Hydroelectric Power Plants in the Philippines

There are many hydro electric power plants in the Philippines dispersedly located in the various areas in the countrysides of Luzon Visayas and Mindanao. Almost all of the large hydro electric plants, which ranged from over 50 MW, are connected to the main transmission grid, while most of small (10 MW to 50 MW) and mini (101 kW to 10 MW) hydro plants are embedded to the local distribution system. Below is a list of hydroelectric plants in the Philippines. Almost all of the large hydro plants are completely enumerated while some mini-hydro plants are not yet listed;

Plant Name Large Hydro Luzon Ambuklao Angat Bakun Binga Casecnan Kalayaan Magat Pantabangan San Roque Mindanao Agus 1 Agus 2 Agus 4 Agus 5 Agus 6 Agus 7

Location

Capacity Date Current Owner Remarks (MW) Commissioned

Benguet Bulacan Ilocos Sur Benguet Nueva Ecija Laguna Isabela Nueva Ecija Pangasinan Lanao del Sur Lanao del Sur Lanao del Norte Iligan City Iligan City Iligan City

75 246 70 100 140 684.6 360 100 340

SN-Aboitiz Power NPC Luzon Hydro Corp SN-Aboitiz Power CalEnergy Jpower & Sumitomo SN-Aboitiz Power First Gen Hydro Power Corp Marubeni/Sithe

1956

decomissioned

1967 - 1993 Dam Type Run - off / 2001 NPC-IPP 1960 2001 Dam Type

Run - off / NPC-IPP Pump 1982 / 2002Storage/NPC2004 IPP 1983 1977 2003 Dam type Dam Type Dam type / NPC-IPP

80 180

NPC NPC

1992-94 1979 1985 1985 1953-77 1982-83

158.1 NPC 55 200 54 NPC NPC NPC

Plant Name Pulangi IV Small Hydro/Minihydro Luzon Caliraya Botocan Masiway Baligatan Barit Palakpakin Balugbog Cawayan Kalibato Magat A Magat B Visayas Loboc Amlan Mindanao Bubunawan

Capacity Date Current Owner Remarks (MW) Commissioned Bukidnon 255 NPC 1985-86 Dam Type Location

Laguna Laguna Nueva Eciya Isabela Camarines Sur Laguna Laguna Sorsogon Laguna Isabela Isabela

22.6 20.8 12 6

Jpower & Sumitomo Jpower & Sumitomo First Gen Hydro Power Corp NIA

1942-50/ 2002 NPC - IPP 1946-48/ 2003 NPC - IPP 1980 1987 1957 1933-38 1933-38 2002 1933-38 1984 1985 Dam Type Feeding from Magat

People's 1.8 Energy Services 0.56 Philpodeco 0.55 Philpodeco Sorsogon 0.4 Electric Cooperative II 0.075 Philpodeco 1.44 ISELCO 1.08 ISELCO

Run-off river Run-off river

Bohol Negros Oriental

1.2 0.8

Sta. Clara International Corporation NPC Bubunawan Power Company Hydro Electric Development Corp First Gen Bukidnon

1957-67 1962

Bukidnon

2001

offtaker: CEPALCO

Talomo Agusan

Davao City Bukidnon

3.5 1.6

1998 1957 Run-off

Plant Name

Location

Capacity Date Current Owner Remarks (MW) Commissioned Power Corp

Geothermal Power Plants in the Philippines

Plant Name Location Luzon Makban Plant Bitin, Laguna NPC A Makban Plant Bitin, Laguna B Makban Plant Bitin, Laguna C Makban Plant Bitin, Laguna D Makban Plant Bitin, Laguna E Tiwi A Tiwi B Tiwi C Bacman A BacMan (Cawayan) Bacman (Bacon) Visayas Valencia, Palinpinon I Negros Oriental Valencia, Palinpinon 2 Negros Oriental Northern Negros Negros Occidental NPC PNOCEDC PNOCEDC PNOCEDC 112.5 1983 Tiwi, Albay Tiwi, Albay Tiwi, Albay Bacon, Sorsogon Bacon, Sorsogon Bacon, Sorsogon NPC NPC NPC NPC NPC NPC NPC NPC NPC NPC Chevron 110 Chevron 110 Chevron 110 Chevron 40 Chevron 40 Chevron 110 Chevron 110 Chevron 110 PNOCEDC PNOCEDC PNOCEDC 110 20 20 1979 1980 1984 1995 1996 1979 1980 1981-82 1993 1994 1998 decommissioned On prolonged shutdown Owner/ Operator Rated Date Steam Capacity Commi- Remarks Supplier (MW*) ssioned

NPC

80

1993-95

PNOC-EDC

49

2007

On rehabilitation

Plant Name Location Tongonan, Leyte Kananga, Leyte

Owner/ Operator PNOC-EDC NPC

Rated Date Steam Capacity Commi- Remarks Supplier (MW*) ssioned PNOCEDC PNOCEDC 610.18 112.5 1996 1983 NPC-IPP

Leyte A & B Leyte Tonginan Mindanao Mt Apo I At Apo II

Kidapawan, Marubeni PNOCN. Cotabato Corporation EDC Kidapawan, Marubeni PNOCN. Cotabato Corporation EDC

54.24 54.24

1996 1999

NPC-IPP NPC-IPP

* For most cases, specially for old NPC Plants, rated capacity is not equivalent to the actual dependable capacity of the plants

Coal-Fired Power Plants in the Philippines

Although Philippines has a lot of indigenous and clean energy resources, the country is still reliant on high CO2-emitting coal-fueled power plants as a source of electricity; simply because electricity generated from these plants is still cheaper compared to some of the indigenously fueled power plants in the country. The price of indigenous energy sources in the Philippines is high due to either or all of the following reasons; - indigenous energy sources in the Philippines, like geothermal and natural gas, are heavily taxed by the Government - The prices of some indigenous energy sources are indexed to imported fuels. The cost of the geothermal steam of Tiwi and Makban, for example is indexed to imported coal, therefore, the electricity generated by these geothermal plants and coal plants do not have much difference. - Some Hydroelectric Independent Power Producers like Casecnan Hydro Electric Power Plant sell there electricity at incredibly high price due to the Plants expensive construction cost. Coal that is used for the coal-fired power plants in the Philippines is either imported or sourced locally (in Semirara). Below is the list of Coal-Fired Thermal Power Plants in The Philippines; Installed Capacity Owner (MW) Year Location Comm.

Plant Name Luzon Sual Coal Power Plant

Technology

Remarks

1294

TEAM Energy

Pulverized 1999 Coal

NPC-IPP / Sual, Formerly Pangasinan owned by Mirant

Masinloc Coal 600 Power Plant

consortium of Masinloc Power Partners Co. Pulverized 1998 Ltd. and Coal Singaporebased AES Transpower

Masinloc, Zambales

Pte Ltd Consortium of InterGen, Ogden Energy, Group Global Pulverized 2000 Power, Coal Investments and PMR Limited Pulverized 1996 Coal

Qezon Power 511 Plant, Ltd.

Mauban, Quezon

MERALCO IPP

Pagbilao Coal 728 Power Plant

TEAM Energy

Pagbilao, Quezon

NPC-IPP / Formerly owned by Mirant

Calaca 1 and 2 600

NPC

Pulverized 1984 / Calaca, Coal 1995 Batangas Circulating Fluidized 2006 Bed Mabalacat, Pampanga

APEC

50

APEC

Visayas Toledo 88.8 ?? ??? 1993 Toledo City, Cebu Naga, Cebu

Cebu Thermal 109.3 Power Plant

NPC but Pulverized operated by 1981 Coal Salcon Power

Mindanao Mindanao Coal 232 Plant STEAG Pulverized 2006 Coal Villanueva, Misamis NPC - IPP Oriental

Biomass

In November 2008, Global Green Power Co., an affiliate of Aboitiz Power Co., presented a two hundred million dollars plan to construct five 17.5 MW class biomass power stations and totally 87.5 MW capacity power generation facilities would be installed. Of the five, two plans were disclosed in June 2009, namely; 1. Mina,IIoilo(construction cost :1.951 billion pesos)

2. San Leonardo,Nueva Ecija(construction cost:2.002 billion p 3. ( 1 peso = 1.98 yen )

Each power plant will consume everyday 400500 ton of biomass materials such as rice chaff, rice straw, corn straw, empty shells of palm, strained lees of corn. These two power plants will be put into regular service in January 2011, operated by 140 employees. In addition, Sure Eco Energy Philippines Co. has presented a plan to construct power stations, with capital sharing from a Japanese business, to be operated on agricultural by-products at four locations as shown below: 3. San-Pedro, Laguna 250MW 4. San Jose, Lipa city 250MW 5. Natividad, Nueva Ecija 60MW 6. San Vicente, Sumilao Bukidnon 950MW Consequently, Philippines biomass power generation capacity has grown up to 1,595.5 MW, excluding small-scale power stations, and the amount of agricultural by-products to be burnt in the power plants will be 13 million ton annually.

Biogas
Popular Biogas Systems

CFD (6+ Million in use)

IFC (2.9+ Million in use) The design of most biogas systems can be traced to either the China Fixed Dome (CFD) 6+ million inuse or the India Floating Cover (IFC) 2.9+ million in-use.

The Philippine BioDigester Home Biogas System

Philippine BioDigester HBS [1] The Philippine BioDigester Home Biogas System (HBS) [2] is a product of both designs. It is: 1. Easier to build 2. Less expensive, and 3. Simpler to operate and maintain (clean & repair) It can be built as a :

Do-It-Yourself (DIY) project where expert masonry skills are not required using common and inexpensive materials available anywhere.

Biogas production from pig manure where 1-2 pigs excrete 1L (L=liter) 1. 20L/day = 250 Pesos[3] biogas/month 2. 40L/day = 500 Pesos[3] biogas/month 3. 60L/day = 750 Pesos[3] biogas/month The plan described here is for an 8 cubic meter digester. It can produce up to 1,000 Pesos[3]/month of biogas from 80L/day of pig manure.

Wind Energy

Wind is generated as the fluid and gaseous parts of the atmosphere move across the surface of the earth due to the ever changing temperatures of the oceans, land masses and other features heated by the rays of the sun. The differences in the way these areas are heated allow for the variance in the amount of wind experienced by various locales. The seas and land masses heat up and cool down in different rates so the wind is pretty strong in areas where these two geographical features meet. Despite the abundance of interface between shores and seas in the country we do have over 7,000 islands the effort to harness the power of the wind isnt that popular as far as the governments priorities are concerned. This sort of ambivalence towards the relative gains that could be gotten through the creation of wind farms is largely apparent in the entire continent of Asia. Other than China, India and Japan who are among leaders when it comes to the construction of wind farms and consumption of clean energy coming from the wind turbines, the rest of Asia lags as far as advocacy for this type of technology is concerned. Enter Bangui The town of Bangui in Ilocos Norte is one of the few shining examples in the region that wind power could be used to provide affordable and clean energy for a vast chunk of a provinces population and industry. Bangui is a fourth-class municipality in one of the northernmost provinces in the Luzon landmass. It has a fairly small population of just a little over 14 ,000 and has a good stretch of coastline that serves as the home of the first wind turbine farm in the Philippines. Bangui was picked from many other regions in the Philippines through a geological and meteorological survey done by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) when they conducted research to screen out for potential places in the country that could serve as good. There were other areas in the country that were deemedsuitable for the installation of wind farms. The other areas on the list included certain parts of the islands ofMindoro, Samar, Leyte, Panay, Negros, Cebu, Palawan and Eastern Mindanao.

Solar Energy
Solar energy in the Philippines People in Pangan-an Island, Cebu, Philippines, enjoy 24-hour electricity service from a centralised solar photovoltaic (PV) system donated by the Kingdom of Belgium. This power plant consists of 504 PV panels, a battery bank with 118 storage batteries, a charge controller, and 2 inverters made in Germany. The solar power plant has been operating since December 1998, supplying 230 Volt (V) Alternating Current (AC) electricity to around 200 households. The Panganan residents use electricity for lighting, radio and TV sets. The sustainability of this power system is questionable, however. The batteries need to be replaced in the next two years, which will cost the community $ 100,000. So far, they have only saved around $ 13,700 over the last 7 years. At the rate of savings from their monthly collection, they would not be able to raise the amount needed to replace the batteries. This illustrates that components for PV systems are still very expensive, particularly for people living in rural areas. Limited capacities Misunderstanding is rampant among solar energy users. For instance, in a solar home system, many people think that the most critical component is the PV module. In reality, the heart of the system is the battery, which stores energy. Being unaware of this fact, they tend to over-use the battery, which reduces its operating life. Another problem is that people often think that solar electricity is the same as electricity from electric utilities, where you can use all types of home appliances. They imagine that a 100-Watt PV can supply 100 Watt of power at anytime. The truth is that solar power is limited by the capacity of the PV panels, available sunshine hours per day and battery storage capacity. Since solar PV depends on

sunlight (irradiance), PV panels will generate less power to recharge the battery in rainy or cloudy weather. Subsidies required In Pangan-an, people are willing and able to pay only around $ 2 a month for electricity, which is roughly the same cost if people buy kerosene to fuel one or two lamps. Residents are primarily dependent on fishing and generally have low incomes. Thus, the money collected would not be enough for maintenance and replacement of critical components, such as the battery. Consequently, for this type of project, subsidies from the Government or from other sources are still required in order to sustain operation. Important load management As experienced in Pangan-an Island, maintaining a solar PV system is not easy. High-level technical knowledge is required to maintain such a system properly. The battery, for instance, needs to be topped up or recharged regularly. However, recovering its charge, once discharged, depends on the weather. Load management is thus extremely important. A solar power plant, which has a limited PV installed capacity, can only generate a specific amount of power per day, depending on solar irradiation or intensity of sunlight. On a rainy or cloudy day, PV panels generate less power, thus less charging current goes to the storage battery. Conversely, on a hot summer's day, the irradiation could be high, causing the PV to deliver more current to the battery. When it is cloudy or raining, people should be advised to conserve energy stored in the battery by limiting their use of appliances. Rare spare parts Spare parts, especially for large centralised systems, are quite difficult to find. When an inverter card is damaged, for example, it needs to be sent back to Europe for repair. There is practically no way to find a local supplier for critical components.

Hydroelectric Power Plants in the Philippines

Geothermal Power Plants in the Philippines

Biomass

Biogas

Coal-Fired Power Plants in the Philippines

Wind Energy

Solar Energy