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810447 ZZZFUHDWLYHPHFKVLQ
2
Exper|ment No: 7

5(&,352&$7,1*3803
A|m:

Ic finc Ihe cverc|| efficiency cf c FeciprcccIing Fump & p|cI Ihe fc||cwing chcrccIeri:Iic:.
c. Hycrcu|ic Efficiency {h) V: Di:chcrge
L. Cverc|| Efficiency {c) V: Di:chcrge

Apporotus:

1. / mcIcr criving FeciprcccIing Fump Ihrcugh SIeppec Ccne Fu||ey crrcngemenI Ic cLIcin 3
cifferenI :peec:.
2. / :ump Icnk fcr ccnIinucu: :upp|y cf wcIer.
3. / Mec:uring Icnk Ic ceIermine F|cw FcIe.
4. Energy MeIer Ic mec:ure Ihe inpuI pcwer Ic Ihe pump.
5. Fre::ure & Vccuum gcuge: Ic mec:ure Ihe Di:chcrge & SucIicn Fre::ure:.
. Mec:uring Icnk Ic ceIermine f|cw rcIe.
7. IcchcmeIer Ic mec:ure Ihe :peec {in rpm) cf Ihe crcnk :hcfI,
8. SIcp wcIch Ic mec:ure Iime.


Iheory:

ln generc|, c pump mcy Le cefinec c: c
mechcnicc| cevice which, when inIerpc:ec in c pipe
|ine, ccnverI: Ihe mechcnicc| energy :upp|iec Ic iI frcm
:cme exIernc| :curce inIc hycrcu|ic energy, Ihu:
re:u|Iing in Ihe f|cw cf |iuic frcm |cwer pcIenIic| Ic
higher pcIenIic|.
Ihe pump: cre cf mcjcr ccncern Ic mc:I Engineer: &
Iechnicicn:. Ihe Iype: cf pump vcry in princip|e &
ce:ign. Ihe :e|ecIicn cf Ihe pump fcr cny pcrIicu|cr
cpp|iccIicn i: Ic Le ccne Ly uncer:Icncing Iheir
chcrccIeri:Iic:. Ihe mc:I ccmmcn|y u:ec pump: fcr
ccme:Iic, cgricu|Iurc| & incu:Iric| purpc:e: cre:
CenIrifugc|, Fi:Icn, /xic| F|cw {SIcge pump:), /ir JeI,
Dicphrcgm & IurLine pump:. Mc:I cf Ihe:e pump: fc||
inIc Ihe mcin c|c::, ncme|y, FcIccyncmic,
FeciprcccIing {Fc:iIive Di:p|ccemenI), F|uic {/ir)
cpercIec pump:.


Observot|on Iob|e:

S No
Speed o|
Fump, Np [|n
rpm}
D|schorge
Fressure Heod
'Fd' [kgJcm
2
}
Suct|on
Vocuum 'Fs'
[|n mm o| Hg}
I|me |or ___ ||t woter
[KBB_cm o| tonk}
d|schorge, tm [sec}
I|me |or
n=___rev o|
Energy meter,
te [sec}
1.

2.

3.

4.

5.



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810447 ZZZFUHDWLYHPHFKVLQ
27
Co|cu|ot|ons:

1. D|schorge heod
10 F h
c c
u m cf wcIer

2. Suct|on Heod:

13. F
h
:
:
m cf wcIer

3. Ioto| Heod:
hI = hc + h: + 2m cf wcIer

4. D|schorge:
I
x /
C
Icnk
c

m
3
/:

5. Woter power [or Output Fower}

1000
.h .C
WF
I c

kW
Where,
Z - Specific WeighI cf wcIer = 810 N/m
3
.
C - Di:chcrge {m
3
/:ec).
hI - IcIc| hecc {m)

. E|ectr|co| Input
LeI Iime reuirec fcr 10 rev. cf energy meIer ci:c Le Ie-Sec.
E|ecIricc| lnpuI Fcwer, lF

e C
I
300
E
n
lF
kW
Icking mcIcr efficiency c: 757 we hcve Input Sho|t Fower,
SF = lF x 0.75

7. Hydrou||c E|||c|ency
100
SF
WF
h

7

8. Overo|| e|||c|ency

100
lF
WF
c

7

Grophs - F|ot the |o||ow|ng grophs |or the Fump.
Di:chcrge v: Cverc| Efficiency
Di:chcrge v: Hycrcu|ic Efficiency

kesu|t Iob|e

S
Nc
hI C WF lF
R
K
SF
K
K










Opt|ono| Co|cu|ot|ons
1. CcefficienI cf ci:chcrge cf pump

I
c
c
C
C
&


2. S|ip

x100
C
C - C
S|ip
I
c I

Where Cc i: /cIuc| Di:chcrge & CI Ihe
IhecreIicc| Di:chcrge

0
rpm) {in N x Vc|ume SwepI
C
I

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810447 ZZZFUHDWLYHPHFKVLQ
28
Frocedure:

1. Cpen Ihe ci:chcrge vc|ve fu||y & :IcrI Ihe Fump.
2. NcIe ccwn Ihe ci:chcrge hecc {Ly pre::ure gcuge cn ci:chcrge pipe) & :ucIicn vccuum.
3. Mec:ure Ihe Iime Icken fcr c ccnvenienI heighI cf wcIer cc||ecIicn in Ihe cc||ecIicn Icnk.
4. NcIe Ihe Vc|Icge & CurrenI Feccing: cn Fegu|cIcr.
5. FepecI Ihe prccecure Ly fcr cifferenI Di:chcrge:.

Note: Whi|e mec:uring Ihe reccing: Ihe reference pcinI {WcIer |eve| cr Fre::ure Gcuge neec|e),
ccnIinucu: viLrcIicn: mcy cccur cue Ic vc|Icge chcnge:, vc|ve: eIc. in :uch cc:e:, cvercge reccing:
mcy Le Icken.)

Frecout|ons:

1. CpercIe c|| Ihe ccnIrc|: genI|y.
2. Never c||cw Ic ri:e Ihe ci:chcrge pre::ure cLcve 4kg/cm2
3. /|wcy: u:e c|ecn wcIer fcr experimenI.
4. 8efcre :IcrIing Ihe pump en:ure IhcI ci:chcrge vc|ve i: cpenec fu||y.

kesu|t JConc|us|on:

Ihe cverc|| efficiency fcr cifferenI :peec: were cc|cu|cIec & grcph: p|cIIec.
1. Fcr cefcu|I Le|I pc:iIicn, Ihe cverc|| efficiency wc: fcunc cuI Ic Le _________.

App||cot|ons:
Ihe:e cre cc||ec Fc:iIive Fump: Leccu:e Ihere i: c fixec cmcunI cf f|uic f|cw fcr c ccmp|eIe
rcIcIicn cf crcnk :hcfI. /: Ihere i: nc f|uic f|cw fcr zerc ci:p|ccemenI & vice ver:c Ihe Hecc
ceve|cpec i: prcpcrIicnc| Ic Ihe |ccc cpp|iec. Ihe:e pump: finc cpp|iccIicn in:
1. Ic cri|| ci| frcm ceep we||:.
2. Ic pump cny |iuic IhcI i: free frcm ceLri:.
3. Ic pump preci:e cmcunI: cf f|uic:. Ex: FeIrc| Fump:

Quest|ons:
1. WhcI i: Ihe mcin cim cf Ihe experimenI
2. WhcI i: mecnI Ly c pc:iIive ci:p|ccemenI pump
3. WhcI Iype: cf f|uic: cre pumpec Ly FeciprcccIing pump:
4. WhcI cre Ihe pumping chcrccIeri:Iic: cf c FeciprcccIing pump
5. WhcI i: Ihe ncrmc| efficiency cf c FeciprcccIing pump
. WhcI cre Ihe ncrmc| preccuIicn: Ic Le Icken when cpercIing c pump
7. WhcI i: Ihe funcIicn cf cir ve::e|
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8106464676 www.creativemechs.in
30
Experiment No: 9
PELTON WHEEL TURBINE
Aim:
To determine the performance characteristics of Pelton wheel turbine under constant head
and constant speed.

Apparatus Required:
Pelton wheel turbine test rig.

Construction:
The actual experimental set-up consists of a Sump Tank, Centrifugal pump, Delivery pipe and
Turbine unit arranged in such a way that the whole unit works as re-circulating water system. The
centrifugal pump set supplies water from the sump tank to the turbine through a Venturimeter. The
flow rate can be changed by control valve. The water after impinging on the turbine unit falls back
into the Sump Tank.
The loading of the turbine is achieved by rope brake drum connected to spring balances. The
turbine speed is measured with a Tachometer, head on the turbine is measured with pressure gauge
and the discharge rate is calculated with the help of Pressure readings at Venturimeter.

Theory:
Hydro-Power is one of major cheap source of power available on earth, and hence it is widely
used for generation of electric power world wide. Water stored in the Dam contains potential energy.
This is utilized to run turbine, which then drives a generator. The output from the generator can be
transmitted to the areas of electric power
requirement.
Turbines are basically of two types, viz.
Impulse turbines and Reaction turbines. In impulse
turbines, water coming from high head acquires
high velocity. The high velocity water jet strikes the
buckets of the turbine runner and makes it to rotate
by impact force. In reaction turbine, total head of
water is partly converted into velocity head as it
approaches turbine runner and it fills the runner
and pressure of water gradually changes as it flows
through runner. In impulse turbine, the only turbine
used now-a-days is Pelton Wheel Turbine. In
reaction turbines, Francis Turbine and Kaplan
Turbine are the examples.
The Pelton wheel turbine consists of a runner
mounted over the main shaft. Runner consists of
buckets fitted to the disc. The buckets have a
shape of double ellipsoidal cups. The runner is
encased in a casing provided with a Perspex
window for viewing the turbine. A nozzle fitted in
the side of casing directs the water jet over the
'Splitter' or center ridge of the buckets. A spear
operates inside the nozzle to control the water flow.
On the other side of the shaft, a rope brake is mounted for loading the turbine.
Impulse turbines convert all the energy of Water into Kinetic Energy at the nozzle. The jet
impinges on the turbine's curved blades and gets diverted (by about 160
o
). The resulting change in
momentum (impulse) causes a force on the turbine blades.
All the Pressure/Potential Energy is converted to kinetic energy by the nozzle and focused on
the turbine. No pressure change occurs at the turbine blades, and the turbine doesn't require a
housing for operation. Newton's second law lets us calculate transfer of energy for impulse turbines.
Impulse turbines are most often used in very high head applications, but the discharge used is less.
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31
Observation Table:
Method : By keeping Butterfly Valve position fully open and changing the spear valve position to
get constant speed.
N in
rpm
Spear valve
position
Discharge
Pressure P
in kg/cm
2

Venturimeter
Pressures
F1
kgf
F2
kgf
Remarks
P1 P2




Calculations:
1. Net/Working head on the Turbine:
H=10 x P
Where,
P Pressure gauge reading (Kg/cm
2
)

2. Discharge (Flow rate)of water through the Turbine,

2
2
2
1
-
=
A A
2xgxH xA xA C
Q
2 1 d
t
m
3
/sec
Where,
d
C
-Coefficient of Discharge for Venturimerter = 0.9
1
A - Area of Cross Section of Pipe
2
A - Area of Cross Section of Venturimeter Throat
g Acceleration due to gravity (9.81 m/s
2
)
H Pressure head (Calculated above)
3. Hydraulic Power (Input to the Turbine):

1000
W.Q.H
HP=

Where,
W Specific Weight of water = 9810 N/m
3
.
Q Discharge (m
3
/sec).
H Total head (m)
4. Brake Power (Output from the turbine),

) F F (
60
g N D
BP
2 1

=


Where,
F1 and F2 are the spring balance readings in kgf
D Diameter of the Brake Drum (30 cm)
5. Turbine Efficiency (Output from the turbine),

100
HP
BP
=

6. Unit quantities under unit head,
a. Unit Speed, H N/ N
u
=
b. Unit power,
3/2
u
BP/H P =
c. Unit Discharge,
H Q/ Q
u
=

7. Specific speed,

5/4 u
H
BP N
N =

Obtained at maximum efficiency.
8. Percentage Full load =
100
.

BP load Max
BP load Part
(at any particular speed.)
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32
Procedure:
1. Make sure the connections are properly done: Motor unit connected to 3 ph, 440V, 30A,
electrical supply, with neutral and earth connections and ensure the correct direction of
pump-motor unit.
2. Keep the Butterfly valve and spear valve closed.
3. Keep the Brake Drum loading at minimum.
4. Press the green button of the supply pump starter. Now the pump picks-up the full speed and
becomes operational.
5. Slowly, open the spear valve so that the turbine rotor picks up the speed and attains maximum
at full opening of the valve.

a) Performance under unit head Unit quantities:
In order to predict the behavior of a turbine working under varying conditions and to facilitate
comparison between the performances of the turbines of the same type but having different outputs
and speeds and working under different heads, it is often convenient to express the test results in terms
of certain unit quantities.
From the output of a turbine corresponding to different working heads (Table of Calculations
II) it is possible to compute the output which would be developed if the head was reduced to unit
(say 1 m..); the speed being adjustable so that the efficiency remains unaffected.
a. Unit Speed,
H
N
N
u
=
b. Unit power,
3/2
u
H
P
P =
c. Unit Discharge,
H
Q
Q
u
=
d. Specific Speed,
The specific speed of any turbine is the speed in rpm of a turbine geometrically similar to the actual
turbine but of such a size that under corresponding conditions will develop 1 metric horse power when
working under unit head (i.e., 1 meter.). It is usually computed for the operating conditions
corresponding to the maximum efficiency.

5/4
u
H
P N
N =
Precautions:
1. Pump should not be started if the voltage is less than 180 V.
2. The lower end of Suction Pipe must always be submerged under water in the Sump Tank.
3. Electrical neutral & Earth connections should be checked correctly.
4. Frequent (at least once in three months) greasing / oiling of rotating parts is necessary.
5. The machines should be operated at least some time every week to avoid clogging.
6. Leakages in the Piping & Nozzle Housing should be checked regularly.

Result/Conclusion:
The unit head and other quantities were calculated from the knowledge of constant head
characteristics and the curves were drawn. Similarly the constant speed characteristics were
calculated and the percentage efficiency vs. percentage full load was drawn.

Questions:
1. On what principle the Pelton wheel turbine works?
2. What is the shape of buckets in Pelton wheel turbine?
3. What is the clearance angle of the buckets? State why it is not 180
0
?
4. Define unit quantities and specific speed.
5. Why multiple jets are used in Pelton wheel turbine?

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