Lecture #4 Date _________

• Chapter 9~

Cellular Respiration:
Harvesting Chemical
Energy
 Intr oducti on t o
Meta bo lism
 
 Complex substances are broken
down for energy, required
metabolites,
structural components, etc.

 Cells must synthesize new

complex
substances.
 
********************************************************
 These rxns occur with a
minimum of side products,
energy loss or undesired
interferences and at reasonable
temperatures, pH and
pressure.

 All of these rxns must be

controlled or regulated for
optimum
********************************************************
****
Def initi ons:

Catabolism = the breakdown of

complex substances.
 
Anaboli sm = the synthesis of
complex substances from
simpler ones.
********************************************************
***
 Principles of Energy Harvest
• Catabolic pathway
√ Fermentation
√Cellular Respiration
C6H12O6 + 6O2 ---> 6CO2 + 6H2O + E (ATP + heat)

• http://www.northland.cc.mn.us/biology/Biology1111/anima
 Glycolysis:
Specific tissue functions
• RBC’s
– Rely exclusively for energy
• Skeletal muscle
– Source of energy during exercise, particularly high
intensity exercise
• Adipose tissue
– Source of glycerol-P for TG (glycerol phosphate) synthesis
– Source of acetyl-CoA for FA synthesis
• Liver
– Source of acetyl-CoA for FA synthesis
– Source of glycerol-P for TG synthesis
 ATP
• Adenosine triphosphate

Adenine Ribose 3 Phosphate groups

• The molecule that living
organisms use for energy

• After it is formed, energy

is released once the
chemical bonds are
broken.
 Types of cellular respiration
C e l l u la r R e s p i r a t i o n
t h e r e le a s e o f e n e r g y

a n a e r o b ic a e r o b ic
t h e r e le a s e o f e n e r g y W I T H O U T o x y g e n t h e r e le a s e o f o x y g e n u s i n g o x y g e n

p a r t ia l b r e a k d o w n o f g lu c o s e c o m p le t e b r e a k d o w n o f g lu c o s e

li t t le e n e r g y e x r t r a c t e d ( 2 A T P - n e t) m a x im u m e n e r g y e x tr a c te d ( 3 6 A T P - n e t)

P r o t i s t s a n d b a c t e r ia H um ans
 Fermentation
• A type of anaerobic respiration where
energy is released and end products such as
ethyl alcohol, CO2 (yeast) and lactic acid
(bacteria)
Anaerobic respiration

The release of energy without oxygen

 glycolysis
• The breaking of glucose

• Another name for anaerobic respiration

 Glycolysis

Glucose 2 Pyruvic acid

To the
The happenings: electron
transport
chain
2. 2 ATP needed to start the
reaction
3. Glucose is broken down to 2
pyruvic acids and 4 ATP are
produced (2 go back into the
reaction)
 The math of glycolysis
4 ATP made
2 ATP needed for the reaction
2 ATP made in profit
 Fermentation
• A type of anaerobic respiration where
energy is released

And bacteria
 Aerobic respiration

Release of energy by using oxygen

Glucose completely broken down

In the mitochondria
 Importance of oxygen
• Cells that can use oxygen can extract the energy
remaining from the end products of anaerobic
respiration

• The end products have almost as much energy as

the glucose molecule

• Oxygen is the final hydrogen acceptor (forming

water)
 Flowchart
Cellular Respiration

Carbon
Glucose
Dioxide
(C6H1206) Electron
Krebs (CO2)
+ Glycolysis Transport
Cycle +
Oxygen Chain
Water
(02)
(H2O)
The Kreb cycle
• Pyruvic acid undergoes
fruther breakdown and
energy is released

• Carbon dioxide is
released during these
reactions

• 2 ATP made
Want to see something scary?
• I had to memorize this
in class. Structures
and all!
 The Electron Transport Chain
• Enzyme reactions that take place after the Krebs
Cycle

• Produces 32 ATP

• Water formed because oxygen is the final

hydrogen acceptor

• http://www.sp.uconn.edu/~terry/images/anim/ETS_slow.html
 The math of aerobic respiration
• 2 ATP from glycolysis
• 2 ATP from Krebs Cycle
• 32 ATP from the electrom transport chain

• 36 ATP total
 Redox reactions

• Oxidation-reduction
• LEO says GER
(adding e- reduces + charge)

• Oxidation is e- loss;
reduction is e- gain
• Reducing agent: e-
donor
• Oxidizing agent: e-
acceptor
 Oxidizing agent in respiration
• NAD+ (nicotinamide
adenine dinucleotide)
• Removes electrons from
food (series of reactions)
• NAD + is reduced to
NADH
• Enzyme action:
dehydrogenase
• Oxygen is the eventual e-
acceptor
 Electron transport chains
• Electron carrier molecules
(membrane proteins)
• Shuttles electrons that release
energy used to make ATP
• Sequence of reactions that
prevents energy release in 1
explosive step
• Electron route:
food---> NADH --->
electron transport chain --->
oxygen
 Cellular respiration
• Glycolysis: cytosol;
degrades glucose into
pyruvate
• Kreb’s Cycle:
mitochondrial matrix;
pyruvate into carbon
dioxide
• Electron Transport Chain:
inner membrane of
mitochondrion; electrons
passed to oxygen
 Glycolysis
• 1 Glucose --->
2 pyruvate molecules
• Energy investment phase: cell uses
ATP to phosphorylate fuel
• Energy payoff phase: ATP is
produced by substrate-level
phosphorylation and NAD+ is
reduced to NADH by food
oxidation
• Net energy yield per glucose
molecule: 2 ATP plus 2 NADH;
no CO2 is released; occurs
aerobically or anaerobically
 Kreb’s Cycle
• If molecular oxygen is present…….
• Each pyruvate is converted into acetyl
CoA (begin w/ 2): CO2 is
released; NAD+ ---
> NADH; coenzyme
A (from B vitamin), makes
molecule very reactive
• From this point, each turn 2 C atoms
enter (pyruvate) and 2 exit (carbon
dioxide)
• Oxaloacetate is regenerated (the
“cycle”)
• For each pyruvate that enters:
3 NAD+ reduced to NADH;
1 FAD+ reduced to FADH2
(riboflavin, B vitamin);
1 ATP molecule
 Electron transport chain
• Cytochromes carry electron carrier
molecules (NADH & FADH2)
down to oxygen
• Chemiosmosis:
energy coupling mechanism

• ATP synthase:
produces ATP by using the H+
gradient (proton-motive force)
pumped into the inner membrane
space from the electron transport
chain; this enzyme harnesses the
flow of H+ back into the matrix to
phosphorylate ADP to ATP
(oxidative phosphorylation)
 Review: Cellular Respiration
• Glycolysis:
2 ATP (substrate-level
phosphorylation)
• Kreb’s Cycle:
2 ATP (substrate-level
phosphorylation)
• Electron transport & oxidative
phosphorylation:
2 NADH (glycolysis) = 6ATP
2 NADH (acetyl CoA) = 6ATP
6 NADH (Kreb’s) = 18 ATP
2 FADH2 (Kreb’s) = 4 ATP
• 38 TOTAL ATP/glucose
 Related metabolic processes
• Fermentation:
alcohol~ pyruvate to
ethanol
lactic acid~ pyruvate
to lactate
• Facultative anaerobes
(yeast/bacteria)
• Beta-oxidation
lipid catabolism