SIGNAL PROCESSING LAB

PREPARED BY Smt. B.Rajeswari M.Tech Assistant Professor. Dept., of ECE. Mr. M.K. Linga Murthy M.Tech Assistant Professor. Dept., of ECE.

Department of Electronics and Communications Engineering, Lakireddy Bali Reddy College of Engineering (AUTONOMOUS), L.B.Reddy Nagar, MYLAVARAM 521230.

Lakireddy Bali Reddy College of Engineering (AUTONOMOUS)

L.B.Reddy Nagar, MYLAVARAM 521230.

Krishna Dist., (A.P.)

Signal Processing Laboratory

Name

Regd.No : Course ECE : B.Tech (VI Semester). Branch : : 2012-2013

Academic Year

P873 SIGNAL PROCESSING LAB Lecture : 3 Periods/week Internal Marks External Marks : 25 : 75

Credits : 2 External Examination : 3 Hrs -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------LIST OF EXPERIMENTS: USING TMS320C67X 1 2 3 4 5 Generation of Signals Linear Convolution Implementation of a FIR filter Implementation of an IIR filter Calculation of FFT

USING MATLAB 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Generation of Discrete time Signals Verification of Sampling Theorem FFT and IFFT Time & Frequency response of LTI systems Linear and Circular Convolution through FFT Design of FIR filters (window design) Design of IIR filters (Butterworth &Chebychev)

ADDITIONAL EXPERIMENTS 1 2 Verify decimation. Verify interpolation.

1. INTRODUCTION TO DSP PROCESSORS

A signal can be defined as a function that conveys information, generally about the state or behavior of a physical system. There are two basic types of signals viz Analog (continuous time signals which are defined along a continuum of times) and Digital (discrete-time). Remarkably, under reasonable constraints, a continuous time signal can be adequately represented by samples, obtaining discrete time signals. Thus digital signal processing is an ideal choice for anyone who needs the performance advantage of digital manipulation along with todays analog reality. Hence a processor which is designed to perform the special operations(digital manipulations) on the digital signal within very less time can be called as a Digital signal processor. The difference between a DSP processor, conventional microprocessor and a microcontroller are listed below. Microprocessor or General Purpose Processor such as Intel xx86 or Motorola 680xx family Contains - only CPU No RAM No ROM No I/O ports No Timer Microcontroller such as 8051 family Contains - CPU RAM ROM I/O ports Timer & Interrupt circuitry Some Micro Controllers also contain A/D, D/A and Flash Memory DSP Processors such as Texas instruments and Analog Devices Contains - CPU RAM ROM I/O ports Timer Optimized for fast arithmetic Extended precision Dual operand fetch Zero overhead loop Circular buffering

The basic features of a DSP Processor are Feature Use Fast-Multiply accumulate Multiple access memory architecture Specialized addressing modes Specialized program control On-chip peripherals and I/O interfaces Most DSP algorithms, including filtering, transforms, etc. are multiplication- intensive Many data-intensive DSP operations require reading a program instruction and multiple data items during each instruction cycle for best performance Efficient handling of data arrays and first-in, first-out buffers in memory Efficient control of loops for many iterative DSP algorithms. Fast interrupt handling for frequent I/O operations. On-chip peripherals like A/D converters allow for small low cost system designs. Similarly I/O interfaces tailored for common peripherals allow clean interfaces to off-chip I/O devices.

2. ARCHITECTURE OF 6713 DSP PROCESSOR

This chapter provides an overview of the architectural structure of the TMS320C67xx DSP, which comprises the central processing unit (CPU), memory, and on-chip peripherals. The C67xE DSPs use an advanced modified Harvard architecture that maximizes processing power with eight buses. Separate program and data spaces allow simultaneous access to program instructions and data, providing a high degree of parallelism. For example, three reads and one write can be performed in a single cycle. Instructions with parallel store and application-specific instructions fully utilize this architecture. In addition, data can be transferred between data and program spaces. Such Parallelism supports a powerful set of arithmetic, logic, and bit-manipulation operations that can all be performed in a single machine cycle. Also, the C67xx DSP includes the control mechanisms to manage interrupts, repeated operations, and function calling. Fig 2 1 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF TMS 320VC 6713

Bus Structure The C67xx DSP architecture is built around eight major 16-bit buses (four program/data buses and four address buses): The program bus (PB) carries the instruction code and immediate operands from program memory. Three data buses (CB, DB, and EB) interconnect to various elements, such as the CPU, data address generation logic, program address generation logic, on-chip peripherals, and data memory. The CB and DB carry the operands that are read from data memory. The EB carries the data to be written to memory. Four address buses (PAB, CAB, DAB, and EAB) carry the addresses needed for instruction execution. The C67xx DSP can generate up to two data-memory addresses per cycle using the two auxiliary register arithmetic units (ARAU0 and ARAU1). The PB can carry data operands stored in program space (for instance, a coefficient table) to the multiplier and adder for multiply/accumulate operations or to a destination in data space for data move instructions (MVPD and READA). This capability, in conjunction with the feature of dual-operand read, supports the execution of single-cycle, 3-operand instructions such as the FIRS instruction. The C67xx DSP also has an on-chip bidirectional bus for accessing on-chip peripherals. This bus is connected to DB and EB through the bus exchanger in the CPU interface. Accesses that use this bus can require two or more cycles for reads and writes, depending on the peripherals structure. Central Processing Unit (CPU) The CPU is common to all C67xE devices. The C67x CPU contains: 40-bit arithmetic logic unit (ALU) Two 40-bit accumulators Barrel shifter 17 17-bit multiplier 40-bit adder Compare, select, and store unit (CSSU) Data address generation unit Program address generation unit

Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)

The C67x DSP performs 2s-complement arithmetic with a 40-bit arithmetic logic unit (ALU) and two 40-bit accumulators (accumulators A and B). The ALU can also perform Boolean operations. The ALU uses these inputs: 16-bit immediate value 16-bit word from data memory 16-bit value in the temporary register, T Two 16-bit words from data memory 32-bit word from data memory

 40-bit word from either accumulator The ALU can also function as two 16-bit ALUs and perform two 16-bit operations simultaneously.

Fig 2 2 ALU UNIT

Accumulators

Accumulators A and B store the output from the ALU or the multiplier/adder block. They can also provide a second input to the ALU; accumulator A can be an input to the multiplier/adder. Each accumulator is divided into three parts: Guard bits (bits 3932) High-order word (bits 3116) Low-order word (bits 150) Instructions are provided for storing the guard bits, for storing the high- and the loworder accumulator words in data memory, and for transferring 32-bit accumulator words in or out of data memory. Also, either of the accumulators can be used as temporary storage for the other.
Barrel Shifter

The C67x DSP barrel shifter has a 40-bit input connected to the accumulators or to data memory (using CB or DB), and a 40-bit output connected to the ALU or to data memory (using EB). The barrel shifter can produce a left shift of 0 to 31 bits and a right shift of 0 to 16 bits on the input data. The shift requirements are defined in the shift count field of the instruction, the shift count field (ASM) of status register ST1, or in temporary register T (when it is designated as a shift count register).The barrel shifter and the exponent encoder normalize the values in an accumulator in a single cycle. The LSBs of the output are filled with 0s, and the MSBs can be either zero filled or sign extended, depending on the state of the sign-extension mode bit (SXM) in ST1. Additional shift capabilities enable the processor to perform numerical scaling, bit extraction, extended arithmetic, and overflow prevention operations.

Multiplier/Adder Unit

The multiplier/adder unit performs 17 _ 17-bit 2s-complement multiplication with a 40-bit addition in a single instruction cycle. The multiplier/adder block consists of several elements: a multiplier, an adder, signed/unsigned input control logic, fractional control logic, a zero detector, a rounder (2s complement), overflow/saturation logic, and a 16-bit temporary storage register (T). The multiplier has two inputs: one input is selected from T, a data-memory operand, or accumulator A; the other is selected from program memory, data memory, accumulator A, or an immediate value. The fast, on-chip multiplier allows the C54x DSP to perform operations efficiently such as convolution, correlation, and filtering. In addition, the multiplier and ALU together execute multiply/accumulate (MAC) computations and ALU operations in parallel in a single instruction cycle. This function is used in determining the Euclidian distance and in implementing symmetrical and LMS filters, which are required for complex DSP algorithms. See section 4.5, Multiplier/Adder Unit, on page 4-19, for more details about the multiplier/adder unit.

Fig 2 3 MULTIPLIER/ADDER UNIT These are the some of the important parts of the processor and you are instructed to go through the detailed architecture once which helps you in developing the optimized code for the required application.

INDEX
CYCLE S.No 1 2 3 4 5 Date ----I Marks Signature

Name of the Experiment Generation of Signals Linear Convolution Implementation of a FIR filter. Implementation of an IIR filter. Calculation of FFT.

CYCLE

-----

II

S.No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Date

Name of the Experiment Generation of discrete time Signals Verification of sampling theorem. FFT and IFFT Time and Frequency response of LTI Systems Linear and Circular Convolution through FFT. Design of FIR filters (window design) Design of IIR filters (Butterworth& Chebychev)

Marks

Signature

CYCLE I

------------

1. GENERATION OF DIFFERENT SIGNALS Aim: Equipments: Generating different signals using C.

Operating System Constructor Software

Windows XP Simulator CCStudio 2

Theory:

Procedure:
1. Open CC Studio and Create a new project(projnew). 2. Open source file and write the program and save the file with .C extension.(filenewsource file). 3. Add source files to project (projadd files to projectfilename.c). 4. Add library files to project (path: C:ti\C6000\Cgtools\lib\rts6700.lib). 5. Add linker command files to project (path: C:ti\tutorial\dsk6711\hello1\hello.cmd). 6. Compile and build the program (projcompile file, build). 7. Load program (fileload program: Look in: proj. Out). 8. Run the program and observe the result (debugrun).

Program:
#include<stdio.h> #include<math.h> #define pi 3.14159 int t,L1,L2,N1; float x[1000],x1[1000],x2[1000]; void main() { printf("Enter the Length of required wave"); scanf("%d",&L1); printf("Enter the values for wave"); for(t=0;t<=L1;t++) scanf("%d",&x[t]); printf("Enter the Length of required SIN wave"); scanf("%d",&L2); printf("Enter Number of Cycles of SIN wave"); scanf("%d",&N1); for(t=0;t<=L2;t++) x1[t]=sin(2*pi*t*N1/L2); printf(" Sine Wave Amplitudes over the range 0 to %d\n",L2); for(t=0;t<=L2;t++) printf("x1[%d]=%f\n",t,x1[t]); }

Output:

Result:

Precautions:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Check out source file is with .c extension or not. Check out the files added were correct or not. Do not add more than one source file to the project at a time. If only building the project is having error check the processor setup. Dont delete any file or folder without informing the system administrator or lab in-charge.

Viva-Voce Questions:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Define signal and give examples of operations on signals. What are basic signals. Differentiate continuous and digital signals. What are the applications of signals. Define energy and power signals.

Lab In-charge

2. LINEAR CONVOLUTION Aim:

To compute the response of a discrete LTI system with input sequence x(n) and

impulse response h(n) by using linear convolution.

Equipments:
Operating System Constructor Software Windows XP Simulator CCStudio 2

Theory:

Procedure:
1. Open CC Studio and Create a new project(projnew). 2. Open source file and write the program and save the file with .C extension. (filenewsource file). 3. Add source files to project (projadd files to projectfilename.c). 4. Add library files to project (path: C:ti\C6000\Cgtools\lib\rts6700.lib). 5. Add linker command files to project(path: C:ti\tutorial\dsk6711\hello1\hello.cmd). 6. Compile and build the program (projcompile file, build). 7. Load program (fileload program: Look in: proj. Out). 8. Run the program and observe the result (debugrun).

Program:
// Linear convolution program in c language using CCStudio #include<stdio.h> int x[15],h[15],y[15]; main() { int i,j,m,n; printf("\n enter value for m"); scanf("%d",&m); printf("\n enter value for n"); scanf("%d",&n); printf("Enter values for i/p x(n):\n"); for(i=0;i<m;i++) scanf("%d",&x[i]); printf("Enter Values for i/p h(n) \n"); for(i=0;i<n; i++) scanf("%d",&h[i]); // padding of zeros for(i=m;i<=m+n-1;i++) x[i]=0; for(i=n;i<=m+n-1;i++) h[i]=0; /* convolution operation */ for(i=0;i<m+n-1;i++) { y[i]=0; for(j=0;j<=i;j++) { y[i]=y[i]+(x[j]*h[i-j]); } } //displaying the o/p for(i=0;i<m+n-1;i++) printf("\n The Value of output y[%d]=%d",i,y[i]); }

OUTPUT:

Result:

Precautions:

Check out source file is with .c extension or not. Check out the files added were correct or not. Do not add more than one source file to the project at a time. If only building the project is having error check the processor setup.
Dont open any other folders or files. Dont delete any file or folder without informing the system administrator or lab incharge.

VIVA -VOCE QUESTIONS: What is the need of convolution Why DFT does not support Linear Convolution. How to obtain the response of discrete LTI system from Linear Convolution What are different steps required to execute the DSP program in CCS. How to create project in CCS. What are different files to be added for project, to execute the program

Lab In-charge

3. IMPLEMENTATION OF FIR FILTER Aim:

To design FIR filters using c program & implement in CCS software

Equipments:
Operating System Constructor Software Windows XP Simulator CCStudio 3

Theory:

Procedure:
1. Open CC Studio and Create a new project (projnew). 2. Open source file and write the program and save the file with .C extension.(filenewsource file). 3. Add source files to project (projadd files to projectfilename.c). 4. Add library files to project (path: C:ti\C6000\Cgtools\lib\rts6700.lib). 5. Add linker command files to project (path: C:ti\tutorial\dsk6711\hello1\hello.cmd). 6. Compile and build the program (projcompile file, build). 7. Load program (fileload program: Look in: proj.Out). 8. Run the program and observe the result (debugrun).

Program:
#include<stdio.h> #include<math.h> #define pi 3.1415 int n,N,c; float wr[64],wt[64]; void main() { printf("\n enter no. of samples,N= :"); scanf("%d",&N); printf("\n enter choice of window function\n 1.rect \n 2. triang \n c= :"); scanf("%d",&c); printf("\n elements of window function are:"); switch(c) { case 1: for(n=0;n<=N-1;n++) { wr[n]=1; printf(" \n wr[%d]=%f",n,wr[n]); } break; case 2: for(n=0;n<=N-1;n++) { wt[n]=1-(2*(float)n/(N-1)); printf("\n wt[%d]=%f",n,wt[n]); } break; } }

Output:

Result:

Precautions:

Check out source file is with .c extension or not. Check out the files added were correct or not. Do not add more than one source file to the project at a time. If only building the project is having error check the processor setup.
Dont open any other folders or files. Dont delete any file or folder without informing the system administrator or lab incharge.

Viva -voce questions:

What are the advantages of FIR filter? What is the need of usage of windows? What are different steps required to execute the DSP program in CCS. How to create project in CCS. What are different files to be added for project, to execute the program?

Lab In-charge

4. IMPLEMENTATION OF IIR FILTERS Aim:

To design and implement IIR (LPF/HPF) filters using c program & implement in CCS software.

Equipments:
Operating System Constructor Software Windows XP Simulator CCStudio 3

Theory:

Procedure:
1. Open CC Studio and Create a new project (projnew). 2. Open source file and write the program and save the file with .C extension.(filenewsource file). 3. Add source files to project (projadd files to projectfilename.c). 4. Add library files to project (path: C:ti\C6000\Cgtools\lib\rts6700.lib). 5. Add linker command files to project (path: C:ti\tutorial\dsk6711\hello1\hello.cmd). 6. Compile and build the program (projcompile file, build). 7. Load program (fileload program: Look in: proj. Out). 8. Run the program and observe the result (debugrun).

Program:
// iir filter implementation. #include<stdio.h> #include<math.h> int i,w,wc,c,N; float H[100]; float mul(float, int); void main() { printf("\n enter order of filter "); scanf("%d",&N); printf("\n enter the cutoff freq "); scanf("%d",&wc); printf("\n enter the choice for IIR filter 1. LPF 2.HPF "); scanf("%d",&c); switch(c) { case 1: for(w=0;w<100;w++) { H[w]=1/sqrt(1+mul((w/(float)wc),2*N)); printf("H[%d]=%f\n",w,H[w]); } break; case 2: for(w=0;w<=100;w++) { H[w]=1/sqrt(1+mul((float)wc/w,2*N)); printf("H[%d]=%f\n",w,H[w]); } break; } } float mul(float a,int x) { for(i=0;i<x-1;i++)

a*=a; return(a); } OUTPUT:

Result:

PRECAUTIONS:

Check out source file is with .c extension or not. Check out the files added were correct or not. Do not add more than one source file to the project at a time. If only building the project is having error check the processor setup.
Dont open any other folders or files. Dont delete any file or folder without informing the system administrator or lab incharge.

VIVA -VOCE QUESTIONS:

What are advantages of IIR Filter over FIR Filter? What are different windows for IIR filter? What is the need of window. Which are raised cosine windows? What are characteristics of LPF and HPF?

Lab In-charge

5. CALCULATION OF FAST FOURIER TRANSFORM

Aim:
To verify Fast Fourier Transform using c program & implement in CCS software.

Equipments:
Operating System Constructor Software Windows XP Simulator CCStudio 3

Theory:

Procedure: 1. Open CC Studio and Create a new project (projnew). 2. Open source file and write the program and save the file with .C extension. (filenewsource file). 3. Add source files to project (projadd files to projectfilename.c). 4. Add library files to project (path: C:ti\C6000\Cgtools\lib\rts6700.lib). 5. Add linker command files to project (path: C:ti\tutorial\dsk6711\hello1\hello.cmd). 6. Compile and build the program (projcompile file, build). 7. Load program (fileload program: Look in: proj. Out). 8. Run the program and observe the result (debugrun).

Program:
#include<stdio.h> #include<math.h> #define Pi 3.142857 int x[20],N,n,k; float XReP[20],XImP[20],X[20],MSofX[20],PSofX[20]; void main() { printf("Enter the length of discrete sequence x(n):N="); scanf("%d",&N); printf("Enter the discrete sequence x(n):\n"); for(n=0;n<N;n++) scanf("%d",&x[n]); for(k=0;k<N;k++) { XReP[k]=0; XImP[k]=0; for(n=0;n<N;n++) { XReP[k]=XReP[k]+x[n]*cos(2*Pi*n*k/N); XImP[k]=XImP[k]+x[n]*sin(2*Pi*n*k/N); } MSofX[k]=sqrt(XReP[k]*XReP[k]+XImP[k]*XImP[k]);

XImP[k]=-XImP[k]; PSofX[k]=atan(XImP[k]/XReP[k]); } printf("\nDiscrete sequence x(n)="); for(n=0;n<N;n++) printf("\t%d",x[n]); printf("\nDFT sequence X(K)="); for(k=0;k<N;k++) { if(XImP[k]>0) printf("\n%f-%fi",XReP[k],XImP[k]); else printf("\n%f+%fi",XReP[k],-XImP[k]); } printf("\nMagnitude Spectrum of X(K)\t="); for(k=0;k<N;k++) printf("\t %f",MSofX[k]); printf("\nPhase Spectrum of X(K)\t="); for(k=0;k<N;k++) printf("\t %f ",PSofX[k]); }

Output:

Result:

Precautions:

Check out source file is with .c extension or not. Check out the files added were correct or not. Do not add more than one source file to the project at a time. If only building the project is having error check the processor setup.
Dont open any other folders or files. Dont delete any file or folder without informing the system administrator or lab incharge.

Viva-voce questions:
What is Fast Fourier Transform How to obtain Fast Fourier Transform of a sequence x(n) What are different types of FFT algorithms Explain clearly how computational efficiency increases through FFT How to compute IDFT through FFT How to obtain response of the system from FFT.

Lab In-charge

CYCLE

-------

II

1. GENERATION OF DISCRETE TIME SIGNALS. Aim:

Generating different discrete time signals.

Equipments:
Operating System Constructor Software Windows XP Simulator MATLAB 7.1.0

Theory:

Procedure:
1. 2. 3. 4. Click on the Matlab icon and open Mfile(finenewM-file) Write the program and save it. Run the program . If any errors occurred in command window correct them and again run the program. 5. Observe the result in command window and plots on figure window.

Program:
clc; clear all; close all; x=-pi:0.01:pi; y=sin(x); z=cos(x); k=square(x,20); b=tripuls(x); i=sawtooth(x); c=rectpuls(x); figure(1); subplot(3,3,1) stem(y); subplot(3,3,2) stem(z); subplot(3,3,3) stem(k); subplot(3,3,4) stem(b); subplot(3,3,5) stem(i); subplot(3,3,6) stem(c); t=-10:0.1:10; a=impulse(sys,t); b=step(sys,t); c=exp(sys,t); figure(2) subplot(2,2,1) stem(a); subplot(2,2,2) stem(b); subplot(2,2,3) stem(c);

Output:

Result:

Precautions:

Files should not save with the numbers as starting. Dont save the files with the two words separated by space. Dont open any other folders or files. Dont delete any file or folder without informing the system administrator or lab incharge.

Viva-voce Questions:
Define Discrete time signal. What are the different types of discrete time signals. What is the command used for plotting of discrete time signal. Compare discrete time and continuous time signal. Explain about Matlab briefly.

Lab In-charge

2. VERIFICATION OF SAMPLING THEOREM

Aim:
To verify sampling theorem using MATLAB

Equipments:
Operating System Constructor Software Windows XP Simulator MATLAB 7.1.0

Theory:

Procedure:
1. 2. 3. 4. Click on the Matlab icon and open Mfile(finenewM-file) Write the program and save it. Run the program . If any errors occurred in command window correct them and again run the program. 5. Observe the result in command window and plots on figure window.

Program:
clc; close all; clear all; t=-10:0.01:10; T=8; fm=1/T; x=sin(2*pi*fm*t); fs1=1.2*fm; fs2=2*fm; fs3=8*fm; n1=-4:1:4; xn1=cos(2*pi*n1*fm/fs1); subplot(221); plot(t,x); xlabel('time in seconds'); ylabel('x(t)'); title('continuous time signal'); subplot(222); stem(n1,xn1); hold on; plot(n1,xn1); xlabel('n'); ylabel('x(n)'); title('discrete time signal with fs<2fm'); n2=5:1:5; xn2=cos(2*pi*n2*fm/fs2); subplot(223); stem(n2,xn2); hold on; plot(n2,xn2); xlabel('n'); ylabel('x(n)'); title('discrete time signal with fs=2fm'); n3=20:1:20; xn3=cos(2*pi*n3*fm/fs3); subplot(224); stem(n3,xn3); hold on; plot(n3,xn3); xlabel('n'); ylabel('x(n)'); title('discrete time signal with fs>2fm');

Output:

Result:

Precautions:

Files should not save with the numbers as starting. Dont save the files with the two words separated by space. Dont open any other folders or files. Dont delete any file or folder without informing the system administrator or lab incharge.

Viva-voce Questions:
Define Sampling theorem. What is the condition of sampling theorem. What is the disadvantage of the sampling theorem and what is the remedy for that. How we can find the sampling frequency. What are different toolboxes available in matlab.

Lab In-charge

3. FFT AND IFFT

Aim:
To verify Fast Fourier Transform.

Equipments:
Operating System Constructor Software Windows XP - Simulator - MATLAB 7.0

Theory:

Procedure:
1. 2. 3. 4. Click on the Matlab icon and open Mfile(finenewM-file) Write the program and save it. Run the program . If any errors occurred in command window correct them and again run the program. 5. Observe the result in command window and plots on figure window.

Program:
%fast fourier transform
clc; clear all; close all; n=input('enter the length of fft'); x=input('enter the sequence'); subplot(221); title('i/p signal'); xlabel('n --->'); ylabel('x(n) -->'); grid; stem(x); %compute fft disp('fourier transformed signal'); x1=abs(fft(x,n)) subplot(2,2,2);stem(x1); xlabel('n --->'); ylabel('x(n) -->');grid; title('fft of i/p x(n) is:'); x2=fftshift(x1); subplot(223);stem(x2);grid; subplot(224);plot(x2); % x=fftshift(abs(fft([ones(1,8),zeros(1,100)]))); % plot(x) xlabel('Real axis --->'); ylabel('Imaginary axis -->');grid; x3=ifft(x,n); figure; stem(x2); xlabel('Real axis --->'); ylabel('Imaginary axis -->');grid;

Output:

Result:

Precautions:

Files should not save with the numbers as starting. Dont save the files with the two words separated by space. Dont open any other folders or files. Dont delete any file or folder without informing the system administrator or lab incharge.

Viva-voce Questions:

Define FFT. Define IFFT. What is the meaning of FFT and IFFT commands in Matlab. Explain about the Fast Fourier transform. Give the details of the commands used for finding FFT.

Lab In-charge

4. TIME AND FREQUENCY RESPONSE OF LTI SYSTEMS Aim:

To find time and frequency response of an LTI systems

Equipments:
Operating System Constructor Software Windows XP Simulator MATLAB 7.1.0

Theory:

Procedure:
1. 2. 3. 4. Click on the Mat lab icon and open Mfile(finenewM-file) Write the program and save it. Run the program. If any errors occurred in command window correct them and again run the program. 5. Observe the result in command window and plots on figure window.

Program:

Output:

Result:

Precautions:

Files should not save with the numbers as starting. Dont save the files with the words separated by space. Dont open any other folders or files. Dont delete any file or folder without informing the system administrator or lab incharge.

Viva-voce Questions:

What is an LTI system? What are the characteristics of an LTI system? What is meant by Frequency Response of LTI system? What is meant by Time Response of the LTI system? What are the toolboxes available in mat lab?

Lab In-charge

5. LINEAR AND CIRCULAR CONVOLUTION THROUGH FFT Aim:

To implement Linear and Circular convolution through FFT.

Equipments:
Operating System Constructor Software Windows XP Simulator MATLAB 7.1.0

Theory:

Procedure:
1. Click on the Mat lab icon and open Mfile (finenewM-file) 2. Write the program and save it. 3. Run the program. 4. If any errors occurred in command window correct them and again run the program. 5. Observe the result in command window and plots on figure window.

Program:
% Program for circular convolution clc; clear all; x1=input('enter the first sequence'); x2=input('enter the second sequence'); n=input('enter the no of points of the dft'); subplot(3,1,1); stem(x1,'filled'); title('plot of first sequence'); subplot(3,1,2); stem(x2,'filled'); title('plot the second sequnce'); y1=fft(x1,n); y2=fft(x2,n); y3=y1.*y2; y=ifft(y3,n); disp('the circular convolution result is ......'); disp(y); subplot(3,1,3); stem(y,'filled'); title('plot of circularly convoluted sequence'); OR clc; clear all; x1=input(enter the first sequence); x2=input(enter the second sequence); n=input(enter the no of points of the dft); subplot(3,1,1); stem(x1,filled); title(plot of first sequence); subplot(3,1,2);

stem(x2,filled); title(plot the second sequnce); n1 = length(x1); n2 = length(x2); m = n1+n2-1; % Length of linear convolution x = [x1 zeros(1,n2-1)]; % Padding of zeros to make it of % length m y = [x2 zeros(1,n1-1)]; x_fft = fft(x,m); y_fft = fft(y,m); dft_xy = x_fft.*y_fft; y=ifft(dft_xy,m); disp(the circular convolution result is ......); disp(y); subplot(3,1,3); stem(y,filled); title(plot of circularly convoluted sequence);

Output:

Result:

Precautions:

Files should not save with the numbers as starting. Dont save the files with the words separated by space. Dont open any other folders or files. Dont delete any file or folder without informing the system administrator or lab incharge.

Viva-voce Questions:

What is meant by linear Convolution? What is meant by Circular Convolution? What is the difference between Linear and Circular Convolution? Commands used for Convolution using FFT. What are the toolboxes available in mat lab?

Lab In-charge

6. DESIGN OF FIR FILTERS(WINDOW DESIGN) Aim:

To Design and Implement FIR filters

Equipments:
Operating System Constructor Software Windows XP Simulator MATLAB 7.1.0

Theory:

Procedure:
1. Click on the Mat lab icon and open Mfile(finenewM-file) 2. Write the program and save it. 3. Run the program. 4. If any errors occurred in command window correct them and again run the program. 5. Observe the result in command window and plots on figure window.

Program:
%fir filter design (window techniques) clc; clear all; close all; rp=input('enter passband ripple'); rs=input('enter the stopband ripple'); fp=input('enter passband freq'); fs=input('enter stopband freq'); f=input('enter sampling freq '); wp=2*fp/f; ws=2*fs/f; num=-20*log10(sqrt(rp*rs))-13; dem=14.6*(fs-fp)/f; n=ceil(num/dem); n1=n+1; if(rem(n,2)~=0) n1=n; n=n-1; end c=input('enter your choice of window function 1. rectangular 2. triangular 3.kaiser: \n '); if(c==1) y=rectwin(n1); disp('Rectangular window filter response'); end if (c==2) y=triang(n1); disp('Triangular window filter response'); end if(c==3) y=kaiser(n1); disp('kaiser window filter response'); end %LPF

b=fir1(n,wp,y); [h,o]=freqz(b,1,256); m=20*log10(abs(h)); subplot(2,2,1);plot(o/pi,m); title('LPF'); ylabel('Gain in dB-->'); xlabel('(a) %HPF b=fir1(n,wp,'high',y); [h,o]=freqz(b,1,256); m=20*log10(abs(h)); subplot(2,2,2);plot(o/pi,m); title('HPF'); ylabel('Gain in dB-->'); xlabel('(b) %BPF wn=[wp ws]; b=fir1(n,wn,y); [h,o]=freqz(b,1,256); m=20*log10(abs(h)); subplot(2,2,3);plot(o/pi,m); title('BPF'); ylabel('Gain in dB-->'); xlabel('(c) %BSF b=fir1(n,wn,'stop',y); [h,o]=freqz(b,1,256); m=20*log10(abs(h)); subplot(2,2,4);plot(o/pi,m); title('BSF'); ylabel('Gain in dB-->'); xlabel('(d) Normalized frequency-->'); Normalized frequency-->'); Normalized frequency-->'); Normalized frequency-->');

Output:

Result:

Precautions:

Files should not save with the numbers as starting. Dont save the files with the two words separated by space. Dont open any other folders or files. Dont delete any file or folder without informing the system administrator or lab incharge.

Viva-voce Questions:

What are advantages of FIR Filter? What are different windows for fir filter? What is the need of usage of windows? What are different steps required to execute the DSP program in Mat lab. What is the command used for FIR filter implementation.

Lab In-charge

7. DESIGN OF IIR FILTERS (BUTTERWORTH&CHEBYCHEV) Aim:

To design and implementation of IIR (Butterworth &Chebychev) filters.

Equipments:
Operating System Constructor Software Windows XP Simulator MATLAB 7.1.0

Theory:

Procedure:
1. Click on the Mat lab icon and open Mfile(finenewM-file) 2. Write the program and save it. 3. Run the program . 4. If any errors occurred in command window correct them and again run the program. 6. Observe the result in command window and plots on figure window.

Program:
clc; clear all; close all; warning off; disp('enter the IIR filter design specifications'); rp=input('enter the passband ripple'); rs=input('enter the stopband ripple'); wp=input('enter the passband freq'); ws=input('enter the stopband freq'); fs=input('enter the sampling freq'); w1=2*wp/fs;w2=2*ws/fs; [n,wn]=buttord(w1,w2,rp,rs,'s'); c=input('enter choice of filter 1. LPF 2. HPF \n '); if(c==1) disp('Frequency response of IIR LPF is:'); [b,a]=butter(n,wn,'low','s'); end if(c==2) disp('Frequency response of IIR HPF is:'); [b,a]=butter(n,wn,'high','s'); end w=0:.01:pi; [h,om]=freqs(b,a,w); m=20*log10(abs(h)); an=angle(h); figure,subplot(2,1,1);plot(om/pi,m); title('magnitude response of IIR filter is:'); xlabel('(a) Normalized freq. -->'); ylabel('Gain in dB-->'); subplot(2,1,2);plot(om/pi,an); title('phase response of IIR filter is:'); xlabel('(b) Normalized freq. -->'); ylabel('Phase in radians-->');

Output:

Result:

Precautions:

Files should not save with the numbers as starting. Dont save the files with the two words separated by space. Dont open any other folders or files. Dont delete any file or folder without informing the system administrator or lab incharge.

Viva-voce Questions:

What are advantages of IIR Filter over FIR Filters? What is the difference between Butterworth and Chebychev? What is the Command used for Butterworth filter. Explain about Mat lab. What are the advantages of this Mat lab..

Lab In-charge

Additional Experiments