IT Governance

Arrianto Mukti Wibowo, M.Sc., CISA

Agenda
What is IT Goverance? Why important? Whom does it concern? What does IT Governance cover? What questions should be asked? COBIT & IT Governance Cases

What is IT Governance?

What is IT Governance?
IT governance is the responsibility of the board of directors (komisaris) and executive management. It is an integral part of enterprise governance and consists of the
leadership and organisational structures and processes

that ensure that the organisations IT sustains and extends the organisations strategies and objectives.

Contd
Sustaining the current business and growing the business are certainly stakeholder expectations and can be achieved only with adequate governance of the enterprises IT. Also critical to the success of these structures and processes is effective communication among all parties based on constructive relationships, a common language and a shared commitment to addressing the issues.

IT Governance vs IT Management
IT Governance concentrates on performing and transforming IT to meet present and future demands of business.
IT Governance is organizaton specific, and direct control over IT can not be delegated to the market. (Peterson, 2003)

External

IT Governance

Business Orientation

IT Management
Internal

IT Management is focused on the internal effectivity supply of IT services and products, and also the management of IT operations.

Present

Future

Time Orientation

IT Governance Framework

Peterson Model (2003) of IT Governance

Structures, Process & Relationship Mechanisms

Process Structural Mechanisms

IT Governance Framework

IT Governance Outcomes

Relationship Mechanisms

Why is it important?

Why IT is important in the first place?

There is a shift of the meaning of asset. Nowdays, intangible asset (information, knowledge, expertise, reputation, trust, customer) is an important part for companys sustainable competitive advantage.
And, many of these assets rely on IT!

Furthermore, IT is not just seen as business enabler. Service delivery in the financial world is entirely dependent on IT and requires system reliability and information integrity. No banking transaction can be executed without the IT infrastructure.

Why IT Governance?
IT requires huge investments. But few (top executives) knows how to make IT Dept accountable for delivering value! They need some special governing tool to measure IT, because IT is considered too technical. But too important to ignore! And yet, IT itself introduces new risk that has to be managed properly.

Pressures for IT Governance

AS-8015 Good Corporate Governance for ICT

So what are the pressures & drivers?

1. Accountability for bringing business value, as IT investment is huge. 2. To minimize risk, as banking operations heavily depens on IT 3. Preasures from regulators
Bank Indonesia Kementrian BUMN (Kepmen no.117 tahun 2003 tentang GCG) Bapepam-LK Card brand Banking network

4. Agreement with business partner:

5. Pressures from customer for better service. If not taken seriously, customer may switch to other banks! 6. Technological changes introduce new opportunity or new risk! 7. Organizations GCG programme may require all areas to be governed properly.

IT Gov & GCG Questions

Whom does it concern?

All Levels!
Cascaded objectives
Corporate Scorecard
BoD, C-level executives Komisaris, Direktur

Business Unit Scorecard

BU Managers Provide information for decision making

IT Scorecard
IT Managers

Board of Directors
What BoD (komisaris) can do:
1. 2. 3. 4. Set direction & the expected return on IT Obtain IT assurance through IT audit Monitoring how management determines what IT resources are needed to achieve strategic objectives Ensuring major IT development projects are aligned with the business strategy and have an approved business case which clearly demonstrate value and how it will be measured Ensures propper IT risk management are in place Ensure culture of openness & transparency of risks! And others (see Board IT Governance Tool Kit)

5. 6. 7.

Usually assisted by IT Strategy Committee (ITGI best practice, however names are sometimes different amont organizations).

Senior Management / Top Executives

What they should do:
Cascade strategy, policies and goals Provide organisational structures Embed clear accountabilities Measure performance Focus on core business competencies IT must support Focus on important IT processes Focus on core IT competencies Create a flexible and adaptive enterprise Strengthen value delivery Focus on the optimisation of IT costs Have clear external sourcing strategies

Assisted by IT Steering Committee

What does IT Governance cover?

Focus Area of IT Governance

Life Cycle
IT Resource Mgt

IT Governance outcomes

Strategic Alignment Model

Diperkenalkan oleh Henderson & Venkatraman (1993) Berguna untuk landasan filosofi berpikir Ide dasarnya pada:
strategic fit: bagaimana strategi TI harus dibahasakan dalam domain external (how the firm is positioned in the IT marketplace) dan domain internal (how IT infrastructure should be configered) functional integration: berbicara bagaimana ranah TI akan mempengaruhi ranah bisnis (business domain)

External IT Domain Decisions

IT Scope
Hal-hal dari TI yang mendukung insiatif strategi bisnis atau memungkinkan munculnya strategi bisnis yang baru

Systemic Competencies
Yakni yang merupakan karakteristi IT strategy, misalnya: cost-performance level dan masalah flexibility sehingga perusahaan bisa responsif

IT Governance
Pilihan mekanisme yang dipergunakan agar perusahaan memiliki kompetensi yang dibutuhkan

Internal Domain Decisions

IT Architecture IT Process (mis: system development maintenance) IT Skills, terkait masalah rekrutimen, pelatihan dan pengembangan SDM TI Problemnya, manager IT kebanyakan hanya memikirkan internal domain decisions!

Functional Integration
Berbicara bagaimana ranah TI akan mempengaruhi ranah bisnis (business domain) Strategic integration adalah hubungan antara business strategy dengan IT strategy Operational integration adalah hubungan antara infrastruktur/proses dalam organisasi dengan infrastruktur/proses TI

Strategic Aligment Model Diagram

Strategic Alignment Domains

Henderson & Venkatraman mengatakan ada 4 model bagaimana alignment tersebut dapat dicapai:
1. 2. 3. 4. Strategic execution alignment Technology transformation alignment Competitive potential alignment Service level alignment

Strategic Alignment Domains Diagram

Strategic Alignmetn Types

Strategic Execution:
Bersifat hirarkis dan paling umum, bahwa strategi bisnis menentukan desain organisasi dan juga desain infrastruktur TI-nya.

Technology Transformation:
Juga start dari business strategy, tetapi fokus pada implementasi strategi TI yang tepat, baru pada infrastruktur dan proses

Strategic Alignment Types

Competitive potential
Paradigma ini memungkinkan adaptasi atau munculnya suatu strategi bisnis karena munculnya kapabilitas baru dari TI.

Service Level perspective

Cara pandang ini lebih berpikir pada bagaimana cara membuat unit/organisi TI yang menyediakan layanan prima.

Six Step Process for Alignment

(Luftman & Brier, 1999)

Vertical & Horizontal Alignment

Guldentops (2003)

Enablers & Inhibitors of Strategic Alignment

IT Strategy drives IT Process

Different strategy, different important process (e.g. mining vs banking)
Value of IT

Different process of on different organizations

Value of IT at different levels of organization (Weill & Broadbent, 1998)

Manager dan user pada tingkat yang berbeda akan mempersepsikan manfaat/nilai/value dari TI yang berbeda. Implementasi TI yang strategic akan memiliki dampak yang besar dalam semua level dari business value hierarchy. Pengukuran investasi TI akan mudah di hirarki yang bawah ketimbang yang di atas!

Value of IT at different levels of organization (Weill & Broadbent, 1998)

Measure performance

Manage cost

Risk Management
Risk management dapat dipandang sebagai pasangan dari value creation, yakni business value preseravation. ISO 27001 Information Security Management Systems

Performance Measure

What are the questions?

To Uncover IT Issues
How often do IT projects fail to deliver what they promised? Are end users satisfied with the quality of the IT service? Are sufficient IT resources, infrastructure and competencies available to meet strategic objectives? What has been the average overrun of IT operational budgets? How often and how much do IT projects go over budget? How much of the IT effort goes to firefighting rather than enabling business improvements?

To Find Out How Management

Addresses the IT Issues

How well are enterprise and IT objectives aligned? How is the value delivered by IT being measured? What strategic initiatives has executive management taken to manage ITs criticality relative to maintenance and growth of the enterprise, and are they appropriate? Is there an up-to-date inventory of IT risks relevant to the enterprise? What has been done to address these risks?

IT Governance Structures, Process & Relational Mechanisms

Peterson Model (2003) of IT Governance

Structures, Process & Relationship Mechanisms

Process Structural Mechanisms

IT Governance Framework

IT Governance Outcomes

Relationship Mechanisms

What are IT Governance Structural Mechanisms?

IT organisation structure (including placement in the overall organization structure) Roles and responsibilities IT strategy committee IT steering committee CIO on Board project steering committees special advisory board special task force

What are IT Governance Process?

Formal budgeting process Evaluation methods Balanced (IT) scorecards Strategic Information Systems Planning COBIT and ITIL Service Level Agreements Prioritization framworks & information economics Strategic Alignment Model Business/IT alignment models IT Governance maturity models

Communications & Relationship Mechanisms

Active participation by principle stakeholders Collaboration between principle stakeholders Partnership rewards and incentives (important!) Business/IT colocation Shared understanding of business/IT objectives Active conflict resolution (nonavoidance) Cross-functional business/IT training Cross-functional business/IT job rotation

Holistic Approach
Apakah mekanisme dari satu organisasi ke organisasi lainnya selalu sama? Suomi & Thahkakaa (2003) meneliti perbedaan rumah sakit pemerintah dan swasta. Hal yang membedakan antara lain:
Fleksibilitas dalam alokasi anggaran Masalah fleksibilitas pengaturan SDM & organisasi Masalah politik (di instansi publik) Masalah kekakuan birokrasi dalam pengambilan keputusan

Terlepas dari contoh di atas, selain berbeda dari satu organisasi ke organisasi lain, ternyata IT Governance tidak bisa statis! Bisa berubah tergantung kebutuhan dan tekanan eksternal (pasar, ekonomi, dsb.)

COBIT & IT Governance

COBIT
Control Objectives for Information and related Technology COBITs contains a framework responding to managements need for control and measurability of IT by providing tools to assess and measure the enterprises IT capability for the 34 COBIT IT processes. The tools include:
Performance measurement elements (outcome measures and performance drivers for all IT processes) A list of critical success factors that provides succinct, nontechnical best practices for each IT process Maturity models to assist in benchmarking and decisionmaking forcapability improvements

Framework IT Governance

34 IT Process within COBIT 4.0

IT Governance & COBIT Mappings

IT-IL
Dibuat oleh Central Computer & Telecommunications Agency (UK). Kalau COBIT menjelaskan apa yang harus dilakukan, maka IT menjelaskan bagaimana hal itu dilakukan.

Kerangka ITIL

Software Development Mgt

Implementation Management Documentation Management

Security Management

Data & Backup Management

Outsourcing Managment

Disaster Recovery Mgt

Thank You