Differentiation Rules f (a) = limh 0 [ f (a + h) f (a)]/h = limx a [ f (x) f (a)]/(x a) d( fg) df dg f gf fg =g + f 1. (u v ) = u v 2. or ( fg) = gf + fg 3. ( ) = dx dx dx g g2 u d (e u ) u du d(u n ) n 1 du d (a ) = au ln(a) du = nu =e 4. 5. 6.

=e 4. 5. 6. dx dx dx dx dx dx d (log a (u)) 1 du d (ln(u)) 1 du = 7. 8. = dx u dx dx u ln(a) dx d (sin(u)) du d (cos(u)) du = cos(u) = sin(u) 9. 10. dx dx dx dx d (tan(u)) du d (cot(u)) du 2 2 = sec (u) = csc (u) 11. 12. dx dx dx dx d (sec(u)) du d (csc(u)) du = sec(u)tan(u) = csc(u)cot(u) 13. 14. dx dx dx dx d(arcsin(u)) 1 du d(arccos(u)) 1 du 15, 16. = = dx dx 1 u2 dx 1 u 2 dx d(arctan(u)) 1 du d(arccot(u)) 1 du = = 17. 18. 2 dx 1+ u dx dx 1+ u 2 dx
d(arcsec(u)) 1 du d(arccsc(u)) 1 du 20. = = dx dx u u2 1 dx u u2 1 dx d (sinh(u)) du d (cosh(u)) du = cosh(u) = sinh(u) 21. 22. dx dx dx dx d (tanh(u)) du d (coth(u)) du 2 2 = sech (u) = csch (u) 23. 24. dx dx dx dx d (sech(u)) du d (csch(u)) du = sech(u)tanh(u) = csch(u) coth(u) 25. 26. dx dx dx dx 1 1 d (sinh (u)) d (cosh (u)) 1 du 1 du 27. 28. = = dx dx u 2 + 1 dx u 2 1 dx 1 1 d (tanh (u)) d (sech (u)) 1 du 1 du = 29. 30. = 2 2 dx 1 u dx dx u 1 u dx 2 2 33. Implicit differentiation: y x y = x 1 Logarithmic differentiation y = (sin x) x 34. Linear approximation f (x) L(x) = f (a) + f (a)(x a) Tangent line: y y 0 = f (x 0 )(x x 0 ) 35. f (x) = mtan =rate of change of y = f (x) ; velocity, 36. First derivative: If f (x) >0, then f (x) ; If f (x) <0, then f is decreasing 37. Critical number for local max/min: If f (c) =0 or f (c) = d.n.e. Test for local max/min 38. Absolute extrema: Comparing y-values at ending points and all y-values at critical numbers. 39. Second derivative: If f (x) is +, then f concave up ( ).If f (x) is , f concave down ( ) 40. Sketch graphs. (i) Domain ii) Asymptotes(H.A, V.A, and S.A) iii) x-, y- intercepts iv) using f , f for inc/dec, local extrema, and concave up /down, inflection v)piece neatly. 41. Optimization:Identify (two) variables, constraint equation and objective function, solve one variable from constraints, and find critical points of objective, and verify max /min x3 f (x) f (x) 0 = lim 42. , lim x 3ex (0.) = lim x ( ) LHopitals Rule: finding limit of ( , ): lim x e 0 xa g(x) xa g(x) x 43 (Newtons Method): Approximate solution to f (x) = 0 x n +1 = x n f (x n ) / f (x n ) f (2) f (0) f (b) f (a) =3 44.The Mean Value Theorem: f (c) = , Ex. f (x) = x 3 x,[0,2] 20 ba f (c) = 3c 2 1=3, then 3c 2 = 4 , so c = 2 / 3 , ignore c = 2 / 3 (not in (0,2)).

19.

Basic Integration Formulas 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

kdu = ku + C , kf (u)du = k f (u)du [ f (u) g(u)]du = f (u)du g(u)du

un +1 + C, n 1 n +1

u = ln u + C e du = e + C a a du = ln(a) + C
u u
u u

du

du u = arcsin + C 2 a a u du 1 u 18. 2 arctan + C 2 = a +u a a du 1 u 19. = arcsec + C a u u2 a2 a

20. 21. 22. 23.

sinh(u)du = cosh(u) + C cosh(u)du = sinh(u) + C sech (u)du = tanh(u) + C

sin(u)du = cos(u) + C cos(u)du = sin(u) + C tan(u)du = ln cos(u) + C

du = ln u + u 2 a 2 + C 2 2 u a du 1 a+u 24. 2 ln +C 2 = a u 2a a u du 1 a + a2 u 2 +C 25. = ln a u u a2 u 2

cot(u) du = ln sin(u) + C 11. sec(u)du = ln sec(u) + tan(u) + C 12. csc(u)du = ln csc(u) + cot(u) + C 13. sec (u)du = tan(u) + C 14. csc (u)du = cot(u) + C . 15. sec(u)tan(u)du = sec(u) + C .
2 2

26.

udv = uv vdu

(Integration by Parts)

27. Trigonometric Substitution (a > 0) For integrals involving a 2 u 2 , let u = asin( ) For integrals involving a 2 + u 2 , let u = atan( ) For integrals involving u 2 a 2 , let u = asec( ) 28. Mean value of y = f (x) : y ave = 29. (Derivative of Integrals)
1 ba

b a

f (x)dx

d x f (t)dt = f (x) dx a Substitution in Indefinite integral: f [g(x)]g(x)dx = f (u)du , u g(x),du = g(x)dx = (ln x) 2 1 dx u2 1 3 1 2 dx,u = ln x,du = dx = dx = xdu, xdu, u du = u + c = (ln x) 3 + c Ex. 3 x x x x 3 2 du Substitution in Definite Integrals: 0 x 2x 2 + 1dx , u = 2 + 1 du = 4 xdx,dx = , simplify, 2x 4x and find the new limits of integration for u . When x = 0 , u = 2(0) + 1 = 1; x = 2,u = 2(4) + 1 = 9 (to 1 3 3 2 9 du 1 9 2 1 2 1 1 26 13 9 = u du = u 2 |1 = (9 2 1) = (33 1) = u). So 0 x 2x 2 + 1dx = 1 x u = 4x 4 1 4 3 6 6 6 3 Numerical Integration (7.7): Right-end: Trapezoid, Simpson b

16. csc(u)cot(u)du = csc(u) + C .

a b

f (x)dx x[ f (x ) + f (x
1
a

f (x 0 ) f (xn ) f (a) n1 f (b) f (x)dx x + f (x1 ) + f (x 2 ) + + f (x n1 ) + = x + f (a + ix) + 2 2 2 2 i =1

) + + f (x n )] = x f (xi ) = x f (a + ix) i =1 i =1

f (x)dx

x [ f (x0 ) + 4 f (x1) + 2 f (x2 ) + 4 f (x3 ) + + 2 f (x n 2) + 4 f (xn1 ) + f (x n )] (Simpson) 3

Linear Approximation f(x) f (x0) + f ( x0) (x x0)

Newtons Method x n +1 = x n

Application

1.Domain, vertical asymptotes, horizontal asymptotes (Test 1) 2.Continuity, differentiable at a point (check left /right side) 3.Application of Derivatives a. Slope of tangent b. Rate of change, or velocity c. Increase /Decrease (y ) , Concavity (y ) d. Max/min (y =0 or undefined) Optimization (Sec 3.7) e) Sketch graph (section 3.6, handouts, follow procedure) 4. Application of Integration a. Area * b. Distance c. Average value(Integration Mean Value Theorem) Also you write down your own formulas.

Sec 5.5

Integration by Substitution
2

1. Substitution in Indefinite Integrals Ex. Evaluate 2xe x dx 2 du du = u du = udx = 2xdx , and dx = , 2xe x dx = Choose a new variable u = x 2 ;then dx 2x x 2 du u u x2 2xe u 2x = e du = e + c = e + c . (most time, replace dx and do cancellation) e 2. f [g(x)]g(x)dx = f function of integrand (u)du , u = g(x),du = g(x)dx , u :inner most

(3sin x + 4) cos xdx Let u =3 sin x + 4, then du =( 3sinx +4 ) dx = 3cosx dx, du du 1 1 dx = = u du = u + c =.. , (3sin x + 4) cos xdx = (3sin+ 4) cos x x 3cos x 3cos x 3 3

Ex1.

u5

Ex2.

sin x 1 1 dx, let u = x , du = (x )dx = x 2 dx = dx , so dx = 2 xdu , and 2 x 2 x

1 2

sin x dx = x

sin u sin x 2 xdu = 2 sin udu = = 2cos u + c = 2cos x + c x

(tan1 x) 2 d 1 1 1 dx , since (tan1 x) = Ex3. 2 1+ x 2 dx . Let u = tan x , du = 1+ x 2 dx, and 1+ x dx (tan1 x) 2 1 1 1 1 x) 1+ x 2 dx = (tan2 1+ x 2 dx = u2du = 3 u3 + c = 3 (tan1 x)3 + c ( not solve dx!) u2 du 2 du 3.Substitution in Definite Integrals: 0 x 2x 2 + 1dx , u = 2x 2 + 1 du = 4 xdx,dx = . find the 4x new limits of integration for u . When x = 0 , u = 2(0) + 1 = 1; x = 2,u = 2(4) + 1 = 9 1 3 3 2 9 du 1 9 2 1 2 2 9 1 2 1 26 13 2 = 1 u du = u |1 = (9 1) = (33 1) = = So 0 x 2x + 1dx = 1 x u 4x 4 4 3 6 6 3 6 /3 sin 3 du d, u = cos 3 + du = sin(3 )d d = 2, 4. 0 , and cos 3 + 2 sin 3 = 0,u = cos(0) + 2 = 1+ 2 = 3; = /3,u = cos( ) + 2 = 1+ 2 = 1 /3 1 sin(3 ) sin 3 du 1 11 1 1 1 1 d = 3 = du = [ ln u] |1 =( ln1+ ln 3) = ln 3 5.(#42) 0 cos 3 + 2 3 u 3 u 3sin 3 3 3 3 3 3 x du 4 3 1+ x 4 dx , if use u = 1+ x ,du = 4 x dx , dx = 4 x 3 , then x x du 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1+ x 4 dx = u 4 x 3 = 4 x 2 u du (unsuccessful!) ( x 2 ud u , or x 2 dx ud u ) If let u = 2 ,du = 2xdx , and note that x 4 = (x 2 ) 2 = u 2 , x x x du 1 1 1 1 1+ x 4 dx = 1+ u2 2x = 2 1+ u2 du = 2 tan1(u) = 2 tan1(x 2 ) + c [0,1][1,e ] 1 e du et e Also for ,u = e t ,du e t dt,e 2t = (e t ) 2 = u 2 1 = = tan1 u |1 0 1+ e 2t 1+ u 2