Verb To be (simple present) I am You are He, She, It is We are You are They are Verb To be (simple past)

I was You were He, She, It was We were You were They were Verb To be (simple future) S will be

Student Student Student Student Student Student

I You He, She, It We You They

am are is are are are

not not not not not not

Student Student Student Student Student Student

Am Are Is Are Are Are

I you he, she, it we you they

Student Student Student Student Student Student

? ? ? ? ? ?

Verbos modales Cambian al verbo que les precede, ms no son nada sin l.
Presente Pasado Futuro

Student Student Student Student Student Student

I You He, She, It We You They

was were was were were were

not not not not not not

Student Student Student Student Student Student

Was Were Was Were Were Were

I you he, she, it we you they

Student Student Student Student Student Student

? ? ? ? ? ?

Student

will not

be

Student

Will

be

a student?

Verb To have (simple present) I have You have He, She, It has We have You have They have Verb To have (simple past) S had Verb To have (simple future) S will have Verb To do (simple present) I do You do He, She, It does We do You do They do Verb To do (simple past) S did Verb To do (simple future) I shall/will do You will do He, She, It will do We shall/will do You will do They will do Present simple I You He, She, It We You They Past simple S

money money money money money money

I You He, She, It We You They

have have has have have have

not not not not not not

money money money money money money

Have Have Has Have Have Has

I you he, she, it we you they

money money money money money money

? ? ? ? ? ?

money

S (Usamos el verbo modal "will") S

had

not

money

Had

money

money

will not (don't) do do does do do do (didn't) did

have

money

Will

have

money ?

anything for love anything for love anything for love anything for love anything for love anything for love

I You He, She, It We You They

not not not not not not

anything anything anything anything anything anything

Do Do Does Do Do Do

I you he, she, it we you they

anything anything anything anything anything anything

? ? ? ? ? ?

anything for love

not

anything

Did

anything

(Usamos el verbo modal "will") anything for love I anything for love You anything for love He, She, It anything for love We anything for love You anything for love They

will will will will will will

not not not not not not

do do do do do do

anything anything anything anything anything anything

Will Will Will Will Will Will

I You He, She, It We You They

do do do do do do

anything ? anything ? anything ? anything ? anything ? anything ?

study study studies study study study

(verbo en infinitivo + -es / Do-Does) (se usa la contraccin doesn't) French I do French You do French He, She, It does French We do French You do French They do

not not not not not not

study study study study study study

French French French French French French

(el adverbio not puede estar en las dos posiciones) Do I study French? Do you study French? Does he, she, it study French? Do we study French? Do you study French? Do they study French?

worked

(ponemos el verbo en pasado que se forma aadiendo "-ed"; para los verbos irregulares hay que estudiar cada caso) from home S didn't work from home Did (verbo To be en presente + "going to" + verbo sin "to") I am not going You are not going He, She, It is not going We are not going You are not going They are not going

eat

fast ?

Future simple with "going to" (certidumbre) going to study I am going to study You are going to study He, She, It is going to study We are going to study You are going to study They are

to to to to to to

study study study study study study

Am Are Is Are Are Are

I you he, she, it we you they

going going going going going going

to to to to to to

study study study study study study

? ? ? ? ? ?

Future simple with "will" (prediccin) and "shall" (mandato para 1 pers. sing/plural) I shall/will study I shan't / won't You will study You won't He, She, It will study He, She, It won't We shall/will study We shan't / won't You will study You won't They will study They won't Conditional simple would study S Present continuos I am You are He, She, It is We are You are They are Past continuos I You He, She, It We You They (S + would + verbo sin "to" +C) French

(se usa el verbo modal will/shall + el verbo sin "to"; se usa la contraccin 'll y won't) buy a new car Shall/Will I study ? buy a new car Will You study ? buy a new car Will He, She, It study ? buy a new car Shall/Will We study ? buy a new car Will You study ? buy a new car Will They study ?

would

not

study French

Would

study

French?

(verbo "to be" en presente + verbo en gerundio) studying I studying You studying He, She, It studying We studying You studying They (verbo "to be" en pasado + verbo en gerundio) studying I studying You studying He, She, It studying We studying You studying They (verbo "to be" en futuro + verbo en gerundio) studying S (S + would + "be" + verbo en gerundio + C) studying S

am are is are are are

not not not not not not

studying studying studying studying studying studying

Am Are Is Are Are Are

I you he, she, it we you they

studying studying studying studying studying studying

? ? ? ? ? ?

was were was were were were

wasn't weren't wasn't weren't weren't weren't

studying studying studying studying studying studying

was were was were were were

I You He, She, It We You They

studying studying studying studying studying studying

? ? ? ? ? ?

Future continuos S will be Conditional continuos S would be Present perfect simple I have You have He, She, It has We have You have They have Past perfect simple S had Future perfect simple S will have Conditional perfect simple S would have Present perfect continuos I have been You have been He, She, It has been We have been You have been They have been Past perfect continuos S had been Future perfect continuos S will have been

will not be

studying

Will

be studying

would not be

studying

Would

be studying

(verbo "to have" en presente + "participio pasado")(En los verbos regulares, el pasado y el participio pasado se forman aadiendo "-ed" al final) played I haven't played have I played played You haven't played have You played played He, She, It hasn't played has He, She, It played played We haven't played have We played played You haven't played have You played played They haven't played have They played (verbo "to have" en pasado + "participio pasado") played S (verbo "to have" en futuro + "participio pasado") played S

? ? ? ? ? ?

hadn't

played

had

played

will not have

played

Will

have played

played

(S + would have + "participio pasado" + C) S would not have

played

Would

have played

playing playing playing playing playing playing

(verbo "to be" en presente perfecto + verbo en gerundio) playing I haven't been playing You haven't been playing He, She, It hasn't been playing We haven't been playing You haven't been playing They haven't been

Have Have has Have Have Have

I You He, She, It We You They

been been been been been been

playing playing playing playing playing playing

? ? ? ? ? ?

(verbo "to be" en pasado perfecto + verbo en gerundio) playing S hadn't been (verbo "to be" en futuro perfecto + verbo en gerundio) playing S will not have been (S + would have been + verbo en gerundio + C) S would not have been
(verbo en presente / pasado / pasado perfecto simple)

playing

Had

been playing

playing

Will

have been playing

Conditional perfect continuos S would have been

playing

playing

Would

have been playing

Future / Present / Past conditional (1 clasula) If I win / won / had won If You win / won / had won If He, She, It win / won / had won If We win / won / had won If You win / won / had won If They win / won / had won Future / Present / Past conditional (2 clasula) I shall-will / should-would / -should have -would haveYou will / would / -would haveHe, She, It will / would / -would haveWe shall-will / should-would / -should have -would haveYou will / would / would have They will / would / would have Miscelanea Llegar a. arrive in (pas, gran ciudad) arrive at (todo lo dems) to get to (todo lo dems) Precios en ingls Sterling pound Pence Formas de "comida" meal food lunch Preposiciones de direccin from (de, desde)

the lottery the lottery the lottery the lottery the lottery the lottery
(futuro / condicional / condicional perfecto, seguido de verbo en presente / presente / participio pasado)

Saludos Hallo! Good morning Good afternoon Good evening Good night "De nada" That's all right That's okay you're wellcome Not at all Don't mention it

Hola! Buenos Buenas Buenas Buenas

das tardes noches noches - despedirse

play play play play play play

/ / / / / /

play play play play play play

/ / / / / /

played played played played played played

tennis tennis tennis tennis tennis tennis

(Libra esterlina) (penique)

L 50.30

(funcin fisiolgica - lunch, breakfast, dinner) (alimento) (hora de comer) to (a, hacia)

PRONOMBRES Personales Compl. Obj. Dir.o Ind. I me (me) you you (te) he him (le) she her (la) it it (lo) we us (nos) you you (les) they them (los)

Can Could have+PP puede-o / puede-o haber (sin permiso) To be able ser posible Will Would desear / deseara Would deseara Should Should have+PP debera / debera haber --------Shall deber --------May indica un mayor May-Might May-Might have+Part.Pasado puede-podra / puede-podra haber... (con permiso) grado de certeza que Might Must Must have+PP debe / debe haber --------Artculo indeterminado Artculo determinado Pronombres demostrativos a / an This / That (sing.) These / Those (plural) The Genitivo sajn Sust. poseedor + " ' " + "s" + Sust. posedo El caso genitivo indica posesin o pertenencia de una persona. Cuando el poseedor sea un nombre propio (personas o lugares), no lleva artculo. My son 's school Rafa Benitez 's reds Charles 's wife Si el sustantivo poseedor es un plural regular (acaba en -s), o de origen clsico, slo aade el apstrofe " ' " My sisters ' bedroom Archimedes ' law Si existe ms de un poseedor, slo se aade " ' " + "s" al ltimo Tom and Paul 's new record Genitivo normando La construccin con "of" se usa con sustantivos que designan objetos inanimados o el poseedor no es una persona The doors of the room Preposiciones Excepto con but y except, los verbos que van detrs de una preposicin van en gerundio (-ing) * De tiempo: at, on, in, on time, in time, to, until, during, for * De lugar: from, on, off, in, at, over, under, above, below, by * Otras: of, from, out of, into, among, between, like, as, across, after, against, all over, along, apart from, around, as far as, because of, before, behind, beside, besides, beyond, but, glose to, despite, down, in front of, in spite of, inside, instead of, minus, near, next to, opposite, outside, past, per, plus, round, through, throughout, toward(s), unlike, up, with, without Adjetivos Demostrativos: This este, esta, esto That ese, esa, eso, aquel, aquella, aquello These estos, estas Those esos, esas, aquellos, aquellas Posesivos: my mi your tu his / her / its su (de l, ella, ello) our nuestro/a your vuestro/a their su /sus (de ellos, ellas) Indefinidos: Quantifiers: some, any, all, one, much, many, little, few, Distributives: both, either, neither, each, every, other, Otros: a great deal of, a good deal, a lot of, enough, how much?, how many?, no (not any), plenty of, several, too many, too much, whole, Calificativos: Son aquellos que expresan una cualidad del nombre. Siempre van delante del nombre. Los adjetivos determinativos son los que van detrs del verbo "to be". Tambin van delante del nombre. Atributivos: Adj.+ Nombre A yellow submarine Predicativos: Nombre + Verbo predicativo + Adj. The table is round Atributivos subjetivos: beautiful, ugly, good, bad, clever, stupid, Atributivos objetivos: red, yelloy, round, Spanish, Orden de los atributivos objetivos: Tamao (size)+edad(age)+forma(shape)+color(colour) +origen(origin)+material(material)+nombre(noun) A small red German car Comparativos y superlativos: Los adjetivos monoslabos forman el comparativo aadiendo -er (than) y el superlativo aadiendo (the) - est ej. Thick - Thicker (than) - the Thickest (grueso, ms grueso, el ms grueso) Excepciones: tired, real, right, wrong, bored. * Los adjetivos monoslabos si terminan en una sola consonante precedida de una sola vocal, thin - thinner (than) - the thinnest duplican la consonante final. * Los A. monoslabos terminados en -y precedida de consonante cambian la -y por una -ier (than) / (the) -iest dry - drier (than) - the driest * Los A. monoslabos terminados en -e slo aaden una -r (than) en el comparativo y una -st en el superlativo nice - nicer (than) - the nicest * Los adjetivos de dos slabas acabados en -ful, -re, -ing siguen las reglas de los de 3 o ms slabas clever - more cleverer (than) - the most cleverest * Los adjetivos de dos slabas NO acabados en -ful, -re siguen las reglas de los adjetivos monoslabos young - younger (than) - the youngest * Los adjetivos de tres o ms slabas forman el comparativo anteponiendo more y el superlativo anteponiendo the most expensive - more expensive (than) - the most expensive * Adjetivos con el comparativo y el superlativo irregulares: comparativo superlativo Good better best Bad worse worst Much more most Little less least Se usa delante de Sustantivos incontables Few fewer fewest Se usa delante de Sustantivos contables (plurales) Far farther / further farthest / furthest Late later / latter latest / (the) last Old older / elder oldest / eldest Para sealar mayores cantidades se utiliza more/most, para menores cantidades utilizamos less/least y fewer/fewest. Con los sujetos contables se utiliza fewer/fewest, y con los incontables utilizamos less/least fewer chairs than / less money than The fewest chairs / The least money (The) + Superlativo + in (lugar) / of (dems casos) Comparacin de inferioridad: Less + Adj. (en grado positivo) + Than Mara is less beautiful than I am Comparacin de igualdad: As + Adj. (en grado positivo) + As Madonna is as famous as Michael Jackson Not so/as + Adj. (en grado positivo) + As (negativa) Piqu is not so/as good as Messi Comparacin de superioridad: Adj. (en grado comparativo) + Than Claudia Schiffer is more beautiful than Jennifer Aniston Grado superlativo relativo: Some people think that Kak is the best footballer in the world (suele ir precedido de the) in (lugar) / of (dems casos) Grado superlativo absoluto: * Con most Everybody has been most kind * Con really / extremely It's really good for you * Con very very very It's very very expensive Otras estructuras relacionadas con la comparacin: He run most quickly Most (la mayora, la mayor parte de , formar superlativo) Things are becoming more and more expensive all this time Adj. Comp. + and + Adj. Comp. The +Adj. Comp. + The + Adj. Comp. The sonner the better He has as much money as Susan Sujeto+Verbo+"as much"+Sustantivo incontable+"as" He has as many friends as Matt Sujeto+Verbo+"as many"+Sustantivo contable+"as" He has twice as much money as Susan Sujeto+Verbo+"twice as much"+Sust. incontable+"as" He has half as many money as Matt Sujeto+Verbo+"half as many"+Sustantivo incontable+"as" As mad as a hatter As + Adj. + As + Sustantivo (ms que ) Comparacin con adverbios: * Hay adverbios y adjetivos que tienen la misma forma A hard day / He hit hard * Los adverbios terminados en -ly forman el comparativo con more y el superlativo con most She works more quick ly than her husband Sustantivos contables y no contables Son sustantivos contables aquellos que se pueden contar, que tienen plural. Son sustantivos incontables aquellos que no se pueden contar, que no tienen plural (mass nouns) * Los nombres incontables no pueden ir precedidos del artculo indeterminado (a, an) Si se quiere singularizar, debemos anteponerles una frase con valor partitivo. A piece of bread A glass of water * Los nombres incontables no tienen plural. Para cuantificarlos, debemos cuantificar sus correspondientes partitivos Three pieces of bread Two glass of water * Los nombres incontables no pueden ir determinados por un nmero cardinal, ni por many, few, these, those, both, several, another. Se admite en cambio much, little. How much money has Vincent spent? We have little money * Se admite para determinar tanto a sustantivos contables como incontables: some, any, plenty of, a lot of, enough, all, the, this, that. This beer is very expensive I've got all day * Los sustantivos incontables sin artculo tienen valor genrico Rice is a plant * Hay sustantivos que cambian de significado segn sean contables o incontables Ice hielo helado Country campo pas Glass cristal vaso, gafas Wood madera bosque Iron hierro plancha Paper papel peridico, artculo, conferencia Time tiempo vez Tin hojalata lata Chocolate chocolate bombn * Algunos sustantivos incontables tienen forma de plural Politics doesn't interest me (La poltica no me interesa) * Hay sustantivos que son incontables en ingls y contables en espaol Three pieces of advice (Tres consejos) Pronombres interrogativos Who ? quin, quienes ... (personas) Adverbios interrogativos Whom ? quin, quienes ... (personas actuando como COD) How ? cmo Whose ? de quin, de quienes (personas) Where ? dnde What ? qu, cual, cuales (cosas, y en ciertos casos a personas) When ? cundo Which ? cul, cules (tanto a personas como cosas) Wherever ? dnde demonios/diablos Whoever ? qu diablos , qu demonios (personas) Whatever ? qu diablos , qu demonios (cosas) Pronombres personales, posesivos y reflexivos Los pronombres personales van delante del nombre y los pronombres complemento van detrs del verbo. POSESIVOS PRON. REFLEXIVOS Adjetivos (delante Sust.) Pronombres (detrs Verbo) (detrs Verbo o preposicin) my (mi) mine (ma) myself (m mismo) your (tu) yours (tuya) yourself (t mismo) his (su-l) his (suya-l) himself (l mismo) her (su-ella) hers (suya-ella) herself (ella mismo) its (su-ello) itself (ello mismo) our (nuestro/a) ours (nuestro/a) outselves (nosotros/as mismos/as) your (vuestro/a) yours (vuestro/a) yourselves (vostros/as mismos/as) their (su-ellas/ellos) theirs (suyo/a-ellos/ellas) thenselves (ellos/as mismos/as)

Pronombres recprocos Dos o ms sujetos ejecutan la accin del verbo, y a la vez la reciben mutuamente. Each other One another Pronombres relativos Who Which That Whom Whose What (el uno al otro) (el uno al otro) We do not hate each other / one another Do you, Henry and Michael know one another ? (hasta 2 sujetos) (ms de 2 sujetos)

Prepositional Verbs and Phrasal Verbs Son verbos que constan de dos partes: el verbo + una preposicin o partcula adverbial a) Prepositional verbs Los "prepositional verbs" (verbos preposicionales) constan de un verbo ms una preposicin. La preposicin siempre va detrs del objeto y en las oraciones interrogativas suelen posicionarse al final. I'm waiting for you Who are you waiting for ? b) Phrasal verbs Los phrasal verbs (verbos frasales) constan de dos partes: el propio verbo ms una partcula adverbial. Muchas veces un phrasal verb tiene el mismo significado que un verbo normal. En este caso utilizaremos los phrasal verbs para hablar de una manera ms informal. find out = discover = descubrir Quienquiera que fuese me meti en un problema Llegue a ser lo que llegue a ser Tacha cualquier cosa que no se desee La diferencia entre una preposicin y una partcula adverbial es que la preposicin est unida a un COD (sustantivo o pronombre) y una partcula adverbial forma parte y depende solo del verbo. Veamos la diferencia con el ejemplo live down que puede actuar como verbo preposicional y tambin como verbo adverbial.

que / (a) quin (el antecedente es una persona) que (el antecedente NO es una persona) que (el antecedente puede ser o no una persona)
(nunca lleva delante una preposicin)

The man who won the race This is the car which we sold last year The children that I saw in the street But who has been hitting whom ? This is the car whose tyres are flat I don't know wath to say He say that he was very poor , which was true

(a) quin/es (realiza funcin de COD COI, o lleva una preposicin) cuyo/a/os/as (el antecedente es una persona o cosa) lo que / eso que / la cosa que (conlleva su antecedente) (debe usarse which si tiene como antecedente a toda la oracin anterior) A veces se suprime el pronombre relativo (contact clauses) Whoever Whatever Whichever Whoever it was they got me in trouble Whatever he becomes Strike out wichever is not desired

son formas enfticas

There + Be El verbo To be precedido del sujeto aparente There equivale al verbo impersonal "haber" There is somebody in the house There are some exceptions to every rule / There aren't any exceptions to every rule / Are there any exceptions to every rule?
En plural, en lugar de a/an usamos some para el afirmativo, y any para el negativo y el interrogativo

a) preposicional: He lives down the street b) adverbial: He lived down that incident.

En este caso, down es una preposicin. Va unida a the street. ( l vive abajo de la calle.) En este caso, down es una partcula adverbial que va unida y depende directamente del verbo. (Olvid ese accidente)

There was anything left? There were some coins on the table / There were any coins on the table / There were any coins on the table
En plural, en lugar de a/an usamos some para el afirmativo, y any para el negativo y el interrogativo

Los verbos compuestos pueden ser transitivos o intransitivos, segn lleven o no un complemento objeto directo en forma de sintagma nominal (grupo de palabras que actan con una funcin determinada, p.e. COD). De ello depender el orden de la frase. Haremos una clasificacin segn lo anterior mencionado: 1) Prepositional verbs (verbos preposicionales) VERBO + PREPOSICIN + COMPLEMENTO DIRECTO transitivo (que lleva complemento directo) 1: La preposicin va entre en verbo y el complemento directo Looking at him you'd never guess he is a policeman. 2) Phrasal verbs (verbos adverbiales) VERBO + PARTCULA ADVERBIAL + COMPLEMENTO DIRECTO transitivo (que lleva complemento directo) 1: Si el complemento es un sustantivo, la partcula adverbial podr ir detrs del verbo o detrs del complemento look (something) up : consultar algo -en un libroHe looked up the word - He looked the word up 2: Si el complemento es un pronombre, la partcula ir siempre detrs. cheer (somebody) up : animar a alguien I wanted to get him something to cheer him up. VERBO + PARTCULA ADVERBIAL intransitivo (que no lleva complemento directo) 1: En estos la partcula va colocada inmediatamente despus del verbo. The machine has broken down VERBO +PARTCULA ADVERBIAL+ PREPOSICIN+ COMPLEMENTO DIRECTO transitivo (que lleva complemento directo) 1: Contienen dos partculas, la primera partcula funciona como adverbio y la segunda como preposicin. No se admite la colocacin de un componente entre las partculas. He ran away from the police. She came in for dinner. El Alfabeto
A B C D E F G H I J K L M

There will be an answer Will there be life after death?

There has been a very interesting film on television There have been three accidents
En plural, en lugar de a/an usamos some para el afirmativo, y any para el negativo y el interrogativo

There must be somebody there Advervios de lugar Responden a la pregunta Where? here, there, upstairs, downstairs, abroad, above, in the street Advervios de tiempo Advervios de frecuencia Responden a la pregunta When? yet, still, already, soon, now, late, then, when, recently, tonite, before, after, any longer, no longer Responden a la pregunta How often? always, never, sometimes, ever, now and then, often, seldom, usually, hardly ever, rarely, frequently, generally

Advervios de modo Responden a la pregunta How? well, fast, quietly, easily, difficulty, carefully, in a friendly way Un buen nmero de adverbios se forman aadiendo el sufijo -ly (-mente ) al adjetivo. Si nos encontramos al final de una misma oracin un adverbio de lugar, otro de tiempo y otro de modo, el orden ser: Modo+Lugar+Tiempo (MALETA) Advervios de grado Expresan el grado de realizacin de una oracin. Almost, as, enough, nearly, pretty, quite, too, very, fairly, rather, from end to end Advervios de cantidad little, much, very much Advervios interrogativos When ?, How far ? Advervios relativos Where ?, In which ? Let's Se trata del modo imperativo para la primera persona del plural. Afirmativa Negativa Say - Tell Los dos significan "decir", pero "to tell" va acompaado obligatoriamente del complemento indirecto, mientras que "to say" no suele llevarlo. I told him it was wrong I said it was wrong Ask- Tell Son dos verbos de voluntad que expresan mandato, ruego, consejo, deseo, etc. Y sus contrarios, prohibicin, oposicin, etc. Se emplea la siguiente construccin: Sujeto+verbo+pronombre acusativo+infinitivo con "to" I told/asked him to come Le dije/ped que viniera (ask significa "pedir a alguien que haga algo") Cuando "to ask" significa "pedir una cosa" (sin verbo), entonces se dice "ask for". I asked him for the pen Used to Se usa para contrastar acciones pasadas con acciones presentes, o lo que es lo mismo, para indicar que una accin se realizaba en el pasado y ya ha dejado de realizarse. I used to go out every day I didn't used to go out every day Did you used to go out every day Pasado: (Yo sala fuera todos los das) You'd better Significa "ms vale que / mejor que " y la utilizamos para avisarle a alguien de un peligro potencial. Afirmativa: Negativa: You had better stop (verbo sin "to") smoking / You'd better stop smoking You had better not tell (verbo sin "to") her / You'd better not tell her Let + "us" + verbo sin "to" Let + "us" + "not" + verbo sin "to" Let's go! Let's not go! Vamos! No vamos!

ei bi: si: di: i: ef dyi: eitch ai dyei kei el em

N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

en ou pi kiu a: es ti iu vi: dabliu eks uaid sed

Formacin del gerundio (present participle) Se forma aadiendo -ing al final del verbo. listen listening hear hearing Los verbos monoslabos cuya ltima consonante vaya precedida de vocal, duplican la ltima consonante y aaden -ing. cut cutting sit sitting Si el verbo tiene ms de una slaba y el acento recae sobre la ltima, tenemos que doblar la ltima consonante cuando tengamos una sola vocal y nica consonante en la ltima slaba. admit admitting begin beginning Si el verbo acaba en vocal muda, se quita y aade -ing. come coming write writing Los verbos Like, Hate, y todos los de percepcin o sentimiento van seguidos de un verbo en gerundio. I like writing I hate working Por ltimo, si el verbo termina por l, y va detrs de una nica vocal; esta l se tiene que doblar. cancel cancelling impel impelling Formacin del presente habitual (present simple) Indica una accin que se realiza habitualmente. Se forma aadiendo una -s a los verbos de la tercera persona del singular. Excepciones: Los verbos acabados en -s, -ss, -sh, -x, -o y -ch forman el plurar aadiendo -es Los verbos acabados en consonante + y suprimen la -y y aaden -ies Los verbos acabados en vocal + y aaden -s Uso del gerundio y del infinitivo A) Gerundio Gerundio es la forma de un verbo que acta como nombre o adjetivo (modifica al nombre) Ej. Writing actuando como nombre running actuando como adjetivo * Usamos gerundio cuando el verbo es sujeto de la frase: ejem: Smoking is bad for your health. * Usamos gerundio detrs de preposiciones (cualesquiera) y adverbios de tiempo como before, after while etc. Ejemplo; I dont like her way of speaking * Lo usamos tambien detrs de posesivos que se refieren a una accin verbal que actua como sustantivo ejem: I dont understand his writing * Detrs del adjetivo worth (valer). Ej. Madrid is worth visiting * Detrs de ciertos verbos que expresan lo que nos gusta o nos disgusta en presente simple: like, enjoy, hate, love, cant stand, dislike, mind, etc. * Cuando nos referimos a actividades deportivas o recreativas detrs del verbo to go. Ej. He goes swimming * Detrs de lo siguientes verbos: admit, appreciate, avoid, consider, delay, deny, detest, excuse, finish, forgive, imagine, keep (=continue), miss, postpone, practise, prevent, propose (=suggest), regret, resist, risk, stop, suggest, understand * Prohibiciones cortas ejem: No Smoking , No Parking etc. * Los gerundios tambin pueden modificar a los sustantivos actuando como adjetivos. En este caso el gerundio se refiere al propsito. Ej. I need a new pair of running shoes * El gerundio puede tomar modificadores de verbos y de sustantivos, tales como posesivos, adverbios y adjetivos. Ej. Paul's snoring never let Jane sleep Ej. Peter had considered not going to the party B) Infinitivo * Usaremos el infinitivo detrs de ciertos verbos detrs un pronombre objeto. Como es el siguiente caso: He wants me to stay longer. me es el objeto y seguidamente viene un verbo con "to" en infinitivo * Tambien usaremos el verbo en infinitivo detrs de la mayoria de los adjetivos de la siguiente forma: Itis impossible to understand that letter * Tras questions words . (where, when , why, how. Etc) * Para expresar finalidad u objetivo. Ej: He went to the shop to buy milk * Detrs de los siguientes verbos: agree, appear, arrange, ask, choose, claim, decide, decline, demand, fail, forget, happen, hesitate, hope, learn, manage, often, plan, prepare, pretend, promise. * Cuando tengamos "would"+verbo. Ej. I would like to visit Paris * Los verbos forget, need, regret, remember, stop y try pueden ir seguidos tanto de infinitivo como de un gerundio, pero con diferencias de significado. Si el verbo que les sigue va en gerundio, por lo general se refieren a un hecho pasado, mientras que si va en infinitivo, se refiere por lo general a un hecho presente o en un futuro prximo (try y need no seguiran este patrn). May / Might Es un verbo modal. Se usa para indicar posibilidad (con permiso) La tercera persona del singular no aade -s Es invariable en todas sus formas May indica un mayor grado de certeza que Might Afirmativa: Negativa: Interrogativa: Pasado: Futuro: Yoy may/might find a good hotel He may/might not be here Does he think I may/might go out tonight? She may/might have finished yesterday This summer I may/might go to England T puedes/podras encontrar un buen hotel l puede/podra no estar aqu Piensa que puedo/podra salir esta noche? Ella puede/podra haber finalizado ayer Este verano yo puedo/podra ir a Inglaterra

Plural del sustantivo (regulares) Los nombres acabados en -s, -ss, -sh, -x, -o y -ch forman el plurar aadiendo -es Los nombres acabados en consonante + y suprimen la -y y aaden -ies Los nombres acabados en vocal + y aaden -s Los nombres acabados en -f y -fe suprimen la -f o la -fe y aaden -ves Existen plurales irregulares: Sing. Man Woman foot goose tooth mouse child La norma general es aadir al nombre -s Imperativo Nunca lleva sujeto ni "to". La forma negativa lleva "don't" y su estructura suele ser: Don't + verbo sin "to"+ complemento. La voz pasiva El verbo pasivo se forma con el verbo "to be" en la forma verbal adecuada + participio pasado Sujeto+Verbo pasivo+Complementos Activa: We clean the room every morning Pasiva: The room is cleaned every morning El complemento directo pasa a convertirse en sujeto de la oracin La hora en Ingls Preguntar: * What time is it, please? * What's the time, please? Contestar: * * * * * * * * It's It's It's It's It's It's It's It's twelve o'clock five past two seven minutes past two twenty to nine twenty-two minutes to nine a quarter past five a quarter to five a hasl past five Son las Son las Son las Son las Son las Son las Son las Son las doce en punto dos y cinco dos y siete nueve menos veinte nueve menos veintidos minutos cinco y cuarto cinco menos cuarto cinco y media Plural Men Women feet geese teeth mice children

Marks of punctuation . punto : dos puntos ; punto y coma , coma . punto y aparte ? interrogacin ! exclamacin puntos suspensivos "" comillas () parntesis guin abrir / cerrar Formacin de nmeros 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 one two three four five six seven eight nine ten eleven twelve thirteen fourteen fifteen sixteen seventeen eighteen nineteen twenty 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 107 157 200 979 1,000 1,838 17,373 845,901 1,000,000 37,529,428 thirty forty fifty sixty seventy eighty ninety a/one hundred a hundred and seven a hundred and fifty seven two hundred nine hundred and seventy-nine a thousand a thousand eight hundred and thirty-eight seventeen thousand three hundred and seventy-three eight hundred an forty-five thousand nine hundred and one a million thirty-seven million five hundred and twenty-nine thousand four hundred and twenty eight full / stop colon semi-colon comma new paragraph question mark exclamation mark dats inverted commas brackets dash open / close

Must Es un verbo modal. Se usa para indicar deber u obligacin de algo. La forma negativa mustn't indica prohibicin. La tercera persona del singular no aade -s Es invariable en todas sus formas Afirmativa: Negativa: Negativa: Interrogativa: Pasado: Futuro: Yoy must find a good hotel He must not (mustn't) be here He doesn't have to be here Do I have make a call? She must have (must've) finished yesterday This summer I must go to England T debes encontrar un buen hotel l no debe estar aqu (indica prohibicin) l no tiene que estar aqu (indica ausencia de obligacin o necesidad) Debo realizar una llamada? Ella debe (debera) haber finalizado ayer Este verano yo debo (debera) ir a Inglaterra

Can Es un verbo modal. Se usa para indicar posibilidad (capacidad, habilidad) La tercera persona del singular no aade -s Es invariable en todas sus formas Afirmativa: Negativa: Interrogativa: Pasado: Futuro: Yoy can find a good hotel He can't be here Can I make a call? She could have (could've) finished yesterday This summer She is able to go to England T puedes encontrar un buen hotel l no puede estar aqu Puedo realizar una llamada? Ella puede (podra) haber finalizado ayer Este verano ella puede (podra) ir a Inglaterra