Royal Grammar position position of rest position of stress positional allophone thuyet than t (ve coi nguon ngon ng) tn hieu dan nhap hay ket thuc mot e tai x. folk etymology ngon ng bnh dan hnh to tron x. blend Ng phap Port-Royal (tk. XVII) t the; v tr v tr ngh v tr mang trong am bien the v tr; tha am v tr

positional mobility (of a tnh c ong ve v tr word) (cua t) positional variant positive (nh. affirmative; cf. negative) positive degree positive evaluation positive event positive face (cf. negative face) positive face strategy positive polarity possessive (case) bien the v tr (cau, thc) khang nh mc o tch cc anh gia tch cc bien co tch cc the dien tch cc chien lc bao ve the dien tch cc tnh lng cc tch cc s hu (cach)

264 possesive adjective possessive genitive possessive pronoun possessor possession possibility possible world possible worlds semantics postalveolar postconsonantal post-creole continuum tnh t s hu sinh cach ch s hu ai t s hu ngi chiem hu quan he s hu; vat s hu tnh kha hu the gii kha hu ngha hoc cua nhng the gii kha hu sau li (am ~) sau phu am qua trnh chuyen bien dan sau khi hnh thanh tieng lai sau rang (am ~) hau nh ng

postdental postdeterminer (cf. predeterminer, central determiner) postdorsal postfinal postfix postinitial postlexical component (cf. lexical component) postmodification postmodifier (cf. premodifier)

(am) mat li sau sau am cuoi (v tr ~) hnh v at sau can to sau am au (v tr ~) thanh to hau t vng at phu ng sau trung tam (viec ~) hau phu ng

265 postnominal postpalatal postposing postposition (cf. preposition) postpositional postpositive poststructuralism post-tonic postulate postvelar postvocalic potential potential inference potential topic power PP (1) PP (2) pr practical reasoning pragmalinguistics pragmatic ambiguity pragmatic presupposition sau danh t ngac sau (am ~) chuyen ra pha sau hau gii t hau tr; at sau at sau; hau tr hau cau truc luan at sau am tiet mang trong am nh e; cong ly sau mac (am ~) sau nguyen am (am ~) tiem nang suy dien tiem nang (chu) e tiem nang sc; lc; hieu lc x. prepositional phrase x. picture provider x. preposition cach lap luan thc dung ngon ng hoc thc dung tnh lng kha ve dung phap tien gia nh dung phap

266 pragmatic pragmatic case pragmatic competence pragmatic particle pragmatically referential pragmatics (nh. general pragmatics) Prague School of Linguistics pre-aspirated vowel preaspiration precedence precondition predeterminer (cf. postdeterminer, central determiner) predicate predicate calculus predicate frame predicate logic predicate-negation predicate noun phrase predicate scope predication dung phap (thuoc ~) cach dung phap tham nang dung phap tieu t ng dung co s ch xet ve dung phap dung phap; dung hoc Trng Ngon ng hoc Praha nguyen am tien bat hi tien bat hi v tr ng trc; tien v ieu kien tien quyet tien nh ng

v ng; v t toan thuat v ng khung v ng logic v ng v ng - phu nh danh ng lam v ng tam bao quat cua v ng ket cau chu v; ket cau v ng

267 predicative v ng tnh; v ng t

predicative adjective tnh t lam v ng (cf. attributive adjective) predicative expression predicative frame predicator predictability predictable predictable theme prediction preference prefix prefixal prefixation prefixoid preglottalized prehead bieu thc v ng khung v ng truc v ng; tac t v ng hoa tnh kha tien oan co the biet trc chu e co the biet trc li tien oan u the; tnh thong dung tien to thuoc tien to phng thc (dung) tien to ban tien to tien thanh hau hoa am tiet trc phan au (cua n v ng ieu) tien ngon ng hoc (thi ky ~) tien ngon ng hoc

prelinguistic (period) prelinguistics (cf. macrolinguistics, microlinguistics, metalinguistics)

268 premodifier (cf. postmodifier) prenasalized pre-nominal modifier prepalatal preposing preposition (cf. postposition) prepositional adverb (nh. adverb particle) prepositional case prepositional object prepositional phrase prepositional verb (x. phrasal verb, phrasalprepositional verb) prerequisite prescriptive grammar prescriptive linguistics prescriptivism present present continuous present indefinite present infinitive tien phu ng tien mui hoa phu ng at trc danh t trc ngac (am ~) a ra pha trc (tien) gii t pho tieu t gii cach bo ng cua gii t ng (oan) gii t v t co gii t kem theo tien e; yeu cau tien quyet ng phap nh chuan ngon ng hoc nh chuan nh chuan luan (thi/ th) hien tai th hien tai tiep dien th hien tai bat nh th hien tai vo nh; thc vo nh ch thi hien tai

269 present participle present perfect present relevance present simple presentative verb pressure prestige dialect presumption presumptive (mood) presupposed presupposed knowledge presupposition presupposition of existence v tnh t hien tai; v tnh t chu ong the d thanh th hien tai tnh quan yeu hien tai th hien tai gian n v t gii thieu ap lc; ap suat phng ng co uy tn tien c tien c (thc ~) tien gia nh (yeu to c ~) tri thc c tien gia nh tien gia nh tien gia nh (ve s) ton tai (cua oi tng c noi en trong cau) thai o bao ham trong tien gia nh tien am tiet x. simple past (am tiet) at trc trong am (nguyen am) v tr trc trong am tien khau mac (am ~)

presuppositional attitude presyllable preterite pretonic (1) pretonic (2) prevelar

270 preverb prevocalic primary cardinal vowel primary clausal topic primary illocutionary force primary performative utterance primary predication primary split primary stress primary verb tien to i trc v t ng trc nguyen am; am em nguyen am moc c s chu e chnh cua cau lc ngon trung c s cau ngon hanh khong hien ngon v ng chnh chia tach cap mot trong am chnh v t c s (co the dung va nh v t chnh va nh tr v t) t nguyen s khai niem goc nguyen s; can ban tha am / bien the chnh tieu cu chnh bien the chnh nguyen ly; nguyen tac nguyen ly (da vao) c le my hoc nguyen ly (da vao) ngon canh tnh huong

primary word primitive (1) (n.) primitive (2) (adj.) principal allophone principal clause principal variant principle principle of aesthetic convention principle of context of situation

271 principle of economy principle of expressibility principle of identification nguyen ly (da vao) tnh tiet kiem nguyen ly (da vao) kha nang bieu at nguyen ly (da vao) kha nang nhan dien

principle of immanence nguyen ly (da vao) quan iem noi tai principle of least effort principle of linguistic relativity Principles and Parameters Theory private verb (cf. public verb) privative opposition privative opposition privilege of occurrence PRO nguyen ly no lc toi thieu nguyen ly tng oi luan ve ngon ng Ly thuyet Nguyen tac va Tham so v t "suy ngh rieng t" oi lap ve co ve khong (the ~) oi lap co-khong ac quyen xuat hien ai t hoi ch zero dung trc thc vo nh yeu to zero phi hoi ch dung trc v t nhan xng ng he kha hu thu tuc; thu phap mo hnh trong am hay trng o [0000]

pro

probable family (nh. conjectural family) procedure proceleusmatic (cf. amphibrach)

272 process proclitic productive qua trnh; s co; s bien tien t khinh am nang san

productive language tri thc ngon ng knowledge (nh. active nang san language knowledge; cf. receptive language knowledge) pro-comment pro-drop language ai thuyet ng ngon ng (co the) co kieu cau vo chu ng quy tac san sinh sc sinh san ng vien (R. Langacker) ai ng; ai hnh thai; ai to cau tao thay the bang ai ng lap trnh (viec ~) s tien ti hng tien tiep dien (the ~)

production rule (nh. generative rule) productivity profile pro-form pro-formation programming progression progressive (1) progressive (aspect) (2) (nh. continuous)

programming language ngon ng lap trnh

273 progressive assimilation (nh. perseverative assimilation) progressive conditional progressivity prohibition prohibitive projection projection principle projection rule prolepsis (cf. analepsis) pro-locative prolonged aspect prominence prominent promise promotion promotion to direct object pronominal (1) pronominal (2) (verbe, Ph.) pronominal declension ong hoa xuoi

ieu kien tiep dien (thc ~) tnh tiep dien; tnh tiem tien cam (s ~; lenh ~) thc cam oan s phong chieu nguyen ly phong chieu quy tac phong chieu tran thuat d bao ai v tr ng the keo dai tnh noi bat noi bat; troi li ha e bat e bat thanh bo ng trc tiep ai t tnh v t phan ch he bien cach cua ai t

274 pronominal reference pronominal referring pronominalization pronoun pronoun of address pronunciation pro-NP prop (word) proparoxytone s ch bang / cua ai t cach dung s ch bang / cua ai t ai t hoa ai danh t; ai t ai t xng ho phat am ai danh ng ai to rong ngha t co trong am at am tiet th ba ke t cuoi ten rieng danh t rieng t co trong am hnh vong am tiet ap chot (t. Hy co) thuoc tnh tieu cu ty le the oi lap co ong bo menh e hanh ong menh e thai o menh e toan thuat menh e logic menh e

pronouncing dictionary t ien phat am

proper name proper noun properispomenon

property proportional clause proportional opposition (cf. isolated opposition) proposition propositional act propositional attitude propositional calculus propositional logic

275 propositional meaning (nh. locutionary meaning) propositional negation pro-rheme proscriptive prose pro-sentence prosiopesis prosodeme prosodic (feature) (cf. major class feature, cavity feature, manner of articulation, source feature) prosodic level prosodic pattern prosodic phonology prosodic word prosody (1) prosody (2) (pl. prosodies) prospective protagonist protasis (cf. apodosis) ngha menh e

phu nh menh e ai thuyet ng co tnh nh chuan van xuoi ai cu ng lc phan trc trong phat ngon ieu v (ac trng) ieu tnh

bnh dien ieu tnh mo hnh giong ieu am v hoc ieu tnh t tiet ieu hoc x. metrics ieu tnh (hien tng / n v ~) (cf. phonematic units) vong tien nhan vat trung tam tieu cu ieu kien at trc tieu cu chnh ai thi ng

pro-temporal

276 protest pro-theme prothesis (cf. anaptyxis, epenthesis) prothetic proto-language pro-topic prototype prototype-based category prototype semantics prototypical object prototypical passive prototypical scheme prototypicality proverb (cf. aphorism) pro-verb pro-verbal provisoed assertion provisoed denial phan khang (li / thai o ~) ai e ng; ai chu e chem am tiet au (am) chem au t tien ngon ng; ngon ng tien than ai chu e; ai e ng ien mau; tien mau pham tru da tren ien mau ngha hoc ien mau oi tng ien mau thai b ong ien mau lc o ien mau tnh ien mau; tnh tien mau tuc ng ai v t ai v ng khang nh c le (li ~) phu nhan c le (li ~)

277 proto-words (nh. phonetically consistent form, vocables) proxeme proxemics proximal P-rule pseudo-cleft sentence pseudo-coordination pseudo-passive pseudo-reciprocal sentence PS(G) psycholinguistics psychological reality tien t

khoang cach v khoang cach hoc can tnh x. phonologic(al) rule cau che gia (neu bat v t) ang ket gia (v t) b ong gia cau tng ho gia hieu x. phrase-structure grammar tam ly ngon ng hoc tnh hien thc tam ly hoc (cua mot n v hay nhan nh ngon ng hoc) trang thai tinh than; tam trang chu the tam ly

psychological state psychological subject

psycho-metalinguistics tam ly sieu ngon ng hoc psychosemantic feature public verb (cf. private verb) pulmonic ac trng tam ly ngha hoc v t "cong bo" phoi (thuoc ~)

278 pulmonic airstream mechanism punctual aspect punctual event (nh. momentary, nondurative) punctual tone (nh. level tone) (cf. contour tone) punctuation pure tone pure form pure vowel purism purpose clause purpositive putative (modality) pyrrhic (cf. amphibrach) c che luong hi phoi the iem tnh (s viec) iem tnh

thanh (ieu) iem tnh dau cham cau nhac thanh thuan tuy hnh thc thuan tuy x. monophthong thuan khiet luan tieu cu ch muc ch co tnh muc ch / y o c oan (tnh thai ~) x. dibrach

Q
Q-binding x. quantifier binding quadrilateral of vowels t giac nguyen am (hnh ~) qualifier qualification qualify qualitative ablaut tnh ng nh tnh (phng thc ~) nh tnh ablaut pham chat

279 qualitative adjective qualitative reasoning quality quality maxim quantification quantifier quantifier binding quantifier floating quantitative quantitative ablaut quantitative adverb quantity maxim quantitative stress quantity quasi-homonym quasi-synonym quasi-universal quatrain (nh. tetrastich) question question-answering logic tnh t ch pham chat lap luan can c vao pham chat pham chat phng cham ve chat lng nh lng (phng thc ~) lng ng; lng t; lng to s rang buoc cua lng t s tha noi lng t nh lng (co tnh ~) ablaut ve lng pho t nh lung phng cham ve (so) lng trong am lng lng; trng o t gan ong am t gan ong ngha can pho niem t tuyet (th ~); th bon cau cau hoi logic cua cau ap

280 question-answer sentence question mark question tag question test question word questionnaire quotation form quotation mark (nh. inverted commas) quotifier quotification quotifying phrase cau hoi-ap dau cham hoi x. tag question trac nghiem bang cau hoi x. wh-word bang cau hoi hnh thc dan dau trch dan (dau ' ' hay " "); dau ngoac kep phan lng t phan lng (phng thc ~) phan lng ng

R
radial category radical radix (nh. root (2); tongue root) raising (1) raising (2) (nh. ascension) pham tru ng roi goc li (thuoc ~) goc li (nguyen am) nang len e bat; a len trc (thao tac ~)

281 raising to object raising to subject random noise range range topic rank rank shift rational grammar rationalism rational thought / thinking raw fact reader reading rule ready-made utterance real a len lam bo ng (thao tac ~) a len lam chu ng (thao tac ~) tap am ngau tnh khu vc khung e cap bac chuyen cap ng phap duy ly duy ly luan t duy duy ly s kien tho ngi oc; oc gia quy tac oc cau/ phat ngon cho san hien thc; co that

real condition (nh. open ieu kien hien thc condition; cf. hypothetical condition) real-time analysis (cf. apparent-time analysis) real world (cf. possible worlds) realis realis-assertion phan tch theo thi gian thc the gii hien thc hien thc (thc ~) nhan nh hien thc

282 realization realism (cf. nominalism) reality realization reanalysis reason reasonable reasoning rebus principle rebuttal x. actualization, manifestation duy thc luan (cf. duy danh luan) hien thc; thc tai thc hien / the hien (viec / cach ~) tai phan tch ly do phai chang lap luan (cach ~) nguyen tac o hnh oan ch phan ng c tuyet

received pronunciation cach phat am chuan receptive language tri thc ngon ng tiep knowledge (nh. passive thu language knowledge; cf. productive language knowledge) recessive stress recesssive tendency recipient reciprocal reciprocal assimilation (nh. coalescent assimilation) reciprocal pronoun reciprocity trong am chuyen lui xu the chuyen lui tiep the; ngi nhan (vat trao) tng ho ong hoa tng ho

ai t tng ho ngha / tnh tng ho

283 reclassification recoding recognition chuyen loai tai ma hoa (viec / cach ~) nhan dien

reconstructed form (cf. dang phuc nguyen (cf. attested form) dang hu chng) reconstruction recover recoverability recoverability condition phuc nguyen; tai lap (viec ~) phuc hoi (thong tin) kha nang phuc hoi ieu kien khoi phuc

recoverability strategy chien lc v kha nang phuc hoi rection recurrence recurrent recursion recursion principle recursive recursive rule reduced clause reduced coordination (nh. non-constituent/ incomplete conjunct coordination, conjunction reduction, gapping) quan he chi phoi hoi quy (s ~) co tnh hoi quy tnh hoi quy nguyen ly lap lai co chu ky hoi quy quy tac hoi quy tieu cu / cau gian lc ang ket gian lc

284 reduced (vowel) reduction (1) reduction (2) (nh. abbreviation; ellipsis) reduction (3) redundancy (1) redundancy (2) redundant (feature) reduplicated reduplication reduplicative reference (1) reference (2) reference (3) reference analysis reference assignment reference grammar reference point reference time referent referential accessibility referential ambiguity referential identity (nguyen am) nhc hoa nhc hoa (am) tnh lc gian hoa (e cau tao t) s tha d rm (ra) (tnh / van ~) net d (t) lay (hien tng) lay t lay s ch quy chieu tham khao phan tch s ch quy chieu ng phap tra cu iem quy chieu thi iem moc s ch (oi tng ~) kha nang truy cap s ch tnh lng kha ve s ch tnh ong nhat ve s ch

285 referential intent referential meaning (nh. cognitive meaning) referential modality referential noun phrase referential operator referential presupposition referential semantics referentiality referring expression reflection reflectiveness reflexive reflexive formation reflexive pronoun reflexive verb reflexivity reflexivization reformulation y nh s ch ngha s ch tnh thai cua s ch danh ng co s ch tac t neu oi tng s ch tien gia nh co s ch ngha hoc ve s ch tnh co s ch ng (oan) co s ch phan tnh; t xet (viec ~) tnh phan ch phan ch cau tao phan ch ai t phan ch v t phan ch tnh phan ch phan ch hoa (s cai bien ~) lap thc lai; tai lap thc

reformulatory conjunct lien ket ng (co y ngha) tai lap thc regional accent giong a phng

286 regional dialect register (1) register (2) register-lowering register tone (cf. contour tone) biet ng a phng; phng ng am vc phong vc x. key-lowering thanh dung am vc

register tone language ngon ng co thanh (cf. contour tone dung am vc language) regressive assimilation ong hoa lui/ ngc regressive conditioning regular regular grammar regular phonology regularity hypothesis (nh. Neogrammarian hypothesis) reification reify reifier reifying classifier reinforcement reintroducing discourse topic reity chi phoi ngc hp le; eu an x. linear grammar am v hoc quy luat tnh gia thuyet ve tnh eu an vat hoa (phng thc ~) vat hoa tac t vat hoa loai t (co tac dung) vat hoa tang cng tai dan nhap chu e cua dien ngon vat tnh

287 rejected condition (nh. ieu kien phi (hien) unfulfilled condition, thc unreal condition, counterfactual condition, hypothetical condition) related language relation / relationship relation word relational (1) (cu) relational (2) (adj.) relational grammar relational meaning relational sentence relational word relative adjective relative adverb relative attraction relative chronology relative clause relative pronoun relative status relative superlative relative topicality relative universal relativity (hypothesis) relativization ngon ng cung he quan he; lien he x. relational word quan he t quan he ng phap quan he ngha quan he cau quan he quan he t tnh t lien he pho t lien he hap lc / sc hap dan tng oi nien ai tng oi tieu cu lien he ai t lien he cng v tng oi cc cap tng oi tnh chu e tng oi pho niem tng oi tng oi luan cai bien thanh tieu cu lien he (viec / cach ~)

288 relator (nh. functional (1)) relatum relaxation release relevance (cv. relevancy) relevance theory relevant relexicalization relexification relexification hypothesis reliability relic area tac t lien he oi tng lien he (s) buong li buong (ong tac/ giai oan ~) tnh quan yeu ly thuyet ve tnh quan yeu quan yeu tai t vng hoa; at tieng long thay the t vng (s ~) gia thuyet ve cach tai t vng hoa mc tin cay vung di tch; vung con bao ton nhieu hnh thai co hnh thai co con sot lai xa; vien ch/ vien tac x. movement noi cha; noi lai cho ro chien lc noi cha

relic form remote reordering (nh. permutation) repair repair strategy

289 repertoire replacement test replacive replacive morph reply report reported question reported speech (1) reported speech (2) reporting verb representation representation theory of mind representational function of language representational meaning representative sentence represented speech reproach request von phng ng dung c trac nghiem thay the thay the (yeu to ~) hnh to thay the (cau / cach) tra li bao cao cau hoi thuat lai x. indirect speech li ke v t "bao cao" trnh hien / bieu hien (cach ~) ly thuyet ve hoat ong trnh hien cua tam tr chc nang trnh hien / bieu hien cua ngon ng ngha bieu hien cau bieu kien x. free indirect speech che trach (li ~) yeu cau

resolution of polysemy giai thuyet tnh hnh a ngha (viec / cach ~)

290 resonance resonance bar resonance cavity / chamber resonant resonator resource response response initiator ressyllabification REST restricted code restrictive restrictive adjunct cong minh; cong hng vach cong minh cong minh trng; khoang cong minh phu am vang cong minh trng phng tien; tai nguyen phan ng tac t gay phan ng tai tao am tiet x. revised extended standard theory ma han che han nh (co tac dung ~) nh ng han nh

restrictive modification at phu ng han nh (viec ~) restrictive modifier (cf. epitheton ornantium) restrictive relative restrictive relative clause restrictive relative pronoun restrictor tnh / phu ng han nh x. defining relative tieu cu lien he (co tac dung) han nh ai t lien he (co tac dung) han nh tac t han nh

291 restructuring result causation result object (nh. object of result; effected object) resultant resultative (aspect/ case) resumptive pronoun resumptive relative resumptive topic retention (nh. hold phase) retroflex retroflexion retrospective reversal error (cf. antipation error, perseveration error) reversed polarity tag (nh. checking tag) reversible Revised Extended Standard Theory (REST) tai cau truc hoa (viec / cach ~) cau gay khien co noi ro ket qua bo ng ket qua

ket qua (ng ch ~) ket qua (the/ cach ~) ai t nhac lai mot ai t hoi ch tieu cu lien he nhac nh chu e nhac nh giai oan gi (am) uon li; quat li (s) uon li; quat li hoi quan loi do ao v

cau hoi uoi ao cc co the ao ngc Ly thuyet Chuan m rong co ieu chnh

292 rewrite / rewriting rule quy tac viet lai (nh. expansion rule) r-ful(l) rhematic rhematic phrase rhematic subject rhematization rheme rhetoric rhetorical question rhinolalia/ rhinophonia rhotic (nh. rpronouncing, r-ful(l)) rhotacism rhotacization rhotacized rim rhyme rhythmic stress rhyming proverb rhyming slang rhythm rising accent x. rhotic thuyet (thuoc phan ~) (ng) thuyet ng chu ng lam thuyet thuyet hoa (thao tac ~) thuyet (ng) hung bien (khoa ~) / tu t hoc cau hoi hung bien; cau hoi tu t giong mui r-tnh hien tng r-hoa r-hoa (qua trnh ~) co am sac r vanh li van trong am (c phan bo theo) tiet tau tuc ng co van tieng long co van tiet tau trong am / ng ieu i len

293 rising diphthong right-branching right dislocation right linear grammar (cf. left linear grammar) nguyen am oi len dan ng nhanh sang phai ra sang phai (trong ngon ng hoc ien toan) ng phap tuyen tnh viet t phai sang trai khai trien sang phai trat t cng nhac ngon ng SOV nhat quan ngon ng SVO nhat quan ngon ng VOS nhat quan ngon ng VSO nhat quan trat t t cng nhac / nhat quan

rightward extendedness rigid order rigid SOV language rigid SVO language rigid VOS language rigid VSO language rigid word order

rill (fricative) (nh. groove ranh (am xat ~) fricative; cf. slit fricative) rim rise-fall rising (contour tone) ritual ritual language ritual utterance vanh li (thanh ieu) len-xuong i len (am ieu ~) (co tnh) nghi le ngon ng nghi le phat ngon nghi le

294 r-less role role assigning (function) role desambiguation role and reference grammar role grammar role structure analysis role system role theory roll rolled [r] roman romanization romanized root (1) (nh. base form; cf. stem) root (2) root (3) root-inflecting language root modality x. non-rhotic vai; vai tro; vai ngha phan vai (chc nang ~) loai tr tnh lng kha ve vai ng phap vai va s ch ng phap vai phan tch cau truc tham to he thong vai (ngha) ly thuyet vai x. trill am [r] rung tieu thuyet la tinh hoa la tinh hoa (c ~) can to goc li nut goc ngon ng khuat chiet

root-isolating language ngon ng n lap x. deontic modality

295 round brackets (cf. dau ngoac n / dau angled brackets, braces, ngoac tron curly brackets, square brackets) rounded rounding r-pronouncing rule rule feature (cf. context feature, inherent feature) rule of grammar rule ordering tron moi tron moi (cau am ~) x. rhotic quy tac ac trng quy tac

quy tac ng phap trnh t hoa quy tac

S
SAE x. Standard Average English; Standard Average European dai / le an toan tnh noi troi noi troi mau (dung lam th du) chon mau (viec / cach ~) sandhi (hien tng ~) sandhi cng bach safety-margin salience / saliency salient sample sampling sandhi sandhi (compulsory ~)

296 sandhi (internal ~) sandhi (irregular ~) sandhi ben trong sandhi khong theo quy tac sandhi tuy y gia thuyet Sapir-Whorf phu ng hanh ong ngon t to y thoa man ngon ng satm (nhng th tieng An Au a trai qua hien tng bien am [k] >[t] / [s] nguyen am ac thanh lng bao hoa (the ~) (thuoc ve) ly thuyet Saussure ngan ng thang o (tnh co ~) giai thuyet theo ngha thang o thang o ng phap thang o va pham tru mc hu thanh tieu t xac nh mc o

sandhi (morphological ~) sandhi hnh thai hoc sandhi (optional ~) Sapir-Whorf hypothesis satellite satisfactive (speech act) satm language (cf. kentum language)

saturated vowel saturation saturative (aspect) Saussurean saying scalar (scalarity, n.) scalar interpretation scale scale-and-category grammar scale of sonority scaling particle

297 scan scansion scenario scenario of conflict scenario of conflict resolution scene schema scheme of things schismeme school grammar schwa scientific term scope scope ambiguity scope of assertion scope of negation scope of modalization script second language second order informativity quet phan tch (cau truc) tiet ieu (s ~) kch ban kch ban cua vu xung dot kch ban cua cach giai quyet vu xung ot canh; man (kch) lc o ban phac thao s viec tiep v; tiep iem ng phap nha trng am schwa; am [] thuat ng khoa hoc tam (bao quat / tac ong) tnh lng kha cua tam bao quat tam bao quat cua nhan nh tam phu nh tam tnh thai hoa van t ngon ng th hai tnh thong bao th cap

298 second person second position clitic secondary secondary accent secondary affix secondary articulation (nh. additional articulation) secondary (cardinal) vowel secondary clausal topic secondary derivative secondary meaning secondary predication secondary response secondary role secondary split secondary stress secondary topic segment segmental segmental phoneme segmental tier ngoi th hai yeu to khinh am co v tr th hai th yeu; phu trong am th yeu / ~ phu phu to th yeu cau am phu

nguyen am (moc) cap hai chu e th yeu cua cau t phai sinh th yeu ngha th yeu v ng phu phan ng cap hai vai th yeu / vai phu chia tach cap hai trong am phu; trong am cap hai chu e th yeu chiet oan; am oan chiet oan; oan tnh am v oan tnh / chiet oan lp am chiet oan

299 segmentation segmentator segregatory coordination self-embedding self-referent structure selection selectional restriction selective listening selective memory selectivity semanteme semantic semantic analysis semantic autonomous subordinate clause semantic case semantic category semantic change (nh. semantic shift) semantic component semantic congruence semantic content semantic feature phan oan (thu phap ~) thiet b phan oan ang ket phan ly (cau, ng oan) t long vao cau me cau truc t ch tuyen chon han nh do yeu cau tuyen chon cach nghe co chon loc ky c co chon loc tnh tuyen la hnh v t vng ngha hoc; ng ngha (thuoc ~) phan tch ng ngha tieu cu phu t lap ve ngha cach ng ngha pham tru ng ngha chuyen ngha thanh to ng ngha s phu hp ve ng ngha noi dung ngha net ngha

300 semantic feature hypothesis gia thuyet ve net ngha (cho rang a tre lnh hoi ngha cac t theo so ngha v t t en nhieu) ngha trng hang the ng ngha nguyen to ng ngha quan he ng ngha cach trnh hien ng ngha han nh ng ngha chuyen ngha (hnh) tam giac ngha hoc pho niem ng ngha cach trnh hien ngha so vi cach trnh hien khai niem ngha hoc; ng ngha hoc ng ngha cua cu phap ngha hoc t vng ngha to

semantic field (nh. lexical field) semantic invariant semantic primitive semantic relation semantic representation semantic restriction semantic shift (nh. semantic change) semantic triangle (nh. triangle of signification) (Ogden & Richards) semantic universal semantic vs. conceptual representation semantics semantics of syntax semasiology (cf. onomasiology) seme

301 semelfactive (aspect / verb) sememe sememic (cf. hypersememic) nhat co (the ~; v t ~) (cf. durative) ngha v; ngha cua hnh v ngha tang hoc (nghien cu quan he ngha gia cac n v t vng) ban tru tng tnh t giac ban chu ong ban tr v t dau cham phay ban phu am v t ban trung thai v t ban tnh thai

semi-abstract semiactive consciousness semi-auxiliary (verb) semicolon semi-consonant semi-deponent verb semi-modal verb

semi-negative (nh. near ban phu nh negative) semiosis (C.S. Peirce) semiosis triangle (C.S. Peirce) semiotic semiology s thiet hieu tam giac thiet hieu (thuoc) ky hieu/ phu hieu hoc ky hieu / phu hieu hoc; trieu chng hoc (trong nganh y) he thong phu hieu tam giac phu hieu hoc

semiotic system semiotic triangle

302 semiotics semiotics of communication semiotization semi-passive semi-phoneme (Bloomfield) semi-productive semi-vowel semology semotactics sender sense sense and reference sense group sense relation senser / sensor sensorial ky hieu hoc/ phu hieu hoc phu hieu hoc cua s giao tiep qua trnh phu hieu/ ky hieu hoa (v t) ban b ong ban am v ban nang san ban nguyen am ngha tang hoc cach ket hp cac ngha v ngi gi ngha; y ngha ngha va s ch t to bieu ngha quan he ng ngha (gia cac t) ngi thu cam cam quan

sensorineural deafness chng iec do than (cf. conductive kinh thu cam deafness) sentence sentence adjunct sentence adverb(ial) cau x. sentence adverbial trang ng cua cau

303 sentence element sentence grammar sentence meaning sentence modifier (nh. sentence adverbial) sentence schema sentence stress (nh. focal accent) sentence structure sentence type sentential sentential adverb separability sequence sequence of tenses sequencing sequential order (nh. temporal order) serial construction (Blomfield; nh. coordination) serial relationship (nh. gradience) serial set serial verbs serially ordered set series thanh phan cau; yeu to cua cau ng phap cau ngha cua cau phu ng / trang ng cua cau lc o cau trong am cau cau truc cau kieu cau cau (thuoc ~); co cng v cau x. sentence adverb kha nang chia cach chuoi noi tiep chuoi th xep chuoi trat t tiep noi ket cau chuoi quan he thanh chuoi bo ket chuoi v t ket chuoi bo t co th t chuoi; loat

304 sesquisyllabic set set expression (nh. bound/ fixed / frozen expression) set theory sex-neutral (nh. dual gender) shade of meaning shallow memory (cf. deep ~) shadow pronoun shallow structure shape shared background shared knowledge sharp shift shifter shifting of stress shifting stress (nh. variable stress) shift-word short component short duration shortening mot am tiet ri (t ~) bo; tap hp bieu thc co nh

ly thuyet tap hp trung hoa ve gii sac thai ngha ky c can ai t nhac nh cau truc can hnh thu; hnh dang cung chung boi canh cung chung von tri thc thang chuyen (bien) chuyen t (R. Jakobson) chuyen trong am trong am di ong / kha bien t chuyen t thanh to ngan thi lng ngan rut gon (hien tng / thao tac ~)

305 short segment short-term memory sibilance sibilant side effect sides sigmatic sigmatism sign sign language chiet oan ngan ky c ngan han tnh xuyt am xuyt hieu ng phu hai ben li dung ch (sigma [s] Hy Lap) tat phat am sai ch s dau hieu; phu hieu; ky hieu ngon ng dau hieu (cua ngi iec chang han) tn hieu; hieu lenh danh sach ky hieu / phu hieu nang bieu tac dung bieu ngha nang bieu cong dung bieu ngha thc ngha s bieu s bieu; cai c bieu th nang bieu; cai co tac dung bieu th phu am cam

signal signary signifiant significance significans signification significative meaning significatum (Lat.) signifie (Ph.) / signified signifier silent consonant

306 silent e silent (letter) silent pause (cf. filled pause) silent stop silent stress ch e cam (ch) cam / khong oc khoang ngng lang phu am tac cam (khong bat ra) trong am cam (khong ro nhng co the c ngi nghe phuc hoi de dang) tng t; tng ong; giong tnh tng t; tnh tng ong ty du n; gian n qua kh gian n cau n n v phat ngon gian n tnh n gian; mc n gian tnh ong thi ong thi s the hien ong thi cua cac net khu biet (cua mot am v) dch uoi

similar similarity simile (cf. comparison) simple simple past simple sentence simple utterance-unit simplicity simultaneity simultaneous simultaneous implementation of distinctive features simultaneous interpretation

307 simultaneous occurrence (nh. cooccurrence) sincerity condition single single-base (cf. doublebase transformation, generalized transformation) single modality single speech-act single-valued feature (nh. singulary/ unary feature); (cf. binary feature, multivalued feature) single word singular s xuat hien ong thi; s ong hien ieu kien chan thanh n nhat; duy nhat cai bien mot c s

tnh thai n nhat hanh ong ngon t n nhat x. unary feature

t n so n; n so

singulare tantum danh t ch co so n (pl.singularia tantum; cf. plurale tantum) singulary feature singulary transformation singulative x. unary feature x. single-base transformation vi n (ch mot manh le rat nho cua vat chat) (danh t ~) nut ngang cap; nut ong thuoc

sister (cf. daughter, mother)

308 sister adjunction (cf. daughter adjunction) sister constituent situation (x. state of affairs) situation modal situation model situational grammar situation of reception situation of utterance situation semantics situation type situational situational context situational meaning phng thc them phu ng ong thuoc thanh to ngang cap tnh huong; tnh the t tnh thai co ngha tnh huong mo hnh tnh huong ng phap tnh huong tnh the tiep nhan tnh huong phat ngon ngha hoc tnh huong loai s tnh tnh huong (thuoc/ do ~) x. context-of-situation ngha tnh huong

situation of interaction tnh the tng tac

situational kha nang phuc hoi recoverability (cf. nh tnh huong structural recoverability) situational semantics situational topic situationality sjuzhet (Nga) ngha hoc tnh huong chu e tnh huong thch hp vi tnh huong (tnh / mc ~) sn chuyen (cf. fabula)

309 skeletal tier lp sn (gom nguyen am va phu am khong minh nh) ngon ng lam nguon tieng long; biet ng xa hoi ng tieng long vach nghieng noi nhu (x. lapsus linguae) khe det (am xat ~) am tiet am v am tiet hnh v ngan; o; v tr ien-vao-o (phng phap ~) cach phat am chuoi tieu cu th cap cach cau am du nhe trc ch xa hoi / lien nhan biet ng giai cap / xa hoi khoang cach xa hoi thong tin xa hoi s tng tac trong xa hoi

SL (x. source language) slang slang expression slants (nh. bars, solidi) slip of the tongue slit (fricative) slogofonema (Ng.) slogomorfema (nh. morpfosyllabema) slot slot-and-filler (method) slurred pronunciation small clause smooth artiulation social deixis social dialect (nh. class dialect) social distancing social information social interaction

310 social meaning social status socialization sociative (case) sociolect sociolinguistics (nh. sociology of language) sociological linguistics sociology of language sociopragmatics sociostylistics soft consonant soft palate (nh. velum) solecism (cu) (cf. barbarism (2)) solidus (pl. solidi) (nh. bars, slants) soliloque (Ph.) soliloquy solipsism solution sonagram ngha xa hoi; ngha lien nhan cng v xa hoi s xa hoi hoa Cach lien i (cung nhau) biet ng xa hoi xa hoi ngon ng hoc; xa hoi hoc ngon ng ngon ng hoc xa hoi hoc x. sociolinguistics ng dung hoc xa hoi phong cach hoc xa hoi phu am mem (ngac hoa) ngac mem; (khau) mac loi ket hp vach nghieng (hai ben ky hieu phien am am v hoc) thoi noi mot mnh oc thoai trc tiep (kch ~) duy nga oc ton luan giai phap x. (sound) spectrogram

311 sonagraph sonant (nh. sonorant) sonometer sonorant (cf. obstruent) sonority sonority hierarchy sonority peak sonority scale sonorization sortal (cf. mensural) sortal classifier sortal universal sortality (cf. mensurality) sound sound image sound shift sound symbolism (nh. cratylism) sound change sound law sound pattern sound quality sound recording x. sound spectrograph am vang thanh ke am vang; am t thanh am lng; thanh tnh he ton ty ve thanh tnh nh am lng thang o thanh tnh hu thanh hoa (hien tng ~) ch loai (loai t ~) loai t ch loai; danh t ch loai pho niem tieu loai tnh ch loai (cua loai t) am; am to hnh anh am thanh (F. de Saussure) chuyen bien am thanh bieu trng am thanh chuyen bien ng am quy luat ng am mo hnh ng am pham chat ng am ban ghi am

312 sound spectrograph sound wave source (1) (cf. goal) source (2) (cf. destination) source (3) source feature (cf. major class feature, cavity feature, manner of articulation, prosodic feature) source genitive source language (cf. target language) SOV word order SOV language space space grammar (nh. cognitive grammar) spatial spatial deixis spatial location spatial logic spatial organization spatial relation may ghi thanh pho song am nguon; iem/ ni xuat phat (cf. ch) xuat x; ngi gi (cf. ngi nhan) nguon (cua tn hieu) ac trng ve nguon am (N. Chomsky & M. Halle)

sinh cach ch nguon ngon ng nguon; ngon ng nguyen ban trat t t SOV ngon ng SOV khong gian ng phap khong gian (nh. ng phap nhan thc) khong gian (thuoc ~) trc ch trong khong gian v tr trong khong gian logic khong gian to chc (trong) khong gian quan he khong gian

313 spatiotemporal coordinates spatiotemporal location speaker speaker-know-best principle speaker-oriented modality (cf. agentoriented modality) speaker recognition speakers attitude speakers certainty speakers error speakers meaning speakers strategy special term specialization specific specific category specification specifier spectrogram toa o khong thi gian nh v khong gian thi gian (cach ~) ngi noi nguyen ly ngi noi biet ro nhat tnh thai hng (vao) ngi noi nhan dien giong ngi noi thai o cua ngi noi xac tn cua ngi noi nhng loi cua ngi noi ngha cua ngi noi chien lc cua ngi noi thuat ng chuyen mon mc chuyen biet hoa loai biet pham tru loai biet minh nh (s ~; viec ~; cach ~) loai biet ng ban ghi thanh pho

314 speech speech act li noi; ngon t; dien ngon hanh ong bang li; hanh ong ngon t; ngon hanh ton ty trong mc nhap cam cua ngi tham gia hanh ong giao tiep ly thuyet hanh ong ngon t v t ngon hanh phan tch tieng noi (cf. phan tch dien ngon) ng day truyen ngon ma hoa tieng noi khoi cong ong ngon ng nen tn hieu ngon t s kien ngon t mo hnh to chc hoi thoai ngon lu tham so cua li noi tri giac li noi (cach ~) phat ra tieng noi (cach ~) nhan dien ngon t (cach ~)

speech act participant empathy hierarchy

speech act theory speech act verb speech analysis (cf. discourse analysis) speech chain speech coding speech community speech compression speech event speech exchange system speech flow speech parameter speech perception speech production speech recognition

315 speech situation speech sound speech strategy speech synthesis speech synthetizer speech wave spelling (cf. orthography) spelling pronunciation sphere of influence spirant spirantization split split ergativity split infinitive split reference spondaic spondee amphibrach) spoonerism (cf. metathesis) sporadic tnh huong cua li noi am to chien lc cua li noi tong hp tieng noi may tong hp li noi song am cua tieng noi cach viet (ch abc); chnh ta cach phat am theo chnh ta pham vi anh hng x. fricative xat hoa (hien tng ~) phan oi; tach oi tnh khien cach phan oi dang nguyen (b) tach oi s ch phan oi (thuoc) mo hnh trong am hay trng o [11] (cf. mo hnh trong am hay trng o [11] noi lai han hu

316 Sprachbund (.) Sprachgefuhl (.) spread (lips) spreading x. linguistic area x. linguistic intuition khong chum (moi ~) s lan rong (cua mot thanh ieu sang am oan ben) li noi voi (khong c ro va ung)

sputter

square brackets (cf. dau ngoac vuong ([ ]) angled brackets, braces, curly brackets, round brackets) S-R model S-structure stability (of tiers) x. stimulus-response model x. shallow structure tnh on nh (cua tng lp n v am v hoc) nguyen ly on nh giai oan chuan; chuan mc tieu the; tha am chuan tieng Au chau trung bnh chuan (B. L. Whorf) tieng chuan Mo hnh Chuan (Chomsky) cach phat am chuan

stability principle stage standard standard allophone Standard Average European standard language Standard Model (nh. Standard Theory) standard pronunciation

317 Standard Theory (nh. Standard Model) standardization standing epithet stanza starred form stasis statal state state of affairs state of language (nh. etat de langue) state verb statement static static passive static relation static tone stationary (articulators) (cf. movable) statistic linguistics stative Ly thuyet Chuan (ng phap cua N. Chomsky) chuan hoa / tieu chuan hoa tnh ng a thanh cong thc oan th t tuyet hnh thai co anh dau hoa th tnh trang trang thai / tnh trang (ngha ~) trang thai s tnh; s the ng trang v t trang thai; v t tnh nhan nh trang thai (thuoc ~); tnh thai b ong tnh quan he tnh trang thanh ieu tnh tnh / khong c ong c (kh quan cau am ~) ngon ng hoc thong ke tnh; tnh trang

318 stative perfect stative verb (x. state verb) status (1) status (2) stem (cf. root) stem-composition stem derivation stem inflexion stereotype stereotype expression stiff / slack distinction stimulus stimulus and response (theory) stimulus-response model stock (cf. superstock) stochastic story story episode story structure straightforward question strand the d thanh tnh (the ~) v t tnh cng v pham tru khai quat hoa than t; t can phng thc ghep t can phai sinh t t can bien v t can quan hnh; quan ng bieu thc rap khuon s khu biet ran / mem kch thch (to) (ly thuyet) kch thch va phan ng Mo hnh "Kch thch Phan ng" (ng) tong ngau tnh chuyen ke tnh tiet trong chuyen ke cau truc cua chuyen cau hoi thang thng tach rieng

319 stranded element strategy stop (consonant) stratification stratificational grammar stratified sampling stratum stream of consciousness strength strength scale yeu to mac can chien lc tac (phu am ~) phan tang ng phap phan tang cach chon mau co phan tang lp; tang dong y thc x. phonologic(al) strength thang o manh yeu (t am tac vo thanh en am tiep can) trong am ieu hnh trong am nhom trong am dau trong am mo hnh trong am

stress stress contour stress-group stress mark stress pattern

stress-timed (language) (ngon ng) co trong (cf. syllable-timed) am cach quang eu nhau stricture strident (cf. mellow) string strong strong adequacy strong consonant cau am bop / that the chuoi (ke tiep) manh mc thoa ang cao phu am manh

320 strong declension strong form (cf. weak form) strong vowel structural ambiguity (nh.constructional homonymy) structural change structural class structural linguistics structural consistency structural inconsistency he bien cach manh hnh thc manh nguyen am manh tnh lng kha cau truc bien oi do cai hoan chung loai cau truc tnh ng hoc cau truc tnh nhat quan vi toan bo cau truc tnh thieu nhat quan vi toan bo cau truc

structural meaning (nh. ngha cau truc grammatical meaning) structural pressure structural recoverability (cf. situational recoverability) structural semantics structural set structural signal structuralism structurally conditioned structuration ap lc cua cau truc kha nang phuc hoi nh cau truc

ngha hoc cau truc tap hp cau truc tnh tn hieu cau truc tnh cau truc luan do cau truc quy nh cau truc hoa (cach ~)

321 structure structure dependence structure description cau truc le thuoc cau truc (quan he ~) mo ta cau truc

structure manipulation thao tac thay oi cau truc structure of event structure pattern stuttering style style disjunct style of discourse style of pronunciation stylistic stylistic feature stylistic level stylistics stylization suasive verb subcategorization frame subcategory cau truc cua s tnh / bien co mo hnh cau truc noi lap phong cach trang ng phong cach phong cach (cua) dien ngon phong cach phat am phong cach (hoc) (thuoc ~) (net) ac trng phong cach bnh dien phong cach hoc phong cach hoc phong cach hoa; cach ieu (hoa) v t thuyet phuc khung tieu pham tru hoa tieu pham tru

style indirect libre (Ph.) x. free indirect speech

322 subclass subdialect (nh. patois) subfamily (cf. superfamily) subject (1) subject (2) subject clause subject control subject infinitive subject marking subject-predicate scheme subject-prominent language (cf. topicprominent language) subject property subject-verb agreement subjectival subjective (nh. nominative) tieu loai tho ng ha (ng) he chu e chu ng tieu cu chu ng quyen kiem nh cua chu ng thc vo nh lam chu ng (cach) anh dau chu ng luc o chu v ngon ng thien chu ng thuoc tnh cua chu ng s phu ng chu-v thuoc chu ng chu cach

subjective complement phu ng cua chu ng (cf. objective complement) subjective deixis trc ch chu quan

323 subjective genitive (cf. chu sinh cach; sinh objective genitive) cach ch chu the subjective knowledge subjective modality subjective nominative subjective probability subjective understanding subjectivity subjectless subjectless sentence subjunct (cf. adjunct, conjunct, disjunct) subjunctive subjunctive of manipulation sublanguage sublinguistic (communication) submodifier submorph submorphemic boundary subordinate (adj) subordinate (n.) tri thc chu quan tnh thai chu quan danh cach ch chu ng xac suat chu quan cach hieu chu quan tnh chu quan khong co chu ng cau khong co chu ng trang ng phu / pho ng thc ha thuoc; thc gia thuat thc ha thuoc ch menh lenh ngon ng chi ha ngon ng nhi ha (giao tiep ~) phu ng th cap ha hnh to; pho hnh to bien gii ha hnh v cap di; phu thuoc x. hyponym

324 subordinate clause (nh. cau / tieu cu phu dependent clause) subordinating conjunction subordination subordinator subphonemic level subrheme subset subsidiary member subsidiary variant substance substance of content substance of expression substantialism substantiation (1) substantiation (2) substantivization substantive (cu) substantive universal (cf. formal universal) substitutable sustitutability (n.) lien t phu thuoc hoa phu ket tac t phu thuoc hoa cap o di am v tieu thuyet; thuyet cap di tieu tap hp thanh phan phu bien the th yeu chat lieu; thc chat chat lieu cua bnh dien noi dung chat lieu cua bnh dien bieu at chat lieu luan bien minh (viec / cach ~) cu the hoa (viec / cach ~) danh t hoa (cai bien ~) thc the t pho niem thc the co the thay the kha nang thay the

325 substitute substitution substitution frame substitution item substitution of meaning substitution test substrate language yeu to thay the (s) thay the khung thay the n v thay the thay the ngha (viec / cach ~) trac nghiem thay the ngon ng c tang

substratum (nh. c tang; tang di substrate; cf. adstratum, superstratum) substring subtheme subtopic subtractive bilingualism (cf. additive bilingualism) chuoi cap di tieu e tieu e; e cap di song ng tr (v tr ngon ng th nhat cua tieng ban a b mot ngon khac thay the) cau truc phu cau am mut am tac mut hau to (co tnh / thuoc) hau to phng thc (dung) hau to ngon ng dung hau to

substructure succion succion stop suffix suffixal suffixation suffixing language

326 suffixless adjective suggestive question sulcalized (sulcalization, n.) summation plural (nh. binary noun; binary plural; cf. plurale tantum) superficial superfix superfoot superheavy syllable superjump (Labov) superlative superordinate (nh. hyperonym; cf. hyponym) superordinate clause superposition super-sign superstock (cf. stock) superstrate language superstratum (cf. adstratum, substratum) tnh t khong co hau to cau hoi (co tac dung) gi y lom (cau am ~) danh t so phc tong

be mat (hnh thai ng am ~) x. suprafix sieu chan am tiet sieu nang sieu vot (bien oi am v hoc ~) cc cap thng cap; thng danh tieu cu thng cap chong them (thu phap ~) sieu phu hieu thng (ng) tong ngon ng lp tren; thng tang thng tang; tang tren

327 supertopic supinum (Lat.) suppletion suppletive alternant suppletive form suppletive morpheme supposition suppositional subjunctive suprafix (nh. superfix) supraglottal suprasegmental (nh. prosodic) suprasegmental phoneme suprasegmental phonology surd (Ph.) surface structure (cf. deep structure) surface structure empathy hierarchy surface subject surname suspicious pair sustained intonation SVO word order sieu chu e v tnh t b ong thay the bo khuyet n v luan phien bo khuyet hnh thai bo khuyet hnh v bo khuyet gia nh thc ha thuoc (co ngha) gia nh phu to sieu oan (am) tren thanh hau sieu oan am v sieu oan am v hoc sieu oan vo thanh cau truc be mat ton ty nhap cam cua cau truc be mat chu ng be mat ho cap kha nghi ng ieu gac trat t t SVO

328 SVO language svarabhakti switch reference syllabary syllabeme syllabic syllabic consonant syllabic division syllabic script syllabic writing syllabication syllabification (nh. syllabication) syllable syllable boundary syllable-final syllable juncture syllable pattern syllable peak syllable-timed (language) (cf. stresstimed) syllabogram ngon ng SVO x. parasite vowel dau hieu [ chuyen s ch] van t ghi am tiet; van t am tiet tnh am tiet v; tieng am tiet tnh; thanh am tiet phu am am tiet tnh phan chia am tiet (viec/ cach ~) van t ghi am tiet; van t am tiet tnh ch viet am tiet tnh x. syllabification phan am tiet (s/ cach ~) am tiet; tieng bien gii am tiet cuoi am tiet ( v tr ~) tiep iem am tiet mo hnh am tiet nh am tiet (ngon ng) co trng o am tiet tng oi bang nhau ch ghi tng am tiet

329 syllemma syllepsis (pl. syllepses) syllogism symbol symptom symmetry (symmetric, adj.) synaesthesia synaffix synaffixation synaloepha syncategorematic word synchronic (cf. diachronic) synchronic etymology hp ng [tam+phu+lien] ong chap (s ~; phep ~) tam oan luan ky hieu trieu chng (s) can oi x. synesthesia ong phu to; phu to phc hp phng thc (dung) ong phu to hoa uc am tiet (hien tng ~) h t; t chc nang ong ai t nguyen hoc ong ai

synchronic explanation cach giai thch ong ai synchronic foreignism synchronic linguistics synchronic phonetics synchrony t (ng) ngoai lai ong ai ngon ng hoc ong ai ng am hoc ong ai bnh dien ong ai

330 syncopation syncopated syncope (nh. syncopation; elision; cf. haplology) syncretic(al) syncretism x. syncope (nguyen am) b lc bo lc am

hon hp; trung hoa hoa hon hp bien to; trung hoa hoa (hien tng ~) quan he lien hp ang ket co lien t phep cai dung cai dung (co tnh ~) lien ket nguyen am (hien tng ~) phu ng ng phap theo ngha (hien tng ~) cong cam; phoi cam cong cam / phoi cam (thuoc ~) s hoa ong nguyen am t ong ngha ong ngha ong ngha

syndesis syndetic co-ordination synecdoche (cf. metonymy) synecdochical syneresis synesis

synesthesia (cv. synaesthesia) synesthetic synharmony synonym synonymic synonymous

331 synonymy synsemantic synsemantic word (cf. autosemantic ~) syntactic syntactic amalgam syntactic ambiguity syntactic behavio(u)r syntactic causative (cf. lexical causative) syntactic compound syntactic negation syntactic neutralization syntactic relationship ong ngha (quan he ~) hp ngha h t; t phoi ngha (cf. thc t; t t ngha) cu phap (thuoc ~) to hp cu phap ngha (G. Lakoff) tnh lng ngha cu phap thai o cu phap ket cau gay khien cu phap (cf. ~ t vng) t ghep cu phap phu nh cu phap trung hoa hoa cu phap (hien tng ~) quan he cu phap

syntactic structure (nh. cau truc cu phap syntax structure) syntactic synonym syntactic word syntagm / syntagma syntagm stress syntagmatic (axis) (cf. paradigmatic) t ong ngha cu phap t cu phap; h t ket oan; ng oan trong am ng oan (truc) ket hp

syntactics (Ch. S. Peirce) ket phap

332 syntagmatic plane syntagmatic relation / relationship syntagmeme (cf. tagmeme) syntax syntax analysis syntax category syntax structure (nh. syntactic structure) syntax tree syntax unit synthesis synthetic language (cf. analytic language) synthetic proposition synthetic truth bnh dien ket hp quan he ket hp cu phap v (K.L. Pike) cu phap phan tch cu phap pham tru cu phap cau truc cu phap cay cu phap n v cu phap tong hp (s ~) ngon ng tong hp tnh menh e tong hp chan ly tong hp (s that tren c s oi chieu vi hien thc) ong thanh ieu he (thong) cau trong he thong he thong (co tnh ~) am v he thong tnh (c xac lap tren c s ng phap cung nh ng am) am v hoc he thong tnh

syntonic system system sentence systematic systematic phoneme

systematic phonemics

333 systemic he thong tnh (theo quan iem cua M. A. K. Halliday) ng phap he thong tnh

systemic grammar (nh. systemic-functional grammar)

systemic-functional ng phap chc grammar (nh. systemic nang he thong tnh grammar) (M.A.K. Halliday) systemic network mang li he thong tnh

T
table of sounds taboo tachygraphy tacit knowledge (nh. intuition, Sprachgefuhl) tact (1) tact (2) (nh. beat) tactic analysis tactic form bang am to (le) kieng k toc ky tri thc an mac

s te nh (trong ng x, noi nang) phach (trong am nhac) phan tch theo kha nang ket hp to hp ket v (lam thanh mot hnh thai ng phap) ket (hp) hoc

tactics

334 tactile medium tag tag question tag statement tagma tagmatics tagmeme tagmemics tail talk talk exchange tamber tap target (1) target (2) target object target articulation (cf. auditory target) target articulation domain target language (nh. object language (2)) tautological tautologous x. haptic medium (cau, t) hau e cau hoi uoi nhan nh uoi ket to ((K.L. Pike) ket to hoc ((K.L. Pike) ket v ((K.L. Pike) ket v hoc ((K.L. Pike) uoi; hau e noi chuyen chuyen tro x. timbre x. flap ch muc tieu bo ng ch ch cau am lam ch (cach ~) khu vc muc tieu cau am ngon ng ch; ngon ng cua ban dch x. tautologous co tnh chat trung ngon net khu biet ng phap

tautology (cf. pleonasm) trung ngon taxeme

335 taxis (cu; pl. taxes) taxonomic grammar taxonomic linguistics taxonomy taxonomy of illocutionnary acts taxonomy of speech acts technical term t ket ng phap chia loai ng hoc liet ke phan loai phan loai (cach / bang ~) phan loai cac hanh ong ngon trung (cach ~) phan loai cac hanh ong bang li (cach ~) thuat ng ky thuat; thuat ng chuyen mon ch viet chuyen mon ten (mn cua) con ngon ng ien tn giai thch (theo) muc ch luan (cach ~) muc ch luan t rut ngan hu ch (loai) s tnh hu ch tnh hu ch tnh de ke (cua chuyen) mau (e nhan dien) toc o; nhp o

technography teknonymic telegraphese teleogical explanation teleology (teleologic(al), adj.) telescoped word telic (cf. atelic) telic situation type telicity tellability template tempo

336 temporal temporal clause temporal deixis temporal location temporal logic temporal meaning (cf. tense ~) temporal order (nh. sequential order) temporal particle temporally restrictive adjective temporary tendency tenor tenor of dicourse tense (1) tense (2) tense back-shifting tensed (language / clause) tensed sentence tenseless (language / clause) thi gian (thuoc/ trong ~) tieu cu trang ng thi gian trc ch ve thi gian nh v trong thi gian logic thi gian y ngha thi gian (cf. ~ th) trat t thi gian (nh. trat t tiep noi) tieu t thi gian (A.Wierzbicka) tnh t han nh thi gian nhat thi xu hng giong nam cao oi tng so sanh (trong phep an du) th (am) cang quan he th gia cac tieu cu co th (ngon ng / cau ~) cau co th khong co th / vo th (ngon ng / cau ~)

337 tense locus tense-logic tense phrase tense-system tense vowel tension tenuis (cu; pl. tenues) term term formation term of endearment term of address term operator term predicate term structure terminal string terminative (aspect) terminus quy iem th logic th ng oan th he thong th nguyen am cang o cang (phu am) manh thuat ng; ng nh danh cau tao t / ng nh danh t ng xng ho than thiet x. address term tac t tao t / ng nh danh danh ng lam v ng cau truc cua ng nh danh chuoi ket cuc x. completive iem ket thuc

territory (cf. assertive ~, mien/ vung/ tam non- assertive ~) (hieu lc) tertiary stress tertium comparationis (Lat.) trong am cap ba ve th ba cua so sanh

tertium non datur (Lat.) khong co trng hp nao khac

338 tessitura tetrameter tetrametre (Ph.) (nh. alexandrine) tetrastich (nh. quatrain) text text frequency text grammar text interpretation text linguistics textology text processing text-sentence textual deixis textual function textual meaning thematic (1) thematic (2) thematic (3) (nh. stem) thematic continuity c giong (th) bon chan (th) mi hai am tiet; (th) thap nh ngon th t tuyet; th bon cau van ban tan so tren van ban ng phap van ban thuyet minh van ban (viec / cach ~) ng hoc van ban van ban hoc x ly van ban (viec / cach ~) cau trong van ban trc ch trong van ban chc nang tao van ban ngha van ban tham to (co tnh ~, thuoc ve ~) e (co t cach ~) than t; t can tnh lien tuc cua chu e / tham to

thematic predictability tnh kha tien oan cua chu e

339 thematic-rhematic articulation thematic saliency thematic role thematic structure (1) thematic structure (2) thematic subject thematic vowel thematization (thematize, v.) theme theme prominence theoretical grammar theoretical linguistics (nh. general linguistics) theoretical model theory of linguistic relativity theory of markedness theory of semantic (lexical) fields theory of speech acts (J.L. Austin, J.R. Searle) theory of the laryngeals (F. de Saussure) phan oan e-thuyet (cach ~) tnh noi troi cua chu e vai tham to cau truc e-thuyet cau truc tham to chu ng lam e nguyen am t can e hoa (thao tac ~) e; chu e tnh noi troi cua e ng phap ly thuyet ngon ng hoc ly thuyet mo hnh ly thuyet (ly) thuyet tung oi luan ngon ng hoc ly thuyet ve tnh [hu trng] x. field theory ly thuyet ve cac hanh ong bang li / ngon hanh ly thuyet ve cac phu am thanh hau (cua tieng An-Au)

340 therapeutic sound change thesaurus theta-assignment bien am tr lieu kho t vng phan nh vai cho cac tham to (viec / cach ~) tieu ch theta li theta x. thematic role ly thuyet theta (trong ly thuyet chi phoi va rang buoc) tieng long cua ke trom vat vat tnh ngoi th ba thc menh lenh ngoi th ba t duy v t co hai tieu t (nh look down on) x. three-part verb v t tam tr; v t ba cho (giong) khan / khan sun cua tuyen giap lp (trong am v hoc t oan)

theta criterion theta grid theta-role ( -role) theta theory

thieves cant / patter thing thingness third person third-person imperative thought three-part verb three-part word three-place verb throaty thyroid cartilage tier (in autosegmental phonology)

341 tilde timbre time time adverbial time-bound proposition time clause time of event time of speech timeless proposition dau song (~) (dung trong t ien) am sac thi gian; thi trang ng thi gian menh e b rang buoc ve thi gian tieu cu thi gian thi iem cua s tnh thi iem phat ngon menh e phi thi gian; menh e vo thi / phiem thi s phoi hp (trong thi gian) chop li hien tng quen khuay mot t dung hang ngay au e phan tach thanh to cua t phai sinh (viec / cach ~) (trng hp) ca the; hien dang thanh ieu (co ~; thuoc ~) tiep iem thanh ieu chnh am lp cua thanh ieu

timing tip (nh. apex) tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon title tmesis (pl. tmeses)

token (cf. type) tonal tonal juncture tonal (vowel) tonal tier

342 tonality tonality feature tone tone frequecy tone-group (cf. nucleus (2)) (nh. breath-group, phonological phrase, intonation-group, toneunit) tone language tonemics tone of voice tonetics tone-unit toneme tongue tongue advancement tongue back tongue blade tongue body tongue height tongue root (nh. radix) tongue-slip tonetics tnh thanh ieu; ieu thc (cua cau) ac trng ieu thc thanh (ieu) xac suat cua thanh ieu n v ng ieu

ngon ng co thanh (ieu) thanh v hoc giong noi; cach noi ng am hoc cua thanh ieu x. tone group thanh v li chieu hng cua li mat li au li than li o nang (cua) li goc li noi nhu thanh ieu ng am hoc

343 tonic (tonicity, n.) tonic accent tonic stress tonic syllable tonogram tonology top-down (cf. bottomup) top-down processing topic topic accession hierarchy topic chain topic continuity topic identification topic properties topic shifter topical phrase topical clause topicality topicalization topicalized topic-comment articulation co trong am trong am x. nuclear stress (2) x. nucleus (2) ban ghi thanh ieu / ng ieu thanh ieu hoc (hng phan tch ng phap) t tren xuong trnh t x ly t tren xuong e; chu e ton ty trong kha nang lam e chuoi e tnh lien tuc cua e cach nhan dien e cac thuoc tnh cua e tac t chuyen e e ng tieu cu lam e t cach e; e tnh (chu) e hoa (thao tac ~) (chu) e hoa phan oan e-thuyet

topic / topical sentence cau lam e

344 topic-comment relation quan he e-thuyet topic empathy hierarchy topic establishment topic introducer topic marking device topic persistence topic-prominent language topic sentence topic shading topic shift topicworthiness topological structure topology toponomastics toponym toponymy ton ty nhap cam vi chu e xac lap chu e (viec / cach ~) tac t dan nhap chu e thiet b anh dau chu e tnh trng ton cua chu e ngon ng thien chu e cau lam e sac thai hoa chu e (viec / cach~) di chuyen chu e (viec / cach~) t cach chu e cau truc topo topo hoc at a danh (viec ~) a danh a danh hoc; a danh cua mot vung hay cua mot ngon ng khang nh tong quat nhan nh tong quat

total affirmation total assertion (cf. total affirmation; total negation)

345 total assimilation total negation (cf. negation of total assertion / affirmation tournure (Ph.) trace trachea (nh. windpipe) trade language traditional grammar traduction tragedy trajector ong hoa toan bo phu nh tong quat

loi noi (dau) vet kh quan; cuong phoi ngon ng buon ban ng phap truyen thong dch sat tng t (viec / cach ~) bi kch ao t; vat ang chuyen ong; vat c nh v quan he gia ao t va moc chuyen ma phan viec (phai giai quyet) phien am phien am (s ~) chuyen di; lan t tieng nay sang tieng khac chuyen hoa ngha

trajector vs. landmark transcodification (nh. code switching) transaction transcribe transcription transfer/ transference

transfer of meaning

346 transferred epithet (nh. tnh ng dung lech hypallage) tam; tnh ng b chuyen di transferred meaning transferred negation transfix transform transformation transformational cycle transformational grammar transformationalism ngha (a) chuyen hoa phu nh b chuyen di phu to xen ke bien the cai hoan; hoan hnh; cai hnh cai hoan; cai bien chu ky cai hoan ng phap cai hoan / cai bien ly thuyet cai bien; ng phap cai bien; cai bien luan x. durative chuyen tiep (cau am) vung chuyen tiep; vung giap ranh v t ngoai ong / cap vat / chuyen tac

transgressive transition transition area transitive (verb) (cf. monotransitive verb, complex transitive verb, ditransitive verb) transitive adjective transitivity translatability translation (translate, v.) (cf. interpretation)

tnh t ngoai ong tnh / mc chuyen tac tnh kha dch dch (ban ~); phien dch

347 translation loanword translatese (Chao Yuen-Ren) translational equivalent translative translatology (nh. translation theory) transliteration (cf. transcription) transmutation t mn qua sao phong phien dch ng; giong van dch, van lai cang t / hnh thai tng ng khi phien dch di chuyen (cach ~) phien dch hoc; ly thuyet phien dch chuyen t (cach ~) (cf. phien am) chuyen pham tru (hien tng ~) cau tao trong suot chuyen v bieu o hnh nhanh / hnh cay dau hai cham (tren ch cai) bo ba; tam phan so ba mo mam (bang cach ~) (hnh / bieu o) tam giac

transparent (cf. opaque) trong (suot) (cf. uc) transparent formation transposition tree diagram trema triadic trial trial and error (by ~) triangle

triangle of signification hnh tam giac ngha (nh. semantic triangle) hoc (Ogden & Richards)

348 tribrach (cf. amphibrach) mo hnh trong am hay trng o [000] trigger trigraph trill (nh. roll) trimeter triphthong (triphthongal, adj.) tristich trisyllable tritagonist tr / TR trivalent (verb) trochaic trochee (nh. choree) trope tropic truncated truth conditional semantics truth condition truth function tac t kiem nh ch ghep ba rung (phu am ~) (th) ba chan nguyen am ba tam cu (th ~); ba cau (th ~) t tam tiet vai th ba (trong v kch) x. trajector (v t) tam tr (thuoc) mo hnh trong am hay trng o [10] mo hnh trong am hay trng o [10] cach ng; hnh tng tu t t / hnh thai bieu th tnh ngon hanh x. catalectic ngha hoc chan nguy ieu kien chan ly ham chan ly (trong menh e phc hp)

349 truth table truth value tune Turing machine Turing Test turn (conversational ~) turn-taking turning point two-member sentence two-part verb (nh. twopart word) two-participant verb two-place verb (nh. monotransitive verb) two-part word (nh. twopart verb) two-value logic type (cf. token) type of declension type of event type of sentence type of speech act bang chan-nguy gia tr chan ly; gia tr chan nguy am ieu; ieu hnh may Turing Trac nghiem Turing lt noi (trong hoi thoai) chuyen lt (ve cho mnh) iem ngoat trong t s cau hai thanh phan v t song phan v t hai tham to v t song tr / v t n chuyen t song phan logic lng tr kieu; loai; ien dang; ien the; loai hnh kieu bien cach loai hnh bien co; loai s tnh kieu cau kieu hanh ong bang li

350 types vs. token typicality typological classification of languages ien the (so vi) ca the tnh ien hnh phan loai ngon ng theo loai hnh (viec / cach ~)

typological consistency tnh nhat quan loai hnh hoc typological inconsistency typological linguistics typological similarity typologically similar / close language typology typology of argumentation typology of cognitive structures cho khong nhat quan ve loai hnh hoc ngon ng hoc loai hnh s tng ong ve loai hnh th tieng gan nhau ve loai hnh loai hnh hoc; cach phan loai hnh loai hnh hoc cua cach lap luan loai hnh hoc cua cau truc nhan thc

U
UC ultima ultimate constituent ultimate stress ultimate syllable x. ultimate constituent chung am tiet / mora thanh to tot cung trong am cuoi t am tiet cuoi t

351 umlaut (1) (nh. mutation, umlaut; chuyen bien contact mutation) nguyen am (co anh hng en hnh thai hoc) umlaut (2) (cf. diaeresis) unacceptable unaccusative verb unanchored (information) dau umlaut ( ) khong chap nhan c v t phi oi cach (thong tin) khong ben au

unary feature (nh. ac trng n nhat / single-valued / singulary n tr feature; cf. binary feature, multivalued feature) unaspirated (adj.) unaspiration unattached clause (nh. dangling clause; hanging clause) unattached participle (nh. dangling participle, dangling modifier, hanging participle, misrelated participle, unrelated participle) unattached phrase unbounded extent unconscious uncontrolled khong bat hi khong bat hi (s ~) tieu cu khong ni buoc / tha noi v tnh t khong ni buoc / tha noi

ng oan khong co cho buoc tam khai trien vo bien bat t giac khong co chu y

352 unconditioned sound change bien oi ng am khong ieu kien

uncount(able) noun (cf. danh t khong em count(able) noun; nh. c non-count(able) noun) underanalysis under-coding underextension (cf. overextension) undergoer (nh. patient) phan tch bat cap ma hoa bat cap m rong bat cap b the; oi tng b tac ong

under-lexicalization (cf. t vng hoa bat cap overlexicalization) underlying stem underlying structure (nh. deep structure; Dstructure; base structure) underspecification understanding understood undertone undesirable state unergative verb unexploded stop (consonant) t can chm cau truc sau / chm

minh nh bat cap hieu; ly giai (c) hieu (ngam) thanh tram trang thai bat kha dung v t phi khien cach (phu am tac) khong bat ra

353 unfulfilled condition ieu kien khong c (cf. unreal condition, ap ng counterfactual condition, hypothetical condition, rejected condition) ungrammatical ungrammaticality ungraded antonym ungrammaticalness unidirectional development unification uniframe unifying stress unilateral (cf. bilateral) uninflected uninterruptibility (nh. cohesivenesss) unique constituent unique morph unique morpheme unique reference uniqueness unit unitifier phi ng phap tnh phi ng phap t trai ngha khong phan o tnh phi ng phap phat trien khong co hng (s ~) hp nhat (s ~) n khung trong am (co tac dung) hp nhat (cau am) mot ben khong bien hnh tnh khong chem xen vao c (cua t) thanh to n nhat hnh to n nhat hnh v n nhat s ch n nhat tnh n nhat n v tac t n v hoa

354 universal base hypothesis unit noun (nh. partitive noun) unit substantive universal (1) (n.) universal (2) (adj. gia thiet ve c s pho quat (cua mot so quy tac) danh t n v x. unit noun pho niem pho quat

universal grammar (nh. ng phap pho quat general grammar) universal negation universal pragmatics phu nh pho quat dung phap pho quat

universal quantifier (cf. lng t tong quat/ existential quantifier) tac t lng hoa pho quat universalism universe of discourse universe of tokens universe of types unmarked unmarked term unmarked theme unmotivated unobstructed pho quat luan pham vi luan ban pham vi cua nhng hien dang pham vi cua nhng loai hnh khong anh dau; vo trng ve vo trng; ~ khong anh dau chu e khong c anh dau khong co nguyen do (am/ luong hi) khong b nghen

355 unpassive unproductive unrelated participle (nh. dangling modifier, dangling participle, hanging participle, misrelated participle, unattached participle, unrelated participle) unrounded (thai) phi b ong khong nang san v tnh t khong lien quan ve ng phap

khong tron moi

unreal condition (nh. ieu kien phi thc unfulfilled condition, counterfactual condition, hypothetical condition, rejected condition) unstressed untagged corpus khinh am von ng lieu khong c phan biet ve tnh quan yeu khong anh dau th (thong tin) khong c s dung vo thanh cap nhat hoa am lt len nang cao chat lng thong tin (viec / cach / hien tng ~) trong am i len moi tren rang tren

untensed unused (information) unvoiced (nh. voiceless) updating up-glide upgrading

uplifted stress upper lip upper teeth

356 up-shift in pitch chuyen hng i len trong am vc (hien tng ~) chuyen giong len cao cach noi nang thong dung; cach dung ly thuyet ngha chnh la cach dung (L. Wittgenstein) ngi s dung ngha thong dung th hien tai thong dung phat ra tieng; phat ngon phat ngon hanh ong phat ngon (am) [u] bien am thanh [] tieu thiet rung tieu thiet (am ~) am tieu thiet

upturn usage use theory of meaning

user usual meaning usual present (tense) utter utterance utterance-act u-umlaut uvula uvula roll / trill uvular

V
V V forms vague x. verb hnh thai v t m ho; m ngha

357 valence / valency (nh. arity) valency theory valid valeur (F) validity value value hierarchy value judgement variable variable stress (nh. shifting stress) variant variant form variant stress variation vector verb vehicle velar velaric airstream mechanism (nh. oral airstream mechanism) velarization velic closure dien tr lythuyet ve ng tr (cua v t) co hieu lc; co gia tr gia tr (F. de Saussure) hieu lc; gia tr gia tr ton ty trong gia tr phan oan ve gia tr bien so; bien to trong am kha bien bien the hnh thai bien the trong am co v tr lng kha s bien thien v t ch hng moc so sanh (khau) mac/ ngac mem (am ~) c che luong hi (khau) mac mac hoa khep (khau) mac (ong tac ~)

358 velo-pharyngeal velum ventricular bands ventriloquism vung mac-yet hau (khau) mac; ngac mem x. false vocal cords noi giong bung (moi khong map may, khien ngi nghe tng tieng t ni khac vong en) v t s phu ng (cua/ vi) v t v t hanh ong v t di chuyen v t bieu at y kien v t tri giac v t co ngha la noi v t bieu at y muon ng (oan) v t x. participial adjective c cau bo ng cua v t phan biet oi x ve quyen noi hnh thai v t to hp v t v danh t

verb verb agreement verb of action verb of motion verb of opinion verb of perception verb of saying verb of volition verb phrase verbal adjective verbal complementation verbal deprivation verbal form verbal group verbal noun (nh. gerund)

359 verbal object verbal restrictor verbalization verbals bo ng cua v t tac t han nh v t v t hoa (qua trnh / cai bien ~) nhng hnh thai khong bien ngoi (nh thc vo nh) cua v t th tieng at v t cuoi cau th tieng at v t au cau (tieu cu/ cau) khong co v t v t ket chuoi cau phan nh; cau ket an hanh ong phan nh; hanh ong ket an kha nang kiem nghiem xac nhan ngon ng / phng ng s tai cua mot cong ong luat Verner x. free verse lam th (viec / cach ~) truc tung (cf. truc hoanh) tap hp theo chieu doc

verb-final language verb-initial language verbless (clause/ sentence) verbs in series verdictive (sentence) verdictive (speech act) verifiability (cf. falsifiability) vernacular

Verners law vers libre (Ph.) versification vertical axis (cf. horizontal axis) vertical grouping

360 vertical splitting vetative vibrant (sound) vibration vibrato view-point viewpoint adjunct (nh. viewpoint subjunct) viewpoint subjunct villain violation viral sentence virtual motion visible speech chia theo chieu doc cam oan; co tnh phu quyet (am) rung rung (s ~) rung (trong am nhac) quan iem trang ng quan iem x. viewpoint adjunct nhan vat phan dien viec vi pham cau sieu vi chuyen ong gia li noi nhn thay c (nhng cach bieu th li noi, tr ch viet ra); thanh pho o (cu) tam nhn ky c th giac hnh v th giac tri giac th giac trat t t VO x. proto-word von t tieng thanh (thuoc ~)

visual field visual memory visual morpheme visual perception VO word order vocable vocabulary vocal

vocal-auditory channel kenh dan t tieng noi en tai nghe

361 vocal bands vocal cords (nh. vocal bands/ folds / lips) vocal folds vocal lips vocal murmur vocal organs vocal reflex vocal tract vocalic vocalic dilation x. vocal cords thanh i x. vocal cords x. vocal cords tieng th tham kh quan cau am phan xa phat ra tieng ng dan am nguyen am (thuoc ~) ong hoa nguyen am cach quang (hien tng ~) he thong nguyen am ho cach am to nguyen am tnh; am khong can kh tieng; giong; tieng thanh; thanh thai (chu ong/ b ong) roi loan ve tieng thanh thi iem khi thanh thanh pho o giong noi cua mot ca nhan chat giong

vocalisme (Ph.) vocative vocoid (cf. contoid)

voice (1) voice (2) voice disorder voice onset time voiceprint

voice quality

362 voice set (nh. phonation) kieu tao am voice synthetizer voiced voiceless (nh. unvoiced) voicing voicing lag voicing lead void (empty/ null) set volition volitional volitional / volitive mood (nh. desiderative mood) volitive (clause) volitive (propositional attitude) VOS word order VOT vowel vowel alternation vowel beginning vowel breaking vowel colour vowel gradation may tong hp giong noi hu thanh vo thanh them thanh hien tng thanh tre hien tng thanh sm tap hp rong y nguyen; mong muon y nguyen (tnh thai ~) thc mong muon

(cau) y nguyen (thai o menh e (co y)) mong muon trat t t VOS x. voice onset time nguyen am x. ablaut cach khi au nguyen am cach be nguyen am (am) sac / mau cua nguyen am cach bien oi nguyen am

363 vowel harmony vowel mutation vowel quality feature hai hoa nguyen am (s ~) cach chuyen hoa nguyen am ac trng ve chat cua nguyen am

vowel quantity feature ac trng ve lng cua nguyen am vowel reduction vowel system vowel trapeze vowel triangle VP (x. verb phrase) VSO word order vulgarism vulgar pronunciation volume cach nhc hoa nguyen am he thong nguyen am hnh thang nguyen am tam giac nguyen am ng v t; v ng trat t t VSO cach noi dung tuc cach phat am dung tuc am lng

W
W* (W-star) language want warning warrant wave x. non-configurational language trang thai muon (li / cach) canh bao cam oan song

364 wave theory waveform wavelength weak weak adequacy weak consonant weak declension weak force of exhalation weak form (cf. strong form) weak government weak position weak stress weak vowel weakening weather it well-formed sentence well-formedness (cf. grammaticality) wh-clause ly thuyet song hnh song chieu dai cua song yeu tnh thoa ang / hieu lc kem phu am yeu he bien cach yeu lc th ra yeu hnh thc yeu quyen chi phoi yeu v tr yeu trong am yeu nguyen am yeu giam lc ch it (trong tieng Anh) ch thi tiet cau chnh; cau ung ng phap tnh hp thc; tnh chap nhan c tieu cu dung wh- (ai t nghi van trong tieng Anh) yeu to whdi chuyen whcau hoi chuyen biet

wh-element wh-movement wh-question

365 wh-word whisper (n., v.) whispered tone whispered vowel whistle whistled language Whorfian hypothesis wide wide scope widening widening of meaning (nh. extension of meaning) t nghi van (tieng) noi tham thanh ieu (khi) noi tham nguyen am (khi) noi tham huyt sao ngon ng huyt sao gia thuyet theo quan iem cua Whorf rong tam bao quat rong m rong m rong ngha

windowing of attention ong khung s chu y (cach ~) windpipe winged word wish word word blindness word boundary word building pattern word by word translation word class word ending x. trachea t ng co canh li chuc t; tieng x. alexia bien gii t mo hnh cau tao t dch tng ch / t t loai bien v

366 word formation word frequency word order word order change word order flexibility word order freedom cau tao t tan so t trat t t (ng) bien chuyen trong trat t t linh ong ve trat t t tnh t do cua trat t t

word order pragmatics dung phap cua trat t t word stress (nh. lexical stress) world creative operator world creative predicate world knowledge world view trong am t tac t sang tao the gii v ng sang tao the gii tri thc ve the gii cach nhn the gii; the gii quan ngon ng viet he thong ch viet; van t t ba at (dung vao nhng th nghiem ve ngon ng tre em)

written communication thong bao viet tay written language writing system wugs

367

x-Y-Z
X-bar projection X-bar syntax X-bar theory phong chieu (bnh dien) X-gach ngang cu phap X-gach ngang ly thuyet X-gach ngang (mot modul cua ly thuyet chi phoi va rang buoc) cau hoi X -gach ngang (cau hoi chuyen biet) lp X-gach ngang (mot bnh dien cua cach trnh hien am v hoc) tieng het / gao cau hoi co-khong am [j] hoa uc vi am [j] ly thuyet (cho rang ngon ng bat nguon t nhng) tieng het t phat s xuat hien cua am [j] trc cac nguyen am nguyen am [j] hoa phai tan ng phap / ~ ng phap tre phu to zero tha am / bien the zero

X-question X-tier

yell yes-no question yod yod coalescence yo-he-ho theory

yotation

yotized vowel young grammarians zero affix zero allomorph

368 zero article zero alternant zero anaphora zero-bar category zero coda zero derivation (nh. conversion) zero element zero final zero form zero genitive zero initial zero infinitive zero inflexion zero juncture zero link-copula zero link-verb zero meaning zero modification zero morph zero morpheme zero onset zero phoneme zero plural zero relative clause zero relative pronoun quan t zero luan phien zero hoi ch zero pham tru zero-gach ngang v am zero phai sinh zero yeu to zero chung am zero hnh thai zero sinh cach zero thuy am zero thc vo nh zero bien hnh zero tiep iem zero he t zero v t lien ket zero ngha zero bien oi zero hnh to zero hnh v zero khi am zero am v zero phc so zero tieu cu lien he zero ai t lien he zero

369 zero singular zero suffix zero valency zeugma n so zero hau to zero ng tr zero zeugma (phep ket hp trong mot ket cau cu phap nhng thc the thuoc hai ba lnh vc ngha hoc khac nhau)