Introduction to Wireless Sensor Networks

Disclaimer: a. Information included in this slides came from multiple sources. We have tried our best to cite the sources. Please refer to the Table of References slide (#2) to learn about the sources, when applicable. b. The slides should be used only for academic purposes (e.g., in teaching a class), and should not be used for commercial purposes.

Introduction to Wireless Sensor Networks

Table of References
Slides
6

Source
www.cse.fau.edu/~jie/teaching/fall_2004_files/sensorslides1.ppt

19-23
7-13 17-18,29-33 15-16 24 32-33

http://web2.uwindsor.ca/courses/cs/aggarwal/cs60520/SeminarMaterial /WSN-future.ppt
http://web.cecs.pdx.edu/~nbulusu/talks/grace-hopper.ppt http://galaxy.cs.lamar.edu/~bsun/wsn/wsn.html

www.dsc.ufcg.edu.br/~maspohn/katia/introduction.ppt
http://computer.howstuffworks.com/mote1.htm http://www.polastre.com/papers/polastre-thesis-final.pdf

Introduction to Wireless Sensor Networks

Agenda
Introduction Differences with ad hoc networks Applications Characteristics Challenges Future Motes Hardware Setup Overview

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Introduction to Wireless Sensor Networks

Introduction

Wireless Sensor Networks are networks that consists of sensors which are distributed in an ad hoc manner. These sensors work with each other to sense some physical phenomenon and then the information gathered is processed to get relevant results. Wireless sensor networks consists of protocols and algorithms with selforganizing capabilities.
Introduction to Wireless Sensor Networks

Example of WSN

Introduction to Wireless Sensor Networks

Ref:http://esd.sci.univr.it/images/wsn-example.png

Comparison with ad hoc networks

Wireless sensor networks mainly use broadcast communication while ad hoc networks use point-to-point communication. Unlike ad hoc networks wireless sensor networks are limited by sensors limited power, energy and computational capability. Sensor nodes may not have global ID because of the large amount of overhead and large number of sensors.

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Introduction to Wireless Sensor Networks

Applications of Wireless Sensor networks

The applications can be divided in three categories: 1. Monitoring of objects. 2. Monitoring of an area. 3. Monitoring of both area and objects.
* Classification due to Culler, Estrin, Srivastava
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Introduction to Wireless Sensor Networks

Monitoring Area
Environmental and Habitat Monitoring Precision Agriculture Indoor Climate Control Military Surveillance Treaty Verification Intelligent Alarms

Introduction to Wireless Sensor Networks

Example: Precision Agriculture

Precision agriculture aims at making cultural operations more efficient, while reducing environmental impact. The information collected from sensors is used to evaluate optimum sowing density, estimate fertilizers and other inputs needs, and to more accurately predict crop yields. Introduction to Wireless Sensor Networks 9

Monitoring Objects
Structural Monitoring Eco-physiology Condition-based Maintenance Medical Diagnostics Urban terrain mapping

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Introduction to Wireless Sensor Networks

Example: Condition-based Maintenance

Intel fabrication plants

Sensors collect vibration data, monitor wear and tear; report data in real-time Reduces need for a team of engineers; cutting costs by several orders of magnitude

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Introduction to Wireless Sensor Networks

Monitoring Interactions between Objects and Space

Wildlife Habitats Disaster Management Emergency Response Ubiquitous Computing Asset Tracking Health Care Manufacturing Process Flows

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Introduction to Wireless Sensor Networks

Example: Habitat Monitoring

The ZebraNet Project

Collar-mounted sensors monitor zebra movement in Kenya

Source: Margaret Martonosi, Princeton University

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Introduction to Wireless Sensor Networks

Characteristics of Wireless Sensor Networks

Wireless Sensor Networks mainly consists of sensors. Sensors are low power limited memory energy constrained due to their small size.
Wireless networks can also be deployed in extreme environmental conditions and may be prone to enemy attacks.

Although deployed in an ad hoc manner they need to be self organized and self healing and can face constant reconfiguration.
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Introduction to Wireless Sensor Networks

Design Challenges

Heterogeneity

The devices deployed maybe of various types and need to collaborate with each other. The algorithms need to be centralized as the processing is carried out on different nodes.

Distributed Processing

Low Bandwidth Communication

The data should be transferred efficiently between sensors

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Introduction to Wireless Sensor Networks

Continued..

Large Scale Coordination

The sensors need to coordinate with each other to produce required results.

Utilization of Sensors

The sensors should be utilized in a ways that produce the maximum performance and use less energy. The computation should be done quickly as new data is always being generated.
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Introduction to Wireless Sensor Networks

Real Time Computation

Operational Challenges of Wireless Sensor Networks

Energy Efficiency Limited storage and computation Low bandwidth and high error rates Errors are common

Wireless communication Noisy measurements Node failure are expected

Scalability to a large number of sensor nodes Survivability in harsh environments Experiments are time- and space-intensive
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Introduction to Wireless Sensor Networks

Enabling Technologies
Embed numerous distributed devices to monitor and interact with physical world Network devices to coordinate and perform higher-level tasks

Embedded
Control system w/ Small form factor Untethered nodes

Networked
Exploit collaborative Sensing, action

Sensing
Tightly coupled to physical world

Exploit spatially and temporally dense, in situ, sensing and actuation

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Introduction to Wireless Sensor Networks

Future of WSN
Smart Home / Smart Office

Sensors controlling appliances and electrical devices in the house. Better lighting and heating in office buildings. The Pentagon building has used sensors extensively.

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Introduction to Wireless Sensor Networks

Biomedical / Medical

Health Monitors

Glucose Heart rate Cancer detection Artificial retina Cochlear implants Monitor vital signs Record anomalies to Wireless Sensor Networks Introduction
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Chronic Diseases

Hospital Sensors

Military
Remote deployment of sensors for tactical monitoring of enemy troop movements.

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Introduction to Wireless Sensor Networks

Industrial & Commercial

Numerous industrial and commercial applications:

Agricultural Crop Conditions Inventory Tracking In-Process Parts Tracking Automated Problem Reporting RFID Theft Deterrent and Customer Tracing Plant Equipment Maintenance Monitoring

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Introduction to Wireless Sensor Networks

Traffic Management & Monitoring

Future cars could use wireless sensors to:

Handle Accidents Handle Thefts

Sensors embedded

in the roads to:

Monitor traffic flows Provide real-time route updates Introduction to Wireless Sensor Networks 23

What are motes?

Motes mainly consist of three parts: Mote basically consists of a low cost and power computer. The computer monitors one or more sensors. Sensors may be for temperature, light, sound, position, acceleration, vibration, stress, weight, pressure, humidity, etc. The computer connects to the outside world with a radio link.
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Introduction to Wireless Sensor Networks

Mica 2 Motes

These motes sold by Crossbow were originally developed at the University of California Berkeley.
The MICA2 motes are based on the ATmega128L AVR microprocessor. The motes run using TinyOS as the operating system. Mica2 mote is one of the most popular and commercially available sensors which are marketed by CrossBow technologies.
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MICA 2 MOTE
Ref:http://www.xbow.com/Products/Product _pdf_files/Wireless_pdf/MICA2_Datasheet. pdf

Introduction to Wireless Sensor Networks

Telosb Motes

Telosb motes have USB programming capability An IEEE 802.15.4 compliant, high data rate radio with integrated antenna, a low-power MCU There are also equipped with extended memory and an optional sensor suite

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Introduction to Wireless Sensor Networks

TELOSB MOTE

Ref:http://www.eecs.berkeley.edu/~culler/eecs194/labs/lab1/telosb.JPG
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Introduction to Wireless Sensor Networks

One Example Sensor Board MTS310

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Introduction to Wireless Sensor Networks

One More Example of Sensor Board MTS400/420

Besides the functions of MTS 300, it mainly adds GPS functionality

Further Reading

http://firebug.sourceforge.net/gps_tests.htm
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Introduction to Wireless Sensor Networks

Hardware Setup Overview

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Introduction to Wireless Sensor Networks

Programming Board (MIB520)

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Introduction to Wireless Sensor Networks

One Proposed WSN Functional Layer Decomposition

Ref: Fig. 1.1 of J. Polastre Dissertation

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Introduction to Wireless Sensor Networks

Architecture to Build WSN Applications

Ref: Fig. 2.1 of J. Polastre Dissertation

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Introduction to Wireless Sensor Networks

References
1. 2.

3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

10. 11. 12. 13.

Eschenauer, L., and V. Gligor, A Key-Management Scheme for Distributed Sensor Networks, Proceedings of ACM Conference on Computer and Communications Security (ACM CCS), Washington DC, pp. 41-47, 2002 http://www.xbow.com/products/Product_pdf_files/Wireless_pdf/MICA2_Datasheet .pdf http://www.ece.osu.edu/~bibyk/ee582/telosMote.pdf http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_Sensor_Networks http://arri.uta.edu/acs/networks/WirelessSensorNetChap04.pdf http://www.eecs.harvard.edu/~mdw/course/cs263/papers/jhill-thesis.pdf http://www.polastre.com/papers/polastre-thesis-final.pdf www.cse.fau.edu/~jie/teaching/fall_2004_files/sensorslides1.ppt http://web2.uwindsor.ca/courses/cs/aggarwal/cs60520/SeminarMaterial/WSNfuture.ppt http://web.cecs.pdx.edu/~nbulusu/talks/grace-hopper.ppt http://galaxy.cs.lamar.edu/~bsun/wsn/wsn.html www.dsc.ufcg.edu.br/~maspohn/katia/introduction.ppt http://computer.howstuffworks.com/mote1.htm

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Introduction to Wireless Sensor Networks