Exam Equation Sheet-- ME 3293 Thermodynamics I and ME 4293 Thermodynamics II (Moran, Shapiro, Boettner, & Bailey 7

th
Edition)
Do not add any notes or comments. Cannot be used during quiz/exams if any notes are added.
Conversion Factors
Mass and
Density
1 kg = 2.2046 lb
1 g/cm
3
= 10
3
kg/m
3
1 g/cm
3
= 62.428 lb/ft
3
1 lb = 0.4536 kg
1 lb/ft
3
= 0.016018 g/cm
3
1 lb/ft
3
= 16.018 kg/m
3
Length
1 cm = 0.3937 in
1 m = 3.2808 ft
1 in = 2.54 cm
1 ft = 0.3048 m
Velocity 1 km/h = 0.62137 mile/h 1 mile/h = 1.6093 km/h
Volume
1 cm
3
= 0.061024 in
3
1 m
3
= 35.315 ft
3
1 L = 10
-3
m
3
1 L = 0.0353 ft
3
1 in
3
= 16.387 cm
3
1 ft
3
= 0.028317 m
3
1 gal = 0.13368 ft
3
1 gal = 3.7854 x 10
-3
m
3
Force
1 N = 1 kg m /s
2
1 N = 0.22481 lbf
1 lbf = 32.174 lb ft /s
2
1 lbf = 4.4482 N
Pressure
1 Pa = 1 N/m
2

1 Pa = 1.4505 x 10
-4
lbf/in
2
1 bar = 10
5
N/m
2
1 atm = 1.01325 bar
1 lbf/in
2
= 6894.8 Pa
1 lbf/in
2
= 144 lbf/ft
2
1 atm = 14.696 lbf/in
2
Energy &
Specific
Energy
1 J = 1 N m = 0.73756 ft lbf
1 kJ = 737.56 ft lbf
1 kJ = 0.9478 Btu
1 kJ/kg = 0.42992 Btu/lb
1 ft lbf = 1.35582 J
1 Btu = 778.17 ft lbf
1 Btu = 1.0551 kJ
1 Btu/lb = 2.326 kJ/kg
1 kcal = 4.1868 kJ
Energy
Transfer
Rate
1 W = 1 J/s
1 W = 3.413 Btu/h
1 kW = 1.341 hp
1 Btu/h = 0.293 W
1 hp = 2545 Btu/h
1 hp = 550 ft lbf/s
1 hp = 0.7457 kW
Specific
Heat
1 kJ/kg K = 0.238846 Btu/lb R
1 kcal/kg K = 1 Btu/lb R
1 Btu/lb R = 4.1868 kJ/kg K
Other
1 ton refrigeration = 200 Btu/min
=211 kJ/min
1 volt = 1 watt/ampere
Constants
Universal Gas Constant

'

R lbmol Btu
R lbmol lbf ft
K kmol kJ
R
/ 986 . 1
/ 1545
/ 314 . 8
Standard Acceleration of
Gravity
'

2
2
/ 174 . 32
/ 80665 . 9
s ft
s m
g
Standard Atmospheric Pressure

'

Hg in. 29.92 Hg mm 760

Chapter 1: Introductory Concepts and Definitions

(1.6)
M
m
n (1.8)
Mv
n
V
v (1.9)

,
_

A
F
P
A A '
lim (1.10)
gV mg W F
buoyant

T (
o
R) = 1.8 T(K) (1.16)
T(C) = T(K) - 273.15 (1.17)
T(F)=T(R) - 459.67 (1.18)
T(F)= 1.8 T (C) + 32 (1.19)
1
Chapter 2: Energy and the First Law of Thermodynamics

2
1
s
s
d W s F (2.12)
V F W

(2.13)


2
1


2
1
W
V
V
dV p W (2.17)

2
1


Adx
x
x
W (Extension of Solid Bar) (2.18)

2
1


dA
A
A
W (Stretching of a Liquid Film) (2.19)
( )( ) R R FV W

(Power Transmitted by a Shaft) (2.20)

(Electric Power) (2.21)

. .
(2.30)
law) s (Fourier'
dx
dT
A Q
x

(2.32)
law) Boltzmann - (Stefan
4
b e
AT Q

(2.33)
4 2 8 4 2 8
. . / 10 1714 . 0 . / 10 67 . 5 R ft h Btu x K m W x


( ) cooling) of law s (Newton'
f b c
T T hA Q

(2.34)
system) closed (process,
1 2 out in
W Q E E (2.35a)
W Q U PE KE + +
(2.35b)
system) closed (rate, W Q
dt
dE

(2.37)
W Q
dt
dU
dt
dPE
dt
dKE

+ + (2.38)
cycle cycle
Q W
(2.40)
cycle) (power
out in cycle
Q Q W
(2.41)
cycle) (power 1
in
out
in
out in
in
cycle
Q
Q
Q
Q Q
Q
W

(2.42-43)
cycle) pump heat or tion (refrigera
in out cycle
Q Q W
(2.44)
cycle) tion (refrigera
in out
in
cycle
in
Q Q
Q
W
Q

(2.45-46)
cycle) pump (heat
in out
out
cycle
out
Q Q
Q
W
Q

(2.47-48)
Chapter 3: Evaluating Properties
(quality)
vapor liquid
vapor
m m
m
x
+

(3.1)
( )
f g f g f
x x x + + ) 1 (
(3.2)
pv u h + (3.4)
( )
f g f g f
u u x u xu u x u + + ) 1 ( (3.6)
( )
f g f g f
h h x h xh h x h + + ) 1 (
(3.7)
v
v
T
u
c
,
_

(3.8)
p
p
T
h
c
,
_

(3.9)
v
p
c
c
k (3.10)
( ) ( ) liquid) (subcooled , T p T
f

(3.11)
( ) ( ) liquid) (subcooled , T u p T u
f

(3.12)
( ) ( ) ( ) [ ] liquid) (subcooled ) ( , T p p T T h p T h
sat f f
+
(3.13)
( ) ( ) liquid) (subcooled , T h p T h
f
(3.14)
sible) (incompres
dT
du
c
v
(3.15)
( ) sible) (incompres ) ( ) , pv T u p T h + (3.16)
2
sible) (incompres
v p
c c (3.17)
sible) (incompres
2
1
1 2


T
T
cdT u u (3.18)
( )
( ) sible) (incompres dT c
1 2
T
T
1 2 1 2 1 2
2
1
P P v
p p v u u h h
+
+

(3.19)
( )
( ) ( ) c) const sible, (incompres
c) const sible, (incompres
1 2 1 2 1 2
1 2 1 2
p p T T c h h
T T c u u
+

(3.20)
RT
v p
T R
v p
Z

(3.23-24)
R
M
R
(3.25)
c
R
c
R
T
T
T
p
p
p
(3.27, 28)
volume) specific uced (pseudored
/

/
'
c c c c
R
p RT
v
p T R
v
v
(3.29)
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) equation virial ..... T D

p T C

T B

1
3 2
+ + + + p p Z (3.30)
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) equation virial .....
v
T D

v
T C

v
T B
1
3 2
+ + + + Z
(3.31)

'

T R T u T h h
T u u
RT p
) ( ) (
) ( : model gas Ideal

(3.32, 3.36, 3.37)
( ) gas) (ideal
dT
du
T c
v
(3.38)
gas) (ideal ) ( ) ( ) (
2
1
1 2


T
T
dT T c T u T u

(3.40)
( ) gas) (ideal
dT
dh
T c
p
(3.41)
gas) (ideal ) ( ) ( ) (
2
1
1 2


T
T
p
dT T c T h T h (3.43)
gas) (ideal ) ( ) ( R T c T c
p
+
(3.44)
gas) (ideal ) ( ) ( R T c T c
p
+

(3.45)
( )
( )
gas) (ideal
T c
T c
k
v
p
(3.46)
( ) gas) (ideal
1

k
kR
T c
p
(3.47a)
( ) gas) (ideal
1

k
R
T c
v
(3.47b)
For a polytropic process:
constant
n
pV (3.52)
n
V
V
p
p

,
_

2
1
1
2
(3.53)
) 1 (
1
1 1 2 2
2
1

n
n
V p V p
pdV (3.54)
) 1 ( ln
1
2
1 1
2
1

,
_

n
V
V
V p pdV (3.55)
gas) (ideal
1
2
1
/ ) 1 (
1
2
1
2

,
_

,
_

n n n
V
V
p
p
T
T
(3.56)
( )
1) n gas, (ideal
1
1 2
2
1

n
T T mR
pdV (3.57)
1) n gas, (ideal ln
1
2
2
1

,
_

V
V
mRT pdV (3.58)
Chapter 4: Control Volume Analysis Using Energy


e
e
i
i
cv
m m
dt
dm

(4.2)
flow) l dimensiona (one

AV
AV m (4.4a-4b)
flow) l dimensiona (one

e e
e e
i i
i i cv
V A V A
dt
dm

(4.5)
balance) rate (energy

2 2
2
e
2

,
_

+ +

,
_

+ + +
e
e
e
e
i
i
i
i i cv cv
cv
gz
V
h m gz
V
h m W Q
dt
dE


(4.15)
3
Chapter 5: The Second Law of Thermodynamics
reservoir) (single 0
cycle
W
(5.1)
1
H
C
H
C H
H
cycle
Q
Q
Q
Q Q
Q
W

(5.4)

C H
C
cycle
C
Q Q
Q
W
Q

(5.5)

C H
H
cycle
H
Q Q
Q
W
Q

(5.6)
H
C
cycle
rev
H
C
T
T
Q
Q

,
_

(5.7)
) efficiency (Carnot 1
max
H
C
T
T

(5.9)
cycle) ion refrigerat e (reversibl
max
C H
C
T T
T

(5.10)
cycle) pump heat e (reversibl
max
C H
H
T T
T

(5.11)
) inequality (Clausius 0
,
_

cycle
b
T
Q

(5.12, 13)
Chapter 6: Using Entropy
change) entropy of n (definitio
rev
int
2
1
1 2

,
_

T
Q
S S

(6.2a)
) ( ) 1 (
f g f g f
s s x s xs s x s + +
(6.4)
liquid) (subcooled ) ( ) , ( T s p T s
f

(6.5)
dV p dU dS T + (6.8)
dp V dH dS T (6.9)
d p du ds T + (6.10-a)
dp dh ds T (6.10-b)
d p u d s d T + (6.11-a)
dp h d s d T (6.11-b)
c) constant sible, (incompres ln
1
2
1 2

,
_

T
T
c s s (6.13)
gas) (ideal ln ) ( ) , ( ) , (
1
2
1 1 2 2
2
1

,
_

R
T
dT
T c T s T s
T
T
(6.17)
gas) (ideal ln ) ( ) , ( ) , (
1
2
1 1 2 2
2
1

,
_

p
p
R
T
dT
T c p T s p T s
T
T
p
(6.18)
dT
T
T c
T s
T
T
p o
f

Re
) (
) ( (6.19)
gas) (ideal ln ) ( ) ( ) , ( ) , (
1
2
1 2 1 1 2 2

,
_

p
p
R T s T s p T s p T s

(6.20a)
gas) (ideal ln ) ( ) ( ) , ( ) , (
1
2
1 2 1 1 2 2

,
_

p
p
R T s T s p T s p T s

(6.20b)
gas) ideal heats, specific (const. ln ln ) , ( ) , (
1
2
1
2
1 1 2 2

,
_

,
_

v
v
R
T
T
c v T s v T s
v
(6.21)
gas) ideal heats, specific (const. ln ln ) , ( ) , (
1
2
1
2
1 1 2 2

,
_

,
_

p
p
R
T
T
c p T s p T s
p
(6.22)

2
1
rev
int
dS T Q
(6.23)
system) closed (process,
2
1
1 2

+
,
_

b
T
Q
S S
(6.24)
system) closed (rate,

j j
j
T
Q
dt
dS
(6.28)
volume) control (rate,
cv
e
e e
i
i i
j j
j
cv
s m s m
T
Q
dt
dS

+ +


(6.34)
only) air , s (s
2 1
1
2
1
2

r
r
p
p
p
p
(6.41)
only) air , s (s
2 1
1
2
1
2

r
r

(6.42)
4
k) constant gas, ideal , s (s
2 1
/ ) 1 (
1
2
1
2

,
_

k k
p
p
T
T
(6.43)
k) constant gas, ideal , s (s
2 1
) 1 (
2
1
1
2

,
_

k
T
T

(6.44)
k) constant gas, ideal , s (s
2 1
2
1
1
2

,
_

k
p
p

(6.45)
( )
( )
efficieny) turbine c (isentropi
s
t
m W
m W

(6.46)
( )
( )
) efficiency nozzle c (isentropi
2 /
2 /
2
2
2
2
s
nozzle
V
V

(6.47)
( )
) efficiency compressor c (isentropi
m W
m W
s
c

(6.48)

,
_

2
1
rev
int
Tds =
m
Q
cv

(649)
( )
2 1
2
2
2
1
2
1
rev
int 2
z z g
V V
dp
m
W
+

,
_

,
_

(6.51-a)
0) = pe = ke (
2
1
rev
int

,
_

dp
m
W

(6.51-b)
( ) 0) = pe = ke constant, = (
1 2
rev
int

,
_

p p
m
W

(6.51-c)
Chapter 8 Vapor Power Systems
Application of previous materials
t
p
W
W
wr

b (8.6)
( ) ( ) p v
rev

. int
p
W

(8.7b)
Chapter 9 Gas Power Systems
Application of previous materials, plus:
nt volume displaceme
cycle one for net work
ep m
(9.1)
TDC
BDC
V
V
r
(compression ratio)
TDC
addition heat of end
V
V

c
r
(cut-off ratio)
m W
m W
bwr
t
c

(9.20)
( ) exit e inlet, i stream, hot h, stream, cold c : subscripts
h - h
h - h

h - h
h - h

i c, i h,
i c, e c,
i c, i h,
e h, i h,
reg


(9.27)
s

,
_

p
c (9.36-a)
s

,
_

v
p
v - c
2
(9.36-b)
( ) gas ideal T R k c (9.37)
( ) number Mach
V

c
M (9.38)
enthalpy) n (Stagnatio 2 V h
2
o
+ h (9.39)
( )
2
M - 1 -
V
dV
A
dA
(9.45)
2 o
M
2
1 k
1
T
T
+ (9.50)
( ) 1 k k
2 o
M
2
1 k
1
p
p

,
_

+ (9.51)
( ) ( ) 1 2 1
2
*
M
2
1
1
1
2 1

+
1
]
1

,
_

+
,
_

k k
k
k M A
A
(9.52)
2
y
2
x
x
y
M
2
1 k
1
M
2
1 k
1

T
T

(9.53)
5
2
y
2
x
x
y
kM 1
kM 1

p
p
+
+

(9.54)
1 M
1 k
k 2
1 k
2
M
M
2
x
2
x
2
y

(9.55)
( ) ( ) 1 k 2 1 k
2
x
2
y
y
x
ox
oy
M
2
1 k
1
M
2
1 k
1
M
M

p
p
+

,
_

+
(9.56)
ox
oy
y
x
p
p
A
A

*
*
(9.57)
Chapter 10 Refrigeration and Heat Pump Systems
ton of refrigeration =200 Btu/min = 211 kJ/min
Application of previous materials
6