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Limits of Functions

The document defines limits of functions and provides examples of calculating limits of various types of functions, including: 1) Algebraic functions using methods like substitution, factorization, and multiplying by wholly rational expressions. 2) Functions with indeterminate forms like 0/0 or infinity/infinity by factorizing the numerator and denominator. 3) Trigonometric functions by recognizing identities like sin(2x)=2sin(x)cos(x) and applying limits of standard forms. 4) Limits of the form f(x)/g(x) by dividing the numerator and denominator by the highest power term in the denominator. It also outlines theorems and properties for finding limits,

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normasulasa
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© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
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307 views

Limits of Functions

The document defines limits of functions and provides examples of calculating limits of various types of functions, including: 1) Algebraic functions using methods like substitution, factorization, and multiplying by wholly rational expressions. 2) Functions with indeterminate forms like 0/0 or infinity/infinity by factorizing the numerator and denominator. 3) Trigonometric functions by recognizing identities like sin(2x)=2sin(x)cos(x) and applying limits of standard forms. 4) Limits of the form f(x)/g(x) by dividing the numerator and denominator by the highest power term in the denominator. It also outlines theorems and properties for finding limits,

Uploaded by

normasulasa
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PPSX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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MATHEMATICS 2

FOR SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL


CHAPTER 7
LIMITS OF FUNCTIONS
Definition Of Limits of Functions
The word or approaches or almost can be analogized as limit in mathematics.
There are two important ideas to understand the definition of limits of
functions, that is :
1. Observing the graph of a function surrounding the point being observed.
2. Calculating the value of the function surrounding the point being
observed.

Intuitively, the definition of limit can be defined
As follows :
The expression of shows that
If x approche as a but , then the
Value of approaches L.

L x f
a x
=

) ( lim
a x =
) (x f
A
Limits of algebraic Functions
1. Limits of function for
a. Method of Subtitution
if the function of has a certain value for then

Example
Determine the value of following limits of function :
a. b.

Answers :
a. . Them,

b. . Them ,
) (x f a x
) (x f
a x = ) ( ) ( lim a f x f
a x
=

) 3 5 ( lim
0

x
x
2
4
lim
2
2
+

x
x
x
3 3 0 3 0 . 5 ) 3 5 ( lim = = =

x
o x
. 3 ) 3 5 ( lim
0
=

x
x
0
4
0
4
4 4
2 2
4 2
2
4
lim
2 2
2
= =

=
+

=
+

x
x
X
. 0
2
4
lim
2
2
=
+

x
x
x
B
b. Method of Factorization or Multiplication by Wholly Rational
For and (undefined form), the value of limit of function
can be found by factorizing or multiplying by wholly rational.
Example
Determine the following limits of function :
a. B.

Answers :
a. Remember
wholly rational of
b. Is :
) 3 5 ( lim
0

x
x
0
0
) (
) (
=
a g
a f
6 2
3
lim
3

x
x
x
2 1
1
lim
1
+
+

x
x
x
2
1
) 6 ( 2
) 3 (
lim
6 2
3
lim
3 3
=


x
x
x
x
x x
2 1
2 1
2 1
) 1 (
lim
2 1
1
lim
1 1
+ +
+ +
+
+
=
+
+

x
x
X
x
x
x
x
x x
2 ) 2 1 1 (
) 2 1 ( lim
1
) 2 1 )( 1 (
lim
) 2 ( 1
) 2 1 )( 1 (
lim
) 2 1 )( 2 1 (
) 2 1 )( 1 (
lim
1 1
1
1
= + + =
+ + =

+ + +
=
+
+ + +
=
+ + +
+ + +
=



x
x
x x
x
x x
x x
x x
x x
x
x
b a +
. b a
2. Limit of the Function
a. The Form of

Considering the following limit of function..

The solution to this kind of limit is done by dividing and by
, where n is the highest power of the denominator.
) (
) (
lim
x g
x f
x
x x g
x f
x x
1
lim
) (
) (
lim

=
( ) x f ) (x g
n
x
Example
Determine the value of every following limit of functions!
a. b.
Answers:
a. The numerator of and the denominator of each is divided by x,
since the highest power of the denominator is 1, so


b. The highest power of the denominator is 2. then divide the numenator and the
denominator by
) (x g
7
5 3
lim

+

x
x
x
2
1 4
lim
2
+


x
x
x
) (x f
3
1
3
0 1
0 3
7
1
5
3
lim
7
5 3
lim = =

+
=

+
=

+

x
x
x
x
x x
0
1
0
2
1
1 4
2
1 4
lim
2
2
2
= =
+

=
+


x
x x
x
x
x
). 2 5 4 ( lim
2 2
+

x x x x
x
2
5
1 1
0 5
2 1
1
5 4
1
3
5
lim
2 5 4
3 5
lim
2 5 4
) 2 ( 5 4
lim
2 5 4
2 5 4
). 2 5 4 ( lim
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
=
+

=
+ +

=
+ +

=
+ +
+ +
=
+ +
+ +
+ =




x x x x
x
x
x x x x
x
x x x x
x x x x
x x x x
x x x x
x x x x x
x
x
x
x
b. The Form of
A limit of this from can be solved gy multiplying the limit by its wholly
rational, that is , then divide it by x with the highest power of the
denominator.
Example
Determine the value of
Answer :





(divided by x)

} { ) ( ) ( lim x g x f
x


) ( ) (
) ( ) (
x g x f
x g x f
+
+
). 2 5 4 ( lim
2 2
+

x x x x
x
Limits theorems
Let k be a constant, the function of f and g has a limit for
, then it holds :










for n is integer and

for n is real number, and

R a a x e ,
| | ( )
| | ( )
| | | |
, ) ( lim ) ( lim . 8
, ) ( lim ) ( lim . 7
0 ) ( lim ,
) ( lim
) ( lim
) (
) (
lim . 6
lim ) ( lim ) ( ) ( lim . 5
lim ) ( lim ) ( ) ( lim . 4
) ( lim . ) ( . lim . 3
lim . 2
lim . 1
n
a x
n
a x
n
a x
n
a x
a x
a x
a x
a x
a x a x a x
a x a x a x
a x a x
a x
a x
x f x f
x f x f
x g f or
x g
x f
x g
x f
x g x f x g x f
x g x f x g x f
x f k x f k
a x
k k

=
=
= =
=
+ = +
=
=
=
| | R x f
n
a x
e

) ( lim
2 > n
. ) ( lim R x f n
a x
e

C
Limits of Trigonometric Functions
1. The Form of

This kind of limit can be analogized to the limit of algebraic function.
Example

Determine sin 2x.

Answers :

sin 2x = sin = sin =1

) ( ) ( lim a f x f
a x
=

4
lim
t
x
4
lim
t
x
(

4
2
t
2
t
D
2. The Form of , where and

Observe the solution of this limit by consider the following example.
Example
Determine the value of :

a. b.


Answer
a.


b.

)` (
) (
lim
0
x g
x f
x
0 ) ( = a f
` cos
2 sin
lim
2
x
x
x
t

` sin
1 2 cos
lim
x
x
x

t
2 1 . 2
2
sin 2 sin 2 lim
` cos
cos sin 2
lim
` cos
2 sin
lim
2 2 2
= = = = =

t
t t t
x
x
x x
x
x
x x x
` sin
sin 2
lim
` sin
1 ) sin 2 1 (
lim
` sin
1 2 cos
lim
2 2
x
x
x
x
x
x
x x x

=

=

t t t
( ) 0 0 . 2 sin 2 sin 2 lim = = = =

t
t
x
x
0 ) ( = a g
3. The Form of or
If a trigonometric function can be converted to or

, then the formula of unit of a trigonometric function that to be used is as
Follows :

a. b.



Note
In general
x
x
x
sin
lim
0
x
x
x
tan
lim
0
x
x
x
sin
lim
0
x
x
x
tan
lim
0
1
sin
lim
sin
lim
0 0
= =

x
x
x
x
x x
1
tan
lim
tan
lim
0 0
= =

x
x
x
x
x x
b
a
bx
ax
b
a
bx
ax
b
a
bx
ax
x x x
= = =

sin
tan
lim ,
tan
lim ,
sin
lim
0 0 0

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