The role of active millimetre wave radar in defence surveillance
Dr Duncan A. Wynn
SMI Conference Radars in Defence
8th - 9th May 2006 The Hatton London
[Link] Tel: +44(0) 1568 612138
Contents
Why consider millimetre wave radar ? what roles do they play ?
Review of millimetre wave technology filling the THz gap
Capability performance, benefits and defence applications Future higher resolution and improved detection at lower cost ?
Why consider millimetre wave radar ?
Electromagnetic spectrum
Millimetre waves
Why consider millimetre wave radar ?
Compact, small physical size and equipment weight - Size, Weight And Power (SWAP) requirements are more likely to be met for high mobility and covert users
Narrow antenna beamwidth with physically small aperture
Relatively low antenna sidelobes Low spectral occupancy slotted waveguide antenna
courtesy Q-par Angus Ltd - RF electromagnetic spectrum is sparsely occupied (at the moment !) at millimetric/sub-millimetric wavelengths
Availability of relatively large RF bandwidth (UWB)
Attenuation by atmospheric gases, rain and fog Masking or self-screening effect of atmospheric attenuation Reduced RF power density at remote sites - low probability of exploitation (LPE) / minimal EMI/EMC problems Covert operation low propagation overshoot/ low probability of intercept (LPI)
excessive rain 150mm/hr heavy rain 25mm/hr
drizzle 0.25mm/hr
10 GHz
100 GHz
1 THz
Frequency
10 THz
100 THz
1000 THz
What roles do they play ?
Defence radar Surveillance and acquisition Fire control and tracking Instrumentation and measurements Guidance and seekers
Numerous alternative roles (defence and non-defence related) including :
Medical and dental imaging, gene sequencing, ultra-fast chemistry for studying intermolecular interactions, charge movement and circuit diagnostics, security screening, hazardous chemical detection, Space Shuttle tile inspection, nanometre scale microscopy, Foreign Object Detection (FOD), automobile collision warning, UAV sense and avoid, environmental mapping etc ..
Review of millimetre wave technology - filling the THz gap
Gunn InP
Frequency (THz)
Generic millimetre wave radar
Modulator Transmitter
Synchroniser timing/clock Graphical User Interface Signal processor
Duplexer
Antenna
Receiver
Receiver protection
Track processor
Antenna control
Transmitter
RF power sources needed in transmitter and receiver local oscillator RF power (CW or pulsed), low noise (spurii, phase noise close to carrier), lifetime Size, Weight and Power (SWAP) requirements (including cryo-cooling, if needed) RF power from fundamental sources generally diminishes above 100 GHz Frequency multiplication using non-linear devices to generate harmonics provides much greater RF power above 100 GHz typ. GaAs Schottky-barrier varactor or HBV diodes driven at 60 100 GHz Diode arrays and MM MMICs as drivers typ.12 mw @ 400 GHz / 2 mw @ 800 GHz
Millimetre wave RF power sources
Solid state source technologies - cavity stabilised Si/GaAs/InP Gunn diode typical RF powers (peak) 310 mw @ 80 GHz 60 mw @ 94 GHz 34 mw @ 193 GHz 3.7 mw @ 297 GHz 3.5 mw @ 300 GHz > 1mw @ 325 GHz > 0.6 mw @ 328 GHz
- low cost
- most powerful fundamental oscillators within single semiconductor device Impact Avalanche Transit Time (IMPATT)
Tunnel (Injection) Transit Time (TUNNETT)
Superlattice Electron(ic) Device (SLED) Resonant Tunnel Diode (RTD) - highest operating frequency InAs/AlSb @ 712 GHz Quantum Cascade Laser (QCL) 2mw@ 2.8 THz
courtesy e2V Technologies Ltd
Millimetre wave RF power sources
Travelling Wave Tube (TWT) / Magnetron Free-electron laser (FEL) / Smith-Purcell Extended Interaction Klystron (EIK) Extended Interaction Oscillator (EIO) Gyrotron / Gyro-klystron typ. 6kW @ 95 GHz typ. 2 kw @ 95 GHz typ. >100 w @ 80 GHz typ. 500 kW (peak) @ 95 GHz typ. 3.5 Mw @ 30 GHz
Backward Wave Oscillator (BWO) 180 GHz to 1.5 THz needs high voltage, magnetic fields and vacuum Orotron (Ledatron) typ.>20w > 370 GHz
Super-radiance phenomenon ultra-high power pulses typ. 300 Mw peak 200w mean at 38 GHz
Superconducting fluxflow oscillator - needs cryogenic cooling Molecular vapour laser - limited tunability Synchrotron / Clinotron Carcinotron typ. > 500 GHz
Examples of BWO devices
Receiver
Heterodyne techniques, as opposed to direct or video detection - generally superior sensitivity - relatively high spectral resolution - greater availability of devices State of the art sensitive room temperature receivers are based upon heterodyne mixers using GaAs Schottky barrier diodes - up to 2.5 THz (>0.5 mw of LO RF power for low noise performance and 5 mw for balanced receiver to cancel LO noise) - demanding requirement for fundamental or harmonic semiconductors Sensitivity improvements with low temperature devices such as Superconductor-Insulator-Superconductor (SIS) tunnel junction mixer and Hot Electron Bolometers (HEB)
2.5 THz Nb HEB
Receiver
IF amplifier integration - integrated hybrid and MM MMIC technology has improved noise figure by minimising waveguide transitions and couplings
Hermetic sealing - cheaply by E-plane probe transition
Mixer diode overload protection - back to back diode/PIN diode arrangement with overload protection > 1 watt (mean) Extensive use of waveguide components - extensive heritage to beyond 1 THz - manufacture by precision machining photolithography, electro-forming and micro-machining
manufactured by Q-par Angus Ltd
Antenna
Most millimetric antenna designs are scaled variants of microwave approaches
W-band Foster scanner courtesy Q-par Angus Ltd Extensive use of reflector based antenna - dual-reflector (Cassegrain) arrangement avoids waveguide losses associated with front-feeding Lens and horn antennas avoid aperture blockage and sidelobe effects
Q-band dielectric immersion lens Size and weight of lens based antennas are much less than microwave counterpart Surface accuracy and stability more stringent than at microwaves
Antenna
Reflector antennas - prime focus - dual reflector (Cassegrain) - offset fed - shaped / reconformable reflector prime focus reflector Lens antennas - dielectric immersion lens - zoned dielectric - Luneburg Horn antennas offset fed reflector - flared - multimode - corrugated - lens corrected Dielectric rod Slotted waveguide antennas Leaky waveguide antennas slotted waveguide array Microstrip antennas courtesy Q-par Angus Ltd
Antenna
Exploitation of novel materials - Electronic Band Gap (EBG) materials are structured dielectrics which are photonic analogues of semiconductors - artificially engineered periodic materials to deter the propagation of EBG waveguide electromagnetic radiation over a specified band - surface waves and back radiation are strongly suppressed within the bandgap - fabrication up to 500 GHz - Key features - periodicity - lattice geometry - dielectric constant - fractional volume Metamaterials / negative refractive index materials Millimetre wave active phased array based antenna EBG antenna dipole antenna on wood-pile structures
Capability performance, benefits and applications
Capability performance, benefits and applications
Small size and weight coupled with rapid scanning and high resolution in angle and range provide excellent resolution of the surveillance volume
In 1959, the degree of terrain mapping detail from a 70 GHz surveillance radar (AN/MPS-29) permitted vehicle navigation using data solely derived without use of optical sensors the forerunner of collision avoidance radar
4 to 9 km range displayed 30 degree azimuth 0.2 degrees resolution 7.5 m range resolution
Ref: Long, Rivers and Butterworth (1960)
Sierra Vista, Arizona, USA
Major counter-measure threats
ECM (passive) ESM
ECM (active)
Unintentional Mutual interference EMI Intentional (jamming) Noise Deception
Chaff Direction Finding (DF) RAM / signature ELINT receivers Modification Defence suppression Foliage / natural cover Anti-radiation missiles (ARM) Camouflage screens False targets (confusion) Decoys (target-like) Clutter Rain, snow, hail Ground Sea Atmospheric / contaminants Fog Smoke Dust
Capability performance, benefits and applications
Narrow antenna beamwidth / low sidelobes with compact and small aperture High angular tracking accuracy Reduced ECM vulnerability Reduction of multipath and clutter at low elevation angles Improved multiple target discrimination Improved non-cooperative target identification (NCTI) Penetration of some optically opaque materials Mapping quality resolution
77 GHz radar and video based measurements from a traffic scene (circa 1998)
Examples of current millimetre wave defence radar systems
EDT-FILA (Brazil) fire-control system 8-40 GHz
Small Fred (Russian Federation and associated states (CIS) ground surveillance 20-40 GHz SNAR-10 (CIS) surveillance 20-40 GHz TOR (CIS) surface-to-air missile system 20-40 GHz Cross Swords (CIS) missile fire control 20-40 GHz Gukol-4 (CIS) weather/navigation 20-40 GHz Systema (CIS) airborne millimetric surveillance, search and rescue, landing aid 100 GHz Romeo II (France) obstacle avoidance 40-100 GHz EL/M-2221 (Israel) multi-function search, track and guidance/gunnery 27-40 GHz ASADS (Netherlands) anti-aircraft gun fire-control 35 GHz FLYCATCHER Mk2 (Netherlands) dual band I/K band air defence SPEAR (Netherlands) low level air defence fire-control 35 GHz LIROD (Netherlands) fire control and surveillance system 20-40 GHz STING (Netherlands) fire control 20-40 GHz STIR (Netherlands) tracking and illumination 20-40 GHz Eagle (Sweden) air defence fire-control 20-40 GHz
Flycatcher Mk2 courtesy of Thales
Examples of current millimetre wave defence radar systems
Longbow (US) millimetric 94 GHz fire control Battlefield Combat Identification Systems BCIS (US) all-weather question-and-answer battlefield identification system 38 GHz band AN/SPN-46(V) (US) ship borne precision approach and landing system 20-40 GHz AN/APQ-175 (US) airborne multi-mode 20-40 GHz Surveilling Miniature Attack Cruise Missile SMACM (US) tri-mode seeker 94 GHz Airborne Data Acquisition System ADAS (UK) F, I and J bands, 35 GHz and 94 GHz Maritime Clifftop Radar MCR (UK) F, I and J bands, 35 GHz and 94 GHz Mobile Instrumented Data Acquisition System MIDAS (UK) F, I and J bands, 35 GHz and 94 GHz Type 282 (UK) tracking and ranging for test sites 20-40 GHz MARCAL (UK) muzzel velocity 20-40 GHz Type 911 (UK) surface to air missile tracking 40-100 GHz W800 (UK) ground based surveillance FM-CW radar 77 GHz TARSIER (UK) ground based surveillance 94 GHz
W800 radar courtesy NAVTECH Ltd
Longbow system comprised of 94 GHz fire control radar (FCR) and fire-and-forget HELLFIRE missile system
Fielded on US Army Apache AH-64 and British Army WAH-64 Attack Helicopter Moving target detection to >8 km range, stationary targets to >6 km range Target identification (non-cooperative) to class (such as tracked, wheeled etc )
Longbow system courtesy of Lockheed Martin/Northrop Grumman
Future
Packaging improvements / integrated components (MMICs) - smaller size, lower weight, lower prime power (SWAP) - Surface Mount Device (SMD) and flip chip replacing wire bond
System performance improvements - higher RF power performance - wider RF bandwidth - exploitation of ultra wideband (UWB) RF capability - lower receiver noise - more reliable / wider use of solid state RF sources Exploitation of new materials, techniques and technologies - GaN, InP/metamorphic HEMTs - EBG, metamaterials/ negative refractive index (NRI) materials - Micro-Systems Technologies (MST)/ RF MEMs / MM MEMs Validation of computer tools (CAD) and electromagnetic (EM) modelling for design, measurement and analysis
Future
Cost reductions - Enhanced military capability at lower equipment cost .. Is it possible ? - cost reductions are likely with growing uptake of huge civil markets such as automobile collision warning systems (70-80 GHz) short range radio links / WLANs and optical communications - availability of large scale COTS manufactured components and sub-systems - radar technology at millimetric/sub-millimetric wavelengths has been relatively expensive but is now more affordable than ever Greater functionality - coherent , fully polarised, multiple beams, beam agility Dual/multi- frequency detection, tracking, classification sensors (multi-mode) - microwave / millimetre wave / E-O (IR) - IFF, Non-Cooperative Target Identification (NCTI) - Electronic Protection Measures (EPM) ECCM / ESM - interferometry / polarimetry / polarisation agile modes - autonomy (knowledge-based, adaptive / Radar Resource Management) - interoperability ? NEC, high speed missiles ?
Future
Lightweight surveillance radar - Uninhabited Air Vehicle (UAV) / Uninhabited Combat Air Vehicle (UCAV) - UAV (military and civil) collision warning / sense and avoid systems - Airborne Intercept (AI) / manned combat aircraft - Long Range Cruise Missile (LRCM)/Air Launched UAV (ALUAV)/ - Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance (ISR) provided by loitering munitions / High Altitude Platforms (HAP) - man-pack infantry portable systems all-weather surveillance of man-made targets such as personnel and mortars at low altitude - submarine periscope systems - war gas (Sarin, Soman etc) and bio-agent (Anthrax etc)
See-thru-wall systems - dismounted combat within urban environments - concealed weapon (ceramic / plastic) detection - substance detection - detection of Improvised Explosive Devices (IED) - personnel / passenger bag screening
W-band surveillance radar courtesy Q-Par Angus Ltd
Thank you
[Link] Tel: +44(0) 1568 612138
Questions ?
[Link] Tel: +44(0) 1568 612138
