INTRODUCTION

As a part of our curriculum , we have decided to undertake the project Design and analysis of a shopping complex. So we have selected Focus Mall, the shopping complex situated near new bus stand , Calicut. The building has four floors and a basement, with car parking facility at the roof and basement. The building consists of a number of shops, including super markets, restaurants, gaming centres, etc. We intend to do the complete structural design and analysis of this structure using the available architectural plan and soil report. All designs will be based on the existing Indian Standard Building codes. Assistance of softwares like AutoCAD , Staad pro etc are expected to be utilized during the course of this project.

RELEVANCE OF THE PROJECT WORK

As civil engineers , it is important to know the application of the design techniques that are included in the curriculum. Undertaking a design project allows one to have a firsthand experience at implementing the various concepts that are discussed in the classes. It helps in creating awareness about the various aspects of the design of a building. We also expect this project to help us in the familiarisation of the IS codes . It will also help us to increase our expertise in the softwares like Auto cad , Staad Pro etc.

METHODOLOGY
Obtaining an architectural design of a multi storey building that we are intending to do the project on (Focus Mall). Obtaining the soil report of the site. Familiarizing with the architectural elements of the building by studying the plan obtained, and understanding the key elements in the building, like beams, columns, stairs, etc. , also obtaining an idea about the various loads in the structure. Design of slabs for the various levels of the building, taking into account the nature of their uses, and hence, the amount of loading to be taken by the slabs. Design of the beams for carrying the slabs safely. Design of columns based on the loads coming to them due to the presence of structural elements and utility type . Design of the staircases , elevator wells ,water tank , etc , and design of the columns to meet the specific requirement. Analysis of the entire structure using staad pro. Considering the loads coming on the column, design of the foundation of the building. Design and analysis of the complete structure and structural elements , meeting the load requirements Producing the structural drawings and detailing required for the construction.

WORK DONE SO FAR

1. Obtained the architectural drawings from hilite constructions. 2. Studied the structural elements and their location from the plan. 3. Conducted a site visit to get more knowledge about the structural features of the building. 4.DESIGN OF SLAB As seen from the plan , assuming beams run through the columns shown in the plan , the unsupported span of the slab was determined to be 8 m x 8 m.

8m

8m

Assuming M25 concrete and Fe 415 steel , Load calculation : As per IS 875 part 2 , live load for the building is 6KN/m2 Finishing load = 1KN/m2 Dead load = 1*0.3*25 = 7.5 KN/m2 Total design load = 1.5(6+1+7.5) = 21.75 KN/m2 For continuous slab , L/D ratio = 26 Assuming Pt = 0.5 , = 1.2. Hence , L/D = 31.2 Thus , D = 8000/31.2 = 25.64cm. , approximately 26cm.

Mx = x*lx2 *w = 0.024*64*2175 =33.41 KN/m2 Similarly, negative moment at continuous edge = 44.54 KN/m2. Then , we conducted a structural analysis on a typical frame in in the building , using Staad Pro.

Here , we assumed a beam on size 50 x 70 and the loading on the beams were as follows. Each slab was divided into four parts as follows and the loads on each part were assumed to be transferred into the corresponding beam. The largest slab was considered for analysis.

Area of the region ABCDEFA was determined to be 57.6 square meter. Loading per square meter , as determined earlier is 21.75KN/m2 total load on the beam = 57.6*21.75 = 1252.8KN Hence , per unit length , the loading on the beam is 1252.8/11.2 =111.86KN/m.

Using this loading on the above frame , we obtained the following displacements on the frame.

Here , it can be seen that the deflection in the largest span of the beam is 33.327mm , while the maximum allowable displacement of the span is 32mm , according to the IS specifications. So, we decided to provide intermediate beams , thereby forming a grid of 4x4 m in between the beams. Now,

4m

4m

As earlier, l/d = 31.2 hence, d = 128.2mm ,approximately equal to 130mm. Assuming cover of 20mm , D = 150mm Self weight 25*.15 = 3.75 KN/m2 Design load = 1.5 *10.75 = 16.125 -ve moment = 8.256KNm +ve moment = 6.129KNm As per SP6 , we should provide a pt of 0.236% in the side with the negative moment. ie. Ast = 3.068cm2 . So we will provide 8mm bars @150c/c. Similarly in the positive moment direction , Pt = 0.188 Ast =2.44 cm2 So we will provide 8 mm bars @ 200 c/c. Now , the analysis on staad Pro was conducted again , and the loading on the primary beam and the intermediate beams are as follows.

Here , load on the main beam , GIC is the load coming In the areas IHGF and IBCD . similarly , the loads coming in the intermediate columns AI and IE are the loads in the area ABIH and IDEF . Here , the beams are assumed to be of 0.3 x0.7 in in dimension. Hence, the loads in the main beam and intermediate beams are calculated as follows. Load in the main beam = 32.25KN/m Net load in the intermediate beams , to be transferred to main beam as point loads for analysis in Staad = 300KN. Using the same frame that we used earlier, the new loading on the frame is ,

The bending moments were obtained as follows.

The shear forces were as follows

The displacements were as follows.

Hence, the new displacement in the beam is 31.787 mm , which is lower than the maximum permissible displacement in the beam. Hence , the design using intermediate beams forming a grid work of 4m x 4m is satisfactory for the building.

Design of stair case

Here Rise of stair = 15 cm Tread of stair = 30 cm Width of stair = 1.2 m Effective length = 4.3 m Slab thickness t = l/25 = 4300/25 = 180 cm so provide a total thickness of 200mm loads on going of stair 1.self weight of slab @ 25 KN/m3 = (25 x t x 1) / sin = 25 x 0.2 x (335.4/300) = 5.025 KN/m 2. self weight of steps @25 KN/m3 = (0.5 x 15 ) = 1.88 KN/m 3. finishes = 1 KN/m 4. live load = 4 KN/m Total = 11.905 KN/m Factored load = 1.5 x 11.095 = 17.86 KN/m Max moment at the stair (on going ) = 17.86 x l2 / 8 = 17.86 x 4.32/8 = 41.27KNm

Main reinforcement (along going) My / bd2 = (41.27 x 1060) / 1000 x 1802 = 1.274 M Pa From SP 16 chart for fck 25 Fe 415 Pt =0.385 % Ast = (0.385 x 1000 x 180)/100= 693 mm2 = 6.93 cm2 From table 96 Provide 10 @ 110 c/c

Distributors From IS456 provide minimum steal of 0.12% steel I e = 0.0012 x bt = 0.0012 x 103 x 200 = 240 mm2 = 2.4 cm 2 Provide 8 mm @ 110 c/c Provide same for landing i e min steal In each step Provide nosing bar of 8mm Provide bend bar 8mm at 200 c/c