It is superior from other systems because it has separate symbols for all numbers to 10 unlike Mayan or roman numerals
who for 6 have to use 2 symbols (a line under a dot for Mayan and a V then an I for roman The use of zero
The Hindu/Arabic number system is the one which is used in most of the countries of the world. The numbers used are; 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and 0. Tens are represented by moving the numbers foreward on place and adding a zero, hundreds move foreward a further place and add a further zero and so on. The system is open ended and more zeros and further places can be added as required.
Numeration Systems
[See revised syllabus or updates on line for new homework on this section.]
We will soon be student numbers and operations. We will do this using the Hindu-Arabic Numeration System. In this section we look at this and other numeration systems. Recall that if A is a finite set then n(A) is the number of elements in A. elements are in A. Number is the idea that represents this characteristic of a group of objects. A numeration system is a set of This is just a count of how many
symbols that represent numbers. A = {a,b,c}. There is an abstract idea that there are "three" elements of A and this is represented by the symbol 3 in our numeration system. Long history of different way to represent numbers. We discuss several of them.
TALLY NUMERATION SYSTEM (earliest) Suppose you want to count a group of things (sheep or trees ...). You could us a vertical line to each object you want to count. | || ||| |||| ||||| |||||| |||||||
Advantages: Simple to learn and us
Disadvantages: Need a "symbol" for each number Big numbers are hard to recognize |||||||||||||||||||| |||| Improving the Tally System represents the idea of 5. (What would ones above be?) This is called grouping and can improve a numeration system. same as ? | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
EGYPTIAN NUMERATION SYSTEM (3400 BC) Uses grouping by tens and special symbols.
Staff finger (one)
Healbone Scroll (ten) (hundred)
lotus flower (thousand)
pointing (ten
thousand)
fish (hundred thousand)
astonished man (million)
is equal to ten thousand, two hundred and thirteen. 10,213
This is called an additive system since the value of the symbols are added together to get the value of the number. Advantages of the Egyptian System Fewer symbols than tally system after you get to ten. Disadvantages: Later we want to add two numbers together. This is not easy in this system. Example:
? IIII + ?? IIIIIII = ????I 174 + 257 = 431
ROMAN NUMERATION SYSTEM I one
V X L C D M
five ten fifty hundred five hundred thousand
Partially additive CCLXII = 100 + 100 + 50 + 10 + 1 + 1 = 262
It is also multiplicative. Ancient Times (I) ((I)) = 1,000 addition ( ) multiplies by 10
= 10,000
(((I))) = 100,000
Middle Ages
_
V = 5 x 1000
_
X = 10 x 1000
__
VII = 7 x 1000
bar over number multiplies number by 1000
Subtractive Ancient IIII = 4 IV = 5 - 1 = 4
Middle Ages
MCMXCIX means M CM XC IX = 1000 + 1000100 +100-10 + 10-1 = 1000 + 900 + 90 + 9 = 1999 This is called a positional system since the same symbols can mean different values depending on position.
IV = 4
VI = 6
You should also be able to go from number to Roman Numeral 2467 is what? MM CD LX VII or MMCDLXVII
Hindu-Arabic Numeration System (800 AD) Features: 1) Symbols 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 2) Grouping by tens fingers] decimal system [digits - ten
::::: :::::
2 x 10 3) Place value 3642
......
+ 6
(so it is a positional system) 6 hundreds 4 tens 2
3 thousand
units 0 is a "place holder" 402 not the same as 42
4) Additive and Multiplicative Place value unit Digit 4 5 3 6 2 + 3 x 100 Numeral value + 6 x 10 + 2 x 1 Numeral read) 45362 or 45,362 (easier to 4 x 10,000 + 5 x 1000 10 thousand thousand hundred ten
Expand 1063
Why did Hindu-Arabic system become so widespread? 1) Uses fewer symbols to express numbers--- efficient.
2) Superior for many types of calculations.
Word names for Hindu-Arabic numerals 1) 0, 1, 2 , . . . , 12 2) 13, 14, . . . , 19 four-teen 3) 20, 21, . . . , 99 57 5x10 + 7 fifty seven unique names teen (for ten) 10 + 4 (4+10)
4) 100, 101, . . . , 999 previous number 538
so many hundreds plus
Bigger --- in groups of 3 numerals 864,456,221,653,127,851 864 quadrillion Great Britain American System-- different in
456 221 653 127 851
trillion billion million thousand (ones)
Another Important Numeration System (not in Text) Binary System We use decimal system based on groups of 10. What if we had 2 fingers? Get a system based on groups of 2. Very Important!!! Logic (T and F) and Digital
Computer (all of ours) use binary numbers and logic.
Counting in Binary
Base 10 0 0
Base 2
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
1 10 11 100 101 110 111 1000 1001
1x1 1x2 + 0x1 1x2 + 1x1 1x4 + 0x2 + 0x1
1x8 + 0x4 +0x2 +1x1
Other important computer numeration systems are octal (base 8) and hexadecimal (base 16).
