ECM206 CIVIL ENGINEERING MATERIALS

SYLLABUS CONTENT
1.0 INTRODUCTION TO ENGINEERING 1.1 Historical Development of Construction and Uses of Construction Materials 1.2 Materials and their effective use 1.3 Types of Engineering material Wood Cement & Concrete Bitumen & Bituminous Materials Structural Clay & Concrete Units Reinforcing and Structural Steels 1.4 Properties of engineering materials Physical properties Mechanical properties Chemical properties 1.5 Causes of deterioration of concrete structure 1.6 Materials Performances and Its Measurement 1.7 Specification & Standards 2.0 CONCRETE 2.1 Introduction Cement Aggregates Water used in Concrete Mix Admixture Fresh Concrete Hardened Concrete Mix Design

3.0 STEEL Type of steel Properties of steel Manufacturing process Steel products Advantages and disadvantages Protection of steel

4.0 TIMBER & WOOD Structure of Wood Types of Wood Physical properties of Wood Wood Product Preservative treatment of timber Testing of timber and wood

5.0 BRICK / MASONRY CONCRETE BRICKS 6.0 Type of Brick Manufacturing Process Concrete Masonry Units Testing of Bricks BITUMEN & TAR Types of Bituminous Materials - Tar - Asphalt - Bitumen Properties of Asphalt Testing of Bituminous Material ADVANCE MATERIAL IN CONSTRUCTION Fibre Reinforced Plastic (FRP) Fibre Reinforced Concrete

7.0

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION TO ENGINEERING Historical Development of Construction and Uses of Construction Materials Stone Age habitats Natural shelters such as caves and rock - for protection purposes. Inlaid stone floors, walls at the entrances and fireplaces. River valley civilizations. The first steps in permanence Houses were constructed using sun-dried bricks The bricks were made from mud and straw, which were abundantly found in the river flood plains and were mixed together. This wet mud and straw mixture was formed in a wooden frame. Construction in ancient Egypt The main building material used in Ancient Egypt was stone . Mainly limestone. Rough stones were used in building interior walls and foundations, while fine stones, cut out with special care, were used in decorating main walls or erecting colossal temples. Construction in the Greek Era Use of the stone construction continued. Metal dowels and clamps were employed to fasten the stone pieces together. Construction in the Romans times The Romans made great contributions to construction and developed three different construction methods o Stone and masonry o Concrete construction o Timber and metal.

The early industrial age (18th19th Century) The construction activity in the initial stages of the Industrial Age, that is, in the latter half of the 18th century, can be summarized by one single term mass production. Unforeseen innovation in technology made new building prototypes possible during this period. The methods used by these prototypes were Iron members as the structural frame, and the balloon frame. Constructions in the 20th century High rise steel structures/buildings High rise steel structures/buildings High rise concrete buildings This type of structure was usually constructed with either concrete or steel. Introduction to engineering materials and their effective use The basic materials used in civil engineering applications or in construction projects are: Wood Cement and concrete Bitumens and bituminous material Structural clay and concrete units Reinforcing and structural steels These are sometime called structural material All these materials are employed in variety of civil engineering structures such as dams, bridges, roads, foundations, liquidretaining structures, waterfront construction, building and retaining walls. The basic materials most common to highway construction are soils, aggregates, bituminous binders, lime and cement.

Types of engineering material 1. Timber/Wood Timber is derived from trees, and can be put to use directly, as pieces of lumber cut from a log, or as a raw material in the manufacture of various wood product or manufactured component. Timber is widely used for construction project Roof trusses Formwork 2. Cement and concrete Concrete is one of the most common construction materials, in which Portland cement is the essential gradient. It is obtain by mixing cement, water and aggregates Sometime admixture are required for specific purposes 3. Bitumen and bituminous material Bitumen or asphalt is the residue obtains from the distillation of crude oil. Bituminous binder, bitumens and tars are generally used in civil engineering in combination with stone or mineral aggregates The main area of application is road construction 4. Structural clay and concrete unit Typical structural clay are building brick, paving brick, terracotta facing tile, roofing tile, and drainage pipe. These objects are made from commonly occurring natural materials, which are mixed with water, formed into the desired shape, and fired in a kiln in order to give the clay mixture a permanent bond. 5. Reinforcing and structural steel Steel is used in a variety of types and forms in every building. Typical application of structural steels are in industrial building, bridge, high-rise building, spectator stands, stadium, galvanized electricity power supply pylons, welded pipe lines and others. Perhaps the greatest disadvantage of it is the need to protect them from corrosion.

Properties of engineering materials Material for engineering applications are selected so as to perform satisfactorily during service, e.g.: The material for Highway Bridge should possess adequate strength, rough surface, and sufficient rigidity. A water retaining structure would be build with a material that is impermeable, crack free, strong, and does not react with water. A road surface needs such materials that show little movement under the impact loads, water resistant, and easy to repair. Performance requirements, or property specification, are not the same for all structures or structural materials. What is expected of a material used for the construction of liquid retaining structure are not the same as that chosen for a pavement!? To evaluate the performance characteristics of engineering materials and to assist and engineer in the selection of the most appropriate and economical material for a particular application, we need to study the properties of the materials of construction. The common properties of engineering materials are grouped under three major headings: 1. Physical properties 2. Mechanical properties 3. Chemical properties

1. Physical properties Physical properties are those derived from the properties matter or attribute to the physical structure. They include:1. density 2. porosity 3. void content 4. moisture content 5. specific gravity 6. permeability 7. Structure (micro or macro) Physical properties are helpful in evaluating a material in terms of appearance, weight, permeability and water retention of a structure. 2. Mechanical properties Mechanical properties measure the resistance of a material to applied loads or forces. Some reflect the strength of material, whereas others measure the deformation capacity or stiffness. Strength is a measure of the maximum load per unit area, and can be in relation to: Tension Compression Shear Flexure Torsion Impact If we compare the physical strength of one individual with the emotional strength of another, we know that the two strengths are not the same and that the comparison is inappropriate. The same reasoning can be applied when describing the strength of material; it is important to specify the type of strength. 3. Chemicals properties Chemical properties are those pertaining to the composition and potential reaction of material. The compound of composition, such as oxides and carbonates, describe the chemical nature of the material, and the way it would behave in a certain environment.

For example, by reviewing the proportions of principle compounds in various cements, we will be able to choose the right type of cement for a particular application.

Causes of deterioration of concrete structure Deterioration defects and/or failure of concrete structures could occur due to many causes such as due to physical, mechanical and chemical actions. Physical actions: Exposure to extreme temperature o Fire damage o Frost action (freeze-thaw action) Volume changes due to temperature & humidity gradient Differences in thermal coefficients between aggregate and cement paste matrix. Mechanical actions: Abrasion Impact (handling, construction, vehicular, etc) Erosion Cavitations Overloading and fatigue (cyclic loading) Blast Chemical actions : Sulphate attack Alkali aggregate reaction (Alkali-silica reaction & alkali-carbonate reaction) Carbonation Chloride attack Corrosion of reinforcement Acid attack (surface erosion by acid rain, aggressive chemicals in industrial environment), etc.

Materials Performances and Its Measurement Structural safety the ability to withstand stresses resulting from gravity, wind, thermal or moisture movement or other sources. Strength: ability to resist failure or excessive deformation under stress. Stiffness: deformation which is recovered when the load is removed. Toughness: ability to absorb energy by impact Hardness: resistance to indentation Creep: Effect of long-term stress Health/Safety There should be no risk to health due to chemical or physical effects of the material both during and after construction. Fire The material must behave acceptability in resisting fire spread, release of dangerous substances in fire & retaining satisfactory structural stability. Durability the material should fulfill the above performance criteria as required for the planned lifetime of the building. Specification & Standards Almost invariably centered around accepted standards which provide a simple, convenient means of specifying performance levels. Measure performance in a carefully defined reproducible manner. British Standard began to produced from the early 20th century a committee representing manufacturers, researchers, users and government organization. now operate only on a care & maintenance basis eventually be replaced by the European Codes European Codes & Standards Provide a mechanism by which construction products & material can be traded & used freely throughout the European Common Market Produced by Technical Committee of the European Committee for Standardisation