Parts of a C++ Program

// sample C++ program #include <iostream> which namespace using namespace std; to use beginning of int main() function named main beginning of { block for main output cout << "Hello, there!"; statement return 0; string } literal end of block
for main send 0 to operating system comment preprocessor directive

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Special Characters
Character
// # < > ( ) { } " " ;

Name
Double slash Pound sign

Meaning
Beginning of a comment

Beginning of preprocessor directive Open/close brackets Enclose filename in #include Open/close parentheses Open/close brace Open/close quotation marks Semicolon Used when naming a function Encloses a group of statements Encloses string of characters End of a programming statement
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2.2
The cout Object

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The cout Object

Displays output on the computer screen

You use the stream insertion operator << to send output to cout:
cout << "Programming is fun!";

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The cout Object

Can be used to send more than one item to cout:

cout << "Hello " << "there!"; Or: cout << "Hello "; cout << "there!";

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The cout Object

This produces one line of output: cout << "Programming is "; cout << "fun!";

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The endl Manipulator

You can use the endl manipulator to start a new line of output. This will produce two lines of output:
cout << "Programming is" << endl; cout << "fun!";

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The endl Manipulator

cout << "Programming is" << endl; cout << "fun!";

Programming is fun!

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The endl Manipulator

You do NOT put quotation marks around endl The last character in endl is a lowercase L, not the number 1. endl
This is a lowercase L
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The \n Escape Sequence

You can also use the \n escape sequence to start a new line of output. This will produce two lines of output:
cout << "Programming is\n"; cout << "fun!"; Notice that the \n is INSIDE the string.
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The \n Escape Sequence

cout << "Programming is\n"; cout << "fun!";

Programming is fun!

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2.3
The #include Directive

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The #include Directive

Inserts the contents of another file into the program This is a preprocessor directive, not part of C++ language #include lines not seen by compiler Do not place a semicolon at end of #include line

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2.4
Variables and Literals

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Variables

Variable: a storage location in memory

Has a name (identifier) and a type of data it can hold Must be defined (declared) before it can be used: int item;

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Variable Definition

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#include <iostream> using namespace std;

int main() { int x; int y; y = 13; x = 25-y; cout << x; return 0; }

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Literals

Literal: a value that is written into a programs code.

"hello, there" (string literal) 12 (integer literal)

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20 is an integer literal

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This is a string literal

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This is also a string literal

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2.5
Identifiers

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Identifiers
An identifier is a programmer-defined name for some part of a program: variables, functions, etc.
int main() { int x; int y; y = 13; x = 25-y; cout << x; return 0; }

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C++ Key Words

You cannot use any of the C++ key words as an identifier. These words have reserved meaning.

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Variable Names

A variable name should represent the purpose of the variable. For example: itemsOrdered

The purpose of this variable is to hold the number of items ordered.

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Identifier Rules

The first character of an identifier must be an alphabetic character or and underscore ( _ ),

After the first character you may use alphabetic characters, numbers, or underscore characters.
Upper- and lowercase characters are distinct

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Valid and Invalid Identifiers

IDENTIFIER totalSales total_Sales total.Sales 4thQtrSales VALID? Yes Yes No No Cannot contain . Cannot begin with digit REASON IF INVALID

totalSale$

No

Cannot contain $
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2.6
Integer Data Types

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Integer Data Types

Integer variables can hold whole numbers such as 12, 7, and -99.

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Defining Variables
Variables of the same type can be defined
- On separate lines: int length; int width; unsigned int area; - On the same line: int length, width; unsigned int area;

Variables of different types must be in different definitions

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This program has three variables: checking, miles, and days

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Integer Literals

An integer literal is an integer value that is typed into a programs code. For example: itemsOrdered = 15; In this code, 15 is an integer literal.

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Integer Literals

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2.7
The char Data Type

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The char Data Type

Used to hold characters or very small integer values Usually 1 byte of memory Numeric value of character from the character set is stored in memory:
CODE: char letter; letter = 'C'; MEMORY: letter 67
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Character Literals
Character literals must be enclosed in single quote marks. Example: 'A'

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 A series of characters in consecutive memory locations:

"Hello"

Stored with the null terminator, \0, at the end: Comprised of the characters between the " "
H e l l o \0

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String datatype
concatenation

#include <string>

Int main() { string word = oh the stress ; string word2 = of it all; string word3 = word + word2; //concatenate cout << word3<<endl; //OR cout << word << word2 << endl; //concatenate return 0; }
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Algorithm for Baking a cake:

1. preheat oven to 450 2. mash 2 sticks butter and 1 cup sugar together in a bowl. 3. beat 3 eggs in another bowl 4. add 1 tsp baking soda, cup cocoa to bowl 2 5. add bowl 2 to bowl 1 6. mix well 7. pour contents into greased cake pan 8. put cake pan in oven for 1 hour 9. remove cake voila There are other ways to write algorithms diagrams, flowcharts

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Lab
Write a program that does the following: 1. Declare 3 ints, 2 chars and 3 strings. Give them meaningful names. 2. Assign a value to each. 3. Multiply first 2 ints and assign the result to the third int. 4. Print the 3rd int to the screen with a statement saying what it is: int 1 x int 2 = followed by endl 5. Print out the two chars in the same cout statement: here are my chars: 6. Concatenate first 2 strings and assign result to string 3. 7. Print out string 3 with statement here are my concatenated strings:
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2.8
Floating-Point Data Types

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Algorithm for Baking a cake:

1. preheat oven to 450 2. mash 2 sticks butter and 1 cup sugar together in a large bowl. 3. beat 3 eggs in another large bowl 4. add 1 tsp baking soda, cup cocoa to bowl 2 5. add bowl 2 to bowl 1 6. mix well 7. pour contents into greased cake pan 8. put cake pan in oven for 1 hour 9. remove cake voila There are other ways to write algorithms diagrams, flowcharts

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//C++ program to bake a cake NOT #include <iostream> using namespace std; int main() { Big_bowl bowl1, bowl2; BakingPan my_pan; Oven my_oven; bowl1 = 1_pound_butter + 1_cup_sugar; beat bowl1; bowl2 = eggs; beat bowl2; bowl2 = bowl2 + cocoa + baking_soda; bowl1 = bowl1 + bowl2; my_pan = bowl1; my_oven = my_pan return 0; }

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Floating-Point Data Types

The floating-point data types are: float double long double They can hold real numbers such as:
12.45 -3.8

Stored in a form similar to scientific notation All floating-point numbers are signed

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Floating-Point Data Types

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Floating-point Literals
Can be represented in
Fixed point (decimal) notation: 31.4159 0.0000625 E notation: 3.14159E1 6.25e-5

Are double by default Can be forced to be float (3.14159f) or long double (0.0000625L)

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2.9
The bool Data Type

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The bool Data Type

Represents values that are true or false

bool variables are stored as small integers

false is represented by 0, true by 1:

bool allDone = true; bool finished = false;
allDone finished

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2.10
Determining the Size of a Data Type

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Determining the Size of a Data Type

The sizeof operator gives the size of any data type or variable: double amount; cout << "A double is stored in " << sizeof(double) << "bytes\n"; cout << "Variable amount is stored in " << sizeof(amount) << "bytes\n";

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2.11
Variable Assignments and Initialization

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Variable Assignments and Initialization

An assignment statement uses the = operator to store a value in a variable. item = 12; This statement assigns the value 12 to the item variable.

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Assignment
The variable receiving the value must appear on the left side of the = operator. This will NOT work: // ERROR! 12 = item;

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Variable Initialization

To initialize a variable means to assign it a value when it is defined:

int length = 12;

Can initialize some or all variables:

int length = 12, width = 5, area;

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2.12
Scope

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Scope
The scope of a variable: the part of the program in which the variable can be accessed A variable cannot be used before it is defined

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2.13
Arithmetic Operators

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Arithmetic Operators

Used for performing numeric calculations

C++ has unary, binary, and ternary operators:
unary (1 operand) binary (2 operands) -5 13 - 7

ternary (3 operands) exp1 ? exp2 : exp3

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Binary Arithmetic Operators

SYMBOL

OPERATION

EXAMPLE

VALUE OF

ans
10 4

+ -

addition subtraction

ans = 7 + 3; ans = 7 - 3;

*
/ %

multiplication
division modulus

ans = 7 * 3;
ans = 7 / 3; ans = 7 % 3;

21
2 1

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A Closer Look at the / Operator

/ (division) operator performs integer division if both operands are integers

cout << 13 / 5; cout << 91 / 7; // displays 2 // displays 13

If either operand is floating point, the result is floating point

cout << 13 / 5.0; cout << 91.0 / 7; // displays 2.6 // displays 13.0
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A Closer Look at the % Operator

% (modulus) operator computes the remainder resulting from integer division

cout << 13 % 5; // displays 3

% requires integers for both operands

cout << 13 % 5.0; // error

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2.14
Comments

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Comments
Used to document parts of the program Intended for persons reading the source code of the program:
Indicate the purpose of the program Describe the use of variables Explain complex sections of code

Are ignored by the compiler

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Single-Line Comments

Begin with // through to the end of line:

int length = 12; // length in inches int width = 15; // width in inches int area; // calculated area // calculate rectangle area area = length * width;

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Multi-Line Comments
Begin with /*, end with */

Can span multiple lines:

/* this is a multi-line comment */

Can begin and end on the same line:

int area; /* calculated area */

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2.15
Programming Style

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Programming Style

The visual organization of the source code Includes the use of spaces, tabs, and blank lines Does not affect the syntax of the program Affects the readability of the source code

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Programming Style

Common elements to improve readability: Braces { } aligned vertically Indentation of statements within a set of braces Blank lines between declaration and other statements Long statements wrapped over multiple lines with aligned operators

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#include <iostream> #include <string> using namespace std; int main() { int x = 10; int y = 15; cout<< yo, whats up with you? << endl; if (y < x) { cout << y is definitely smaller<<endl; } else { cout<< y is not smaller<<endl; } cout<< thats how I like to indent; return 0;

}
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Lab 2 Program 1 Calculate area of a room. Declare 3 float variables, assign values to width and length of room. Assign area of room to third float. Print that number to the screen with a statement the area of the room is put an endl at the end. Program 2 Concatenate 2 strings and determine the size of all three. Declare 3 strings. Give values to the first two and assign their concatenated value to the third string. Print the concatenated string to the screen followed by endl, then print the size of that 3rd string in memory. Try getting the size by using the word string rather than the variable name. Program 3 Declare 3 chars and 3 bool type variables. Give them values. Print the values to the screen. Try assigning values to bool of 1 or 0, true or false, t and f. See what happens. Program 4 Declare 5 floats, give them values, calculate the average. Print the average to the screen.

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