ANALOG INTEGRATED CIRCUITS
Summary of the Lectures by Prof. Dr. Q. Huang Lukas Cavigelli, December 2011 [email protected]
TYPICAL VALUES MOS-TECHNOLOGY
for AMS C35 FETs: ( ): for 3.3V NFET ( ) and 3.3V PFET ( )
EMITTER & SOURCE DEGENE RATION
Emitter Degeneration: increases input & output resistance, but reduces input resistance: ( ) ( ), if | output resistance: | ( ( { ( ) )) )
Unit
BASIC EQUATIONS & SMALL SIGNAL CIRCUIT S
Small Signal Model: Only model differential behavior, use derivatives for all currents and voltages many ground-connections & short circuits. Use small letters. , Reasonable values: BJT: , , MOS: , , Capacitors: MOS Capacitor: 5-12 fF/, , cheap MIM Cap: 1-5 fF/, highly linear, 20%, 1m Resistors: Silicided Poly-Si Resistor 5-20 / (cheap) , 20% Unsilicided Poly-Si Resistor 50-400 /, 20% but more accurate relations can be used
BIPOLAR
Collector current: Transconductance: ( )
( Source Degeneration: same setup with MOSFET instead of BJT. increases output resistance, but reduces .
CASCODE STRUCTURE
Basic Cascode: Cascode = cascade to cathode
Amplification: for this lecture Hybrid- (small signal) model: at a certain operation point | | [ ] for low frequencies:
| [ ]
[ ]
ANALOG SUBCIRCUITS CURRENT MI RRORS
Simple CM: MOS: BJT:
from
( )
For BJT:
( )
: bias current, : thermal voltage, : Early voltage Frequency Response: )| for low frequencies, -10dB/dec after , | ( , more on foils
( )
For FET: ( ) if
( (
) )
Regulated Cascode:
and
MOSFET (HERE: N-TYPE)
Triode/lin./ohmic region: if and [ ( then Active/saturation region: if and ( ) (
(NMOS) ) ] (NMOS) ) { !!
COMMON-EMITTER & COMMON -SOURCE AMPLIFIERS
C-E, C-S Amplifier with resistive load: ,
REFERENCES
Simple Current Source:
condition for saturation with PMOS: Cut-off/subth./weak-inversion region: if Pinch-Off point: and
C-E, C-S Amplifier with Active Load: ideal current source instead of resistor Common-Emitter Amplifier with non-ideal current source: (
[ ] [ ]
) ) )
Widlar Current Source: for very small currents (A) using only moderate resistor sizes ( ) for BJT: for FET: (not widely used)
( )
] (| ])
|
]
] |)
( ( )
( )
(
[ ]
( )
Wilson Current Source:
UNSORTED
PMOS: , small-signal model accordingly flipped
ADMINISTRATIVE
Testing: start: icdesign ams-hk3.70 -tech c35b3 & user: aic04 pass: 7qf-D3Lr user: aic20 pass: afto1]Xb
supply independent biasing
IMAGE ARCHIVE
sophisticated small-signal bjt
Simple Voltage Source:
The bulk off all PFETs are connected to
TRICKS
MOSFET hybrid-pi
STUFF FROM THE EXERC ISE
High Swing Cascode Current Mirror:
MOSFET physical model
Single-Ended Amplifier
usually
, blabla
BASIC AMPIFIERS
Emitter-Coupled pair
Source-Coupled pair
Differential Input to Single-Ended Output
SINGLE -STAGE OTA
SINGLE -STAGE CASCODE OTA
FOLDED CASCODE CMOS OTA
AC ANALYSIS
mit ( ) , :
Comparison to non-cascode OTA: higher gain, higher output resistance, smaller output swing Additional pole of M9/M10-cascode at much higher frequency Gain Function:
( ( )( ) ( )
( )[ ( )]
( ( )[ ( ) ] with
)(
)(
Basic Idea: Stability problem in feedback conf., if gain>1 where 180, because
Folded Cascode BiCMOS OTA: Difference: Replace M3,M4,M5,M6 with npn Q3,Q4,Q5,Q6 Comparison: improves by 6 dB, higher for npn BJTs, can be higher TODO: 2nd Order Amplifier Model
fastre OpAmp
DESIGN CONSTRAI NTS
mit o ( ( | ( (| |)
(
DESIGN CONSTRAI NTS
DC Gain:
| ( )
( )
) (
)
( | | (| |
|
) |) :
und |
), if |
|
Output Swing: Slew Rate: GBP:
(gain-BW-prod)
( )
o
( )
| ||
|
| ( (|
|
Noise consideration: , because noise-power , PMOS less noisy Typical performance of single-stage cascade OTA in 0.5m CMOS process: ) ( )
( )
UGBW:
(unity-gain-BW)
Phase Margin:
REGULATED CASCODE
Principle:
FULLY DIFFERENTIAL O TA SIMPLE FULLY DIFFERE NTIAL OTA
SWITCHED CM FEEDBACK
NORTON-EQUIVALENT
( ) ( ) | ( ) | ( ( ) ( )) ( ) ( )
COMMON-MODE (CM) FEEDBA CK
SMALL-SIGNAL ANALYSIS
Example:
Applying KCL and simplifying with ( )(
and )
and | |
| |
| |:
FULLY DIFFERENTIAL V S. SINGL E ENDED
Adv. of fully differential Amps Better PSRR (power supply rejection) Better CMRR (common mode reject.) = diff. gain / common mode gain Double output swing for low volt. Higher SNR No extra diff. to single ended conv. Adv. of single ended Amps Less area consumption No extra common-mode feedback Requires less effort to design
FULLY DIFFERENTIAL T ELESCOP IC CASCODE OTA
TWO STAGE AMPLIFIERS
COMPARATORS
