Stress: (
Simple Strain:
Deformation due to self weight:
Thermal Stress: Thin walled pressure vessels: Tangential Stress: Axial deformation: Longitudinal Stress: Proportional Limit: Deformation due to equivalent axial stress:
or
Shearing deformation: If the wall yields a distance of a:
Where: p = pressure intensity D = Inside diameter t = thickness
Where:
= Deformation E = modulus of elasticity G = modulus of rigidity