Involute Gear Tooth Bending Stress Analysis
Lecture 21 Engineering 473 Machine Design
Gear Interaction
Base Circle Line of Centers
Line Tangent to Base Circles Line Normal to Line of Centers Base Circle
1st Close Up of Meshed Teeth
Line of Contact
H W H W
Line Tangent to Base Circles
2nd Close Up of Meshed Teeth
Line of Contact Base Circle
H W H W
Base Circle
3rd Close Up of Meshed Teeth
Base Circle Line of Contact
Base Circle
Line of Action/Pressure Angle
Line of Action Line tangent to both base circles Pressure Angle Angle between the line normal to the line of centers and the line of action. Pitch Point Intersection of the line of centers with the line of action Line of Contact Base Circle Pitch Point Line of Action
H W
H W
Base Circle
Pressure Angle
Line of Centers
Pitch Circle
Pitch Circle Circle with origin at the gear center and passing through the pitch point. Pitch Circle Base Circle
Pitch Circle
Base Circle
rb = rcos( )
Relationship Between Pitch and Base Circles
Pitch Circle Base Circle
Pitch Circle
rb
r
Base Circle
Torque Relationship
Power P T = Angular Velocity P(hp) 550 lb ft sec 1.0 rev 60 sec 12 in T= n (rev/min) 1.0 hp 2 rad min ft P T = 63,000 (lb in ) n
Tooth Load Equations
T Wt = d/2
Wr = Wt tan
H W = Wt cos
Line of Contact Base Circle Line of Action
Wr
H W
H W
Base Circle
Pressure Angle
Wt
Line of Centers
Gear Tooth Failure Mechanisms
The primary failure mechanisms for involute gear teeth are: 1) excessive bending stresses at the base of the tooth and, 2) excessive bearing or contact stress at the point of contact.
Deutschman, Fig. 10-20
Mott, Fig. 9-14
The American Gear Manufacturers Association (AGMA) has developed standard methods for addressing both failure mechanisms.
AGMA Publications
Standand 1010-95, Nomenclature of Gear Tooth Failure Modes, AGMA, Alexandria, VA, 1995. Standard 6010-E88, Standard for Spur, Helical, Herringbone, and Bevel Enclosed Drives, AGMA, Alexandria, VA, 1989. Standard 2001-C95, Fundamental Rating Factors and Calculation Methods for Involute Spur and Helical Gear Teeth, AGMA, Alexandria, VA, 1994. Standard 908-B89, Geometry Factors for Determining the Pitting Resistance and Bending Strength of Spur, Helical and Herringbone Gear Teeth, AGMA, Alexandria, VA 1989.
Lewis Equation
= M Ic
M = Wt L 1 I c = bt 3 12 6Wt L = bt 2
Deutschman, Fig. 10-18
bt 2 t = 2 6
Lewis Equation
(Continued) 6Wt L = bt 2
Wt 1 Wt 1 1 = = 2 2 t 4L 4 6 b t 6L b t 2 L = x t 2 t2 x= 4L
Lewis Equation
(Continued)
Wt 1 1 = 2 t 4L 4 6 b t2 x= 4L
p circular pitch
W 1 1 p = t 2 3 p b x y= 2x 3p Wt bpy
Lewis Form Factor
Lewis Equation
(Continued)
y= 2x 3p Wt bpy
P Diametral Pitch = p Y y Wt P = bY
Y can be determined graphically or by a computer.
Most commonly used form of Lewis Equation
Lewis Form Factor
(Example Values) Values are for a normal pressure angle of 20 degrees, full-depth teeth, and a diametral pitch of one.
Wt P = bY
Shigley, Table 14-2
Limitations of the Lewis Equation
1. Assumes that maximum bending load occurs at the tip. Maximum load occurs near the pitch circle when one tooth carries all of the torque induced load. 2. Considers only bending component of the force acting on the tooth. The radial force will cause a compressive stress over the base cross section. 3. Doesnt consider contact stresses. 4. Assumes that the loads are static. The AGMA has developed a number of factors to be used with the Lewis Equation that will lead to an acceptable design.
The AGMA Equations
= Wt Pd Ka Ks Km K v FJ
Sat K L all = KTKR Sat AGMA Allowable Stress Number K L Life factor K T Temperature Factor K R Reliability Factor
Factors are used to adjust the stress computed by the Lewis equation. Factors are also used to adjust the strength due to various environmental conditions. Shigley contains tables and charts for many of these factors.
F face width (b) K a Application factor K s Size factor K m Load distribution factor K v Dynamic factor J Geometry factor Pd Diametral Pitch = N d d Pitch Diameter N Number of Teeth Wt Tangential Load
AGMA Form Factor
Note that the AGMA Form Factor will result in a lower stress than the Lewis Equation.
Mott, Fig. 19-5
AGMA Allowable Bending Stress Numbers
Grade 1 is the basic or standard material classification. Grade 2 requires better than normal microstructure control.
Mott, Fig. 9-8
AGMA Dynamic Factor
The AGMA Dynamic Factor is used to correct the bending stress number for dynamic effects associated with: 1. Inaccuracies in tooth profile, tooth spacing, profile lead, and run-out, 2. Vibration of the tooth during meshing due to tooth stiffness; 3. Magnitude of the pitch-line velocity, 4. Dynamic unbalance of the rotating members, 5. Wear and permanent deformation of contacting surfaces, 6. Shaft misalignment and deflection, and 7. Tooth friction.
Dynamic Factor Chart
Q v AGMA Quality Number The AGMA standards contain tolerances for each quality number.
Pitch Line Velocity = r
The dynamic factor in Shigley is equal to the reciprocal of the dynamic factor given in this chart.
Mott, Fig. 9-19
Assignment
1. A spur pinion has a pitch of 6 teeth/in, 22 full-depth teeth, and a 20 degree pressure angle. This pinion runs at a speed of 1200 rev/min and transmits 15 hp to a 60-tooth gear. If the face width is 2 in, estimate the bending stress. 2. A steel spur pinion has a module of 1.25 mm, 18 full depth teeth, a pressure angle of 20 degrees, and a face width of 12 mm. At a speed of 1800 rev/min, this pinion is expected to carry a steady load of 0.5 kW. Determine the resulting bending stress.
