Introduction to 1X EV-DO
Agenda
Overview Forward link structure Reverse link structure Channel measurement & control Link adaptation scheme Reverse power control Scheduler Field/ simulation test results
Overview
IS-856, also referred as 1X EV-DO, is a high speed wireless data technology It is a system optimized for Data IS-856 is the standard specification for cdma2000 high rate packet data systems IS-856 objectives Designed for high speed wireless packet data service Provides internet connectivity to mobile and fixed users Compatible with existing (IS-95) and cdma2000 CDMA wireless network
Overview
Data and voice have distinctly different requirements Voice systems Need symmetric forward and reverse links Voice services are provided at a constant and low latency For voice, quality of service cannot be compromised, i.e.,Independent of coverage Data systems Demand faster forward links Data services seek to maximize sector throughput subject to a fairness constraint Can tolerate large latencies - more than in voice Data services need not be equal across coverage conditions Using a single technology to carry both voice and data is a compromise
1X EV-DO Data Rates
Dynamic data rates Defined depending on level of interference C/I REV (kbps) 9.6, 19.2, 38.4, 76.8, 153.6 FWD (kbps) 38.4, 76.8, 153.6, 307.2,614.4, 921.6, 1228.8, 1843.2, 2457.6 The actual throughput available to any one user depends on Total number of users Level of interference (C/I) Forward/Reverse data rates are asymmetric reflecting the difference in traffic levels in each direction
Compatility With IS-95/1X Network
1X EV-DO is designed to operate in Cellular or in PCS band on a separate CDMA channel i,e., Frequency assignment same as in existing IS-95/1X system 1X EV-DO has same chip rate, link budget, power equirement, channel bandwidth, and coverage as IS-95/1X No changes(?) required to existing network plans -- i,e., Coverage different with 2G Same cell sites, towers, and antennas can be used( ) 1X EV-DO sites can be selectively deployed into IS-95/1X -- 1X EV-DO type ( Mixed,Stand-alone,Smart,Pico )
1X EV-DO and IS-95/1X Overlay
IS-95 A/B cdma2000/IS-95 cdma2000/EV-DO
1X EV-DO Vs. IS-95/1X Spectrum IS-95 1X EV-DO
The same chip rate (1.2288 MHz) and FIR filter is used for HDR, resulting in similar spurious emissions performance.
Forward Link
1X EV-DO Vs. IS-95/1X Forward Link
Feature of 1X EV-DO
Time division multiplex on Forward Link Larger frame size(IS-95 A/B,cdma2000 20ms vs 1X EV-DO 26.66ms) Asymmetry in Forward Link and Reverse Link structures Turbo coding and decoding on Forward Link and Reverse Link Large latencies allow turbo codes to be used Allows operation at lower Eb/No and therefore lower C/I and lower interference levels Reverse rate indicator (RRI) and data rate control (DRC) channels on the RL Reverse activity (RA) channel on the Forward Link Implementation of data rate control & ARQ schemes
Agenda
Overview Forward link structure Reverse link structure Channel measurement & control Link adaptation scheme Reverse power control Scheduler Field/ simulation test results
Forward Link
Forward Link/Reverse Link Physical Layer Forward Link/Reverse Link Physical Layer Channel .. Channel
Forward Channel Structure
Forward channel structure is of a time multiplex of the following channels: Pilot channel (Common Channel) Used by AT for all the following: Initial acquisition Phase & timing recovery Coherent demodulation and maximal ratio combining Means to estimate receive C/I for forward data rate control Medium access channel (MAC)(is not Common, only for specific user) Consists of two sub-channels: Reverse activity channel (RA): carries reverse activity bit (RAB) stream Reverse power control channel (RPC) Traffic channel (same as MAC channel) Carries user packets Control channel(is broadcasted or unicasted) Carries control messages and also carries user traffic
Forward Channel Structure
Idle slots Slots during no traffic/control data are referred to idle slots During idle slots, sector transmits only Pilot & MAC channels Forward link parameters Forward channel is defined in frames of length 26.66 ms aligned to PN rolls with zero offset PN sequences(may be for Frame Sync) Each frame is divided into 16 slots of length 1.66 ms Each slot consists of 2048 PN chips Packet size varies from 1 slot to 16 slots depending on the data rate and coding rate/modulation scheme
Forward Slot Waveform
Forward Link Pilot Channel
Pilot channel It is an unmodulated BPSK signal with in-phase component only Pilot channel is assigned walsh cover 0 It is transmitted in a burst mode Each pilot burst has a duration of 96 chips centered at the midpoint of each half slot It is transmitted at full sector power
A
192 PN Chips per slot
Forward Link MAC Channel
MAC channel MAC is a CDM of RPC, and RA channels Composed of 64 code channels Each user code channel is identified by a MAC index(same as Walsh code) Orthogonally covered by 64-ary walsh channels BPSK modulated MAC symbol walsh covers are repeated 4 times per slot Two bursts of length 64 chips are transmitted twice every slot immediately preceding and following a pilot burst
Forward Link MAC Channel
MAC Channel and Preamble Use Versus MACIndex
MACIndex 0 and 1 2 3 4 5 ~ 63 MAC Channel use Not used Not used Not used RA channel RPC channel transmission Preamble use Not used 76.8kbps control channel 38.4kbps control channel Not used Forward Traffic channel transmission
Forward Link Preamble
Preamble channel A preamble sequence is time multiplexed into first slot of each traffic or control channel packet Mainly to assist every AT in identifying forward traffic data or control channel information Preamble sequence is covered by a 32 bit biorthogonal sequence Repeated several times based on data rate as before
Forward Link Preamble
1slot (2048chips)[1.66ms]
D A T A M A C M A C M A C M A C
Preamble /w MACIndex
Pilot 64bit
DATA
DATA
Pilot 64bit
DATA
1024 chips
1024 chips
Basicaly, AT must be decode the Preamble of Control/Traffic Channel.
Forward Link Traffic Channel
Traffic channel Payload consists of packets in blocks of fixed size based on data rate Turbo coded Output of encoder is scrambled and interleaved Interleaved symbols are QPSK/8PSK/16-QAM modulated Modulated symbols are repeated Demultiplexed to form 32 pairs of in-phase and quadrature phase parallel streams
Forward Link Control Channel
Control channel Transmits broadcast messages and AT directed messages Fixed rate @ 38.4 kbps or 76.8kbps Modulation characteristics are same as traffic channel Preamble of control channel is covered by 32-ary biorthogonal sequence The specific index of preamble distinguishes control channel from traffic channel The control channel cycle is a 426.66 ms cycle(256 slots) A control channel capsule is included at the beginning of every control channel cycle termed as synchronous capsule
Forward Link Control Channel
D
Control Channel Structure
Synchronous Capsule bit 1 Control Channel ,
SynchronousCapsule (1 bit) LastPacket (1 bit) Offset (2bit) Reserved (4bit)
Last Packet bit 1 Monitoring .
Control Channel Header Structure
1X EV-DO Coding Scheme
Turbo encoded packet is scrambled and block interleaved High C/I Number of code symbols in first slot may be less than total code symbols in the packet Higher effective code rate is achieved by truncation of parity bits Coding gains due to incremental transmission of parity bits Low C/I All code symbols are transmitted followed by repetitions Coding gains by simple repetition of a basic 1/5 rate code.
Forward Channel Structure
A B C D
I Qudrature Qudrature Spreading Spreading Q
Baseband Baseband Filter Filter Baseband Baseband Filter Filter
cos(2ft)
sin(2ft)
Forward modulation wave
A,B,C,D point .
TDM TDM
Agenda
Overview Forward link structure Reverse link structure Channel measurement & control Link adaptation scheme Reverse power control Scheduler Field/ simulation test results
Reverse Link Structure
Reverse Link Physical Layer
Reverse link parameters: Reverse channel frames are 26.66 ms in length aligned to PN rolls of the short code PN sequences Packet size is fixed at 26.66..Ms Reverse link PN chip rate For every channel is 1.2288 Mcps on both I and Q baseband streams Output power characteristics are similar to IS-95 A/B Access channel operation is similar to IS-95 A/B Closed & open loop power controls the mean output power of pilot and MAC channels The power levels for data are adjusted based on selected data rate
Reverse Channel Structure
Traffic channel In-phase component is a CDM of pilot/RRI and ACK Channels Quad-phase component is a CDM of DRC and data Channels Independent gains on DRC and ACK channel relative to pilot DRC gain range (-9dB to +6dB) ACK gain range (-3dB to +6dB) Access channel Pilot channel Data channel(UATI Request, UATI Complete, Connection Request) In-phase component consists of the pilot channel Quad-phase component consists of the data channel
Pilot/RRI Channel (Reverse Traffic Channel)
Pilot channel Unmodulated symbols w/ binary value 0 @ 1.2288 Mcps RRI channel Reports data rate of the current reverse link data packet Represented by 3-bit RRI symbol, sent once per data packet One-to-one mapped to reverse data rates Each RRI symbol maps into a 7-bit codeword Codeword is repeated 37 times Time multiplexed with pilot symbols on every slot Time multiplex of pilot and RRI spread by walsh cover W016
ACK Channel
Used to inform AN whether the data packet transmitted on Forward Link was received successfully or not One bit 0 or 1 is transmitted per half slot Transmitted over the first half of the slot Repetition factor = 128 Walsh cover is W48 Shall last for 1024 chips/ active half slot
DRC Channel
DRC channel Used to request a specific data rate on forward link(DRC value) This is a 4-bit DRC symbol One-to-one mapped to requested data rates Requests a specific sector to transmit data to the AT(DRC cover) This is a 3-bit walsh cover One-to-one relation to the sectors in active set Estimated C/Is of active set pilots are mapped to DRC values DRC symbols and DRC walsh cover are transmitted at a rate of 600/DRClength per sec One DRC symbol is sent per DRClength number of slots During transmission DRC symbol is repeated DRClength times to yield 600 symbols per second
DRC Channel
DRC channel Used to request a specific data rate on forward link This is a 4-bit DRC symbol One-to-one mapped to requested data rates Requests a specific sector to transmit data to the AT This is a 3-bit walsh cover One-to-one relation to the sectors in active set Estimated C/Is of active set pilots are mapped to DRC values DRC symbols and DRC walsh cover are transmitted at a rate of 600/DRClength per sec One DRC symbol is sent per DRClength number of slots During transmission DRC symbol is repeated DRClength times to yield 600 symbols per second
Data Channel
Data Channel Reverse traffic data can be transmitted at following rates: 9600, 19200, 38400, 76800, 153600 bps Data Transmitted on Reverse Traffic Channel is Turbo encoded Block interleaved Sequence repeated & Orthogonally spread by W24
Access Channel Structure
Access channel Preamble part (length is specified by upper layer protocol) Access channel data packet (2 frames long) @ 9.6kbps Pilot channel: unmodulated symbols w/ binary value 0 @1.2288 Mcps No MAC channel during access probe transmissions
Access channel slot for preamble length of 2 frames
Access Channel Structure
Access Probe Structure
Reverse Traffic Channel Data Rate Control
Initially, AT set Current Limit 9.6kbps After Broadcast/UnicastRateLimit message received, AT update Current Limit AT changes reverse data rate on three factors. - Current Rate : trans limit rate on reverse at present. - Combined Busy Bit >> If the last time RAB is 1 , Combine Busy Bit 1.Otherwise 0 - Condition : random number between 1 and 0 In according to Condition value, set Maxrate to Maxratetrue value. Otherwise set Maxratefalse. Tabel is next.
Reverse Traffic Channel Data Rate Control
Determination of Max rate
Reverse Channel Structure
Access Channel
Reverse Traffic Channel
DRC Channel Gain
ACK Channel Gain
DATA Channel Gain
Agenda
Overview Forward link structure Reverse link structure Channel measurement & control Link adaptation scheme Reverse power control Scheduler Field/ simulation test results
Link Adaption Scheme
All base stations transmit a full power pilot all the time Access Terminal (AT) measures the C/I on each pilot in the active set every slot (1.67 ms). Access Terminal predicts the C/I for the next packet Requests the highest rate it can decode at that C/I for a given error performance Rate requests are sent on the data rate control (DRC) channel in the reverse link. Requests are directed at a particular access point (AP) Update Rate depends on handoff condition Nominally updated every slot (600Hz)
Link Adaption Scheme
Requested data rate determines Modulation scheme (QPSK, 8-PSK, 16-QAM) Code Rate Preamble Length Maximum # of slots required for transmission If the AP chooses to serve the AT then the AT knows exactly what rate it would be served at No blind rate detection With multiple terminals, a scheduler determines the order in which terminals are served.
Link Adaption Scheme
Only 1 base station transmits to an AT at a time Reduced forward link interference to users of other base stations A base station transmits to only 1 AT at a time Base station interference is minimized when user queues are empty
EV-DO Hand Off Algorithm
Because AT received the data from only one AP,it can be soft handoff between APs in 1X EV-DO. It means that For ware Link is not supported for soft handoff, but Reverse Link can be. Reverse Link soft handoff algorithm. -- AT switch rapidly from one AP to another AP -- More than one AP receive ATs transmissions, and frame selection is made
EV-DO Hand Off Example
EV-DO Hand Off Example
Reverse Power Control
Minimize AT transmit power to achieve acceptable PER. Inner power control Fast loop between AT and AN,AN sends UP/DOWN commands @ 600Hz to keep AT Tx power at PC setpoint Closed loop power control BTS based Outer loop power control Sets the PC setpoint to target a 1% PER Changes when a packet is received BSC based
Inactive state : initial state No data : connection setup, but no data. Time based (Frame Length time based) Normal : data exchanging, good or bad frames based Data start : in No data state,if good frame, PCT down in No data state,if bad frame, Normal state
Open Loop vs Outer Loop
Forward Link Throughput 1-path Rayleigh 3km/h fading
PER with Outer Loop Rate Control
Agenda
Overview Forward link structure Reverse link structure Channel measurement & control Link adaptation scheme Reverse power control Scheduler Field/ simulation test results
Scheduler
Proportional fairness vs Round-Robin Exploits user diversity Adapts to longer term channel variation of users Takes advantage of local peaks in requested rate Always serves someone if possible For a given user Fraction of time lower rates are served is LOWER than the fraction of time they are requested Fraction of time higher rates are served is HIGHER than the fraction of time they are requested
Scheduler Algorithm
Round-Robin -- Not used
Proportional Fairness -- user selection DRCi(n)/Ri(n) Ri(n) : Serviced Rate.
Agenda
Overview Forward link structure Reverse link structure Channel measurement & control Link adaptation scheme Reverse power control Scheduler Field/ simulation test results
Simulated Sector Throughput
Single RX ANT Throughput Chart
Call processing Procedure
Idle State, Connected State Origination Procedure Handoff Procedure Senario 1X EV-DO Protocol Layer
Power up Procedure
Power On ( Remain on idle state )
- Initialization state . Inactive state . Network determination . Pilot acquisition . Synchronization(network. acquired) >> Activate Control Channel(MAC Layer) on AT >> Sync message, QuickConfig, SectorParam - Idle state . Monitor state . Connection set_up state
Power up Procedure (Idle state)
Inactivate state Power up Network determination Pilot acquisition Synchronization
Initial state on Connection layer
Sync message QuickConfig,S e ctorParam
UATI Re
Monitor state > UATI Request(AC) > UATI Response(CC) : ColorCode,UATI024 > UATI Complete(AC)
quset
ns e
BTS
Respo UATI
plete m o C I UAT
t ues q e R tion c e nn sag mes e
Monitor state on connection layer
Connection setup state > Connection Request(AC)
Co
Connection setup state on connection layer
Power up (going on connected state)
ConnectionRequest
Routeupdate message
ACMAC ACMAC BTS
ACACK
Connection setup Idle state Connected state
TrafficChannelAssignment
DRCLength, DRCCover, FrameOffset, MACIndex.
RUP
RUP
Pilot+DRC
RTCMAC RTCMAC
RTCAck
TrafficChannelComplete
Session Negotiation Start ConnectionClose message
Call processing Procedure
Idle StateConnected State Origination Procedure Handoff Procedure Senario 1X EV-DO Protocol Layer
Origination Procedure
Only used LCP MD5 algorithm used (Challenge, ID, PASSWORD) User authencification
Accounting start
LCP and IPCP. Assignment IP address to AT.
Call processing Procedure
Idle State, Connected State Origination Procedure Handoff Procedure Senario 1X EV-DO Protocol Layer
Handoff Procedure (Idle state)
AT communicates with only one BEST sector
BTS
ForwardTraffic data(MACindex(i))
DRC(value(k+1), cover(k+1))
BTS
DRC(value(k),cover(k)) ForwardTrafficdat a(MACindex(i)) Active set ForwardTraffic data(MACIndex(j))
Active set
Pilot Strenth t
Call processing Procedure
Idle State Connected State Origination Procedure Handoff Procedure Senario 1X EV-DO Protocol Layer
Senario (Hybrid AT)
1. Senario 1 When AT is dormant state, AT moves from served BSC to another BSC. Senario 2 When AT is exchanging the data in 1X EV-DO BSC, it receive the voice page message from cdma2000 1X BSC.AT switch to cdma2000 1X BSC and contiues to receive data+voice in cdma2000 1X BSC. 3. Senario 3 When AT is exchanging the data in 1X EV-DO BSC, it initiates the voice call in cdma2000 1X BSC.AT switches to cdma2000 1X BSC and continues to exchange voice+data in cdma2000 1X BSC.
Senario (Hybrid AT)
4. Senario 4 When AT resides in the coverage area of 1X EV-DO BSC, it transit to the Dormant state. The AT remains in 1X EV-DO BSC and monitor cdma2000 1X BSC common channel as well as 1X EV-DO Control Channel. 5. Senario 5 AT is the active or Dormant state of data service in 1X EV-DO BSC area.AT moves from 1X EV-DO to cdma2000 1X BSC. 6. Senario 6 AT is the acitve or Dormant state of data service in cdma2000 1X BSC area. AT moves from cdma2000 1X BSC to 1X EV-DO area. 7. Senario 7 AT is exchange the data in 1X EV-DO area. it receive the SMS broadcast from cdma2000 1X BSC.
Call processing Procedure
Idle StateConnected State Origination Procedure Handoff Procedure Senario 1X EV-DO Protocol Layer
1X EV-DO Protocol Layer
Important Layer
Session Layer
Session Management Protocol Control Address Management Protocol and Session Configuration Protocol Address Management Protocol Provides UATI assignment UATI Request, UATI Assignment, UATI complete Session Configuration Protocol Provides for the negotiation and configuration of the set of protocols during a session
Session Close Condition 1. AT can not be available for a period lager than the keep alive timer. 2..AT moves to different network. 3. AN sends SessionClose message. Keep Alive algorithm 1. This function is the maintenance between AT and AN sessions. 2. This algorithm runs only when no traffic data to/from AT/AN. 3. Keep alive timer is default 54hours
Connection Layer
Air Link Management Protocol Provides general state machine and state transition rules for connection layer Initialization State Protocol Provides procedures for AT to acquire a serving network CDMA channel selection, Pilot acquisition, Sync message Idle State Protocol Monitors control channel and initiates a connection Maintains Monitor state and Sleep state Connected State Protocol Works while a connection is open Processes Connection Close message
Connection Layer
Route Update Protocol - Keeps track of ATs location (Idle Handoff)
Distance-based
- Maintains ATs radio link between different sectors (Active Handoff)
Pilot-strength-based - Route Update Protocol substates idle state Route Up date. Idle HO, Route Update. NetworkLost
Route Update. Active Setup dated, Route Update. Assignment rejected
Connected state
Route Update. Connection Lost
Connection Layer
Overhead Message Protocol Provides overhead messages
Overhead Parameter Up To Date is 0,if belows
1.AT has not any stored value for overhead parameter or Routupdate.IdleHO 2.SectorSignature is different from the last stored value
Quick Config message(every ControlChannel synchronous capsule)
sector signature included.
Sector Parameters message(at least every 3 ControlChannel)
1. Lat, Long, Routeupdate Radius, Neighbor Count ,Neighbor PN, Neighbor Channel Included, NeighborChannel 2. Neighbor Search Window Size, Neighbor Search Window offset.
Packet Consolidation Protocol Provides mux/demux of session layer packets
MAC Layer
Rules to govern operation of main 1xEV-DO data channels. MAC Layer protocol for follow channels Control Channel(8slots continuously) Page Sync: Every 3 control channel cycles (3*256 slots) Quick Config: Every control channel cycle Sector Parameters: Every 3 control channel cycles Access Parameters: Every 3 control channel cycles Access Channel Forward Traffic Channel Reverse Traffic Channel
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