Arzela-Ascoli Theorem and Applications
The theorem of the title gives an immensely useful criterion of compactness of subsets of C(X) where X is a compact metric space and C(X) is given the sup norm metric. Denition 1. Let X and Y be metric spaces. A family A of functions from X to Y is said to be equicontinuous on X if for any > 0 there exists a > 0 such that d(x1 , x2 ) < d(f (x1 ), f (x2 )) < for all f A.
I may need to give more details here.
Ex. 2. Any member of an equicontinuous family is uniformly continuous. Ex. 3. Let f : X Y be any continuous function. Then A := {f } is equicontinuous i . . .. The following two exercises give two of the most important ways equicontinuous families arise. Ex. 4. Let X be a compact metric space. Let F : X X Z be continuous. Let fy (x) := F (x, y). Then A := {fy : y X} is equicontinuous. Ex. 5. Let X Rn be convex and open. Let A be a family of dierentiable functions from X to Rm . Assume that there exists M > 0 such that Df (x) M for all x X. Then A is equicontinuous. Theorem 6 (Arzela-Ascoli Theorem). Let X be a compact metric space. Let C(X, K) be given the sup norm metric. (K is either R or C.) Then a set B C(X) is compact i B is bounded, closed and equicontinuous. Proof. Assume that B is compact. Then B is closed and totally bounded since C(X) is a complete metric space. Given > 0 there exists fi B for 1 i n such that B i B(fi , ). Let i be chosen by the uniform continuity of fi for the given . Let be the minimum of the i s. This does the job. Now assume that B is bounded, closed and equicontinuous. We show that B is totally bounded. Let > 0 be given. Let M be such that |f (x)| M for all x X and f B. Using the equicontinuity of B we get a . We can nd xi X, 1 i m such that X = m B(xi , ). Since B[0, M ] the closed ball of radius M centred at 0 in K is compact i=1 and hence totally bounded we can nd yj B[0, M ], 1 j n such that B[0, M ] B(yj , ). Let A := { : {xi } {yj }}. Then |A| = nm . For A let U := {f B : |f (xi ) (i)| }. Then the diameter of U is at most 4 and their union cover B. (Draw a picture!) 1
Ex. 7. Let X be a compact metric space. Let C(X, Rn ) be given the metric d(f, g) := sup { f (x) g(x) }.
xX
Prove an analog of Arzela-Ascoli theorem for subsets of this space. Ex. 8. Let X and Y be compact metric spaces. Then B C(X, Y ) is compact i it is bounded and equicontinuous. Ex. 9. Application to Complex Analysis. Let U C be open. Let {fn } be a sequence of holomorphic functions on U . Assume that for each compact subset K of U there is a constant MK such that |fn (z)| MK for z K and n N. Then there is a subsequence which converges uniformly to a holomorphic function on compact subsets of U . Hint: Use Cauchy integral formula to obtain equicontinuity. This result is used in proving Riemann Mapping theorem in Complex Analysis. Ex. 10. Application to Functional Analysis. Let K C([0, 1] [0, 1]). For f C[0, 1] dene the integral operator
1
TK f (x) :=
0
K(x, y)f (y) dy. is linear and compact in the sense that {TK f :
Then TK : (C[0, 1], ) (C[0, 1], f 1} has compact closure.
Theorem 11. Application to ODE Peanos Theorem. Let f be a continuous function from a neighbourhood U of (0, x0 ) R Rn to Rn . Then there exists an > 0 such that the initial value problem dx = f (t, x(t)), x(0) = x0 dt has a solution x on [0, ]. Proof. Without loss of generality assume that U is of the form [, ] B[x0 , r]. Let M be a bound for f on U . Let := min{, r/M }. Dene a sequence (xn ) on [0, ] as follows: xn (t) := x0 x0 +
t 0 /nf (s, xn (s)) ds
t [0, /n], t (/n, ].
Observe that these formulas determine the function xn on [0, ] since its values on (k/n, (k + 1)/n] are determined by its values on [0, k/n] for 1 k n 1 and its values on [0, /n] are given. The family {xn } is equicontinuous on [0, ]. Let (xnk ) converge to x. Then x satises an integral equation which is equivalent to the given DE on [0, ]. The next problem is to show you how Arzela-Ascoli is exploited in seemingly unlikely contexts. We introduce some notation. Let : Rn R be dened as follows: (x) := e 0
1 1 x 2
for x 1 for x 1.
For any > 0, we let (x) := n (x/) for x Rn . Recall the convolution: f g(x) := Rn f (x y)g(y) dy, whenever the integral makes sense. (For more details, see the section on Approximate Identities.) Ex. 12. Let be a bounded open subset of Rn . Let A be a subset of Lp (). Then A is relatively compact i A has the following properties: i) f f p 0 uniformly in f A as 0 and ii) f M for some M for all f A. Hint: Enough to show that A is totally bounded. Let be given. Choose > 0 such that f f < /2. Enough to nd a /2-net for B := { f : f A}. Show that B is uniformly bounded and equicontinuous.
