Scribd
Upload
1K views

Synchronous and Asynchronous Data Transfer

1. Synchronous data transfer occurs when the CPU and I/O interface share a common clock, while asynchronous transfer uses independent clocks for each unit. 2. Asynchronous transfer methods include strobe control, where one unit sends a strobe pulse to indicate when data is available, and handshaking, where control signals accompany each data transfer to indicate presence and receipt of data. 3. Strobe control can be source-initiated, where the source activates the strobe, or destination-initiated, where the destination activates the strobe to request data from the source. Handshaking adds a second control signal so units can acknowledge receipt of data or readiness to receive data.

Uploaded by

DrPrakash G Chithappa
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PPS, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
1K views

Synchronous and Asynchronous Data Transfer

1. Synchronous data transfer occurs when the CPU and I/O interface share a common clock, while asynchronous transfer uses independent clocks for each unit. 2. Asynchronous transfer methods include strobe control, where one unit sends a strobe pulse to indicate when data is available, and handshaking, where control signals accompany each data transfer to indicate presence and receipt of data. 3. Strobe control can be source-initiated, where the source activates the strobe, or destination-initiated, where the destination activates the strobe to request data from the source. Handshaking adds a second control signal so units can acknowledge receipt of data or readiness to receive data.

Uploaded by

DrPrakash G Chithappa
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PPS, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 18

SYNCHRONOUS & ASYNCHRONOUS DATA TRANSFER

Maninder Kaur
[email protected]

24-Nov-2010 www.eazynotes.com

SYNCHRONOUS DATA TRANSFER

24-Nov-2010

In a digital system, the internal operations are synchronized by means of clock pulses supplied by a common pulse generator. In a computer, CPU and an I/O interface are designed independently of each other. If the registers in the interface share a common clock with the CPU registers, the data transfer between two units are said to be synchronous.
2

www.eazynotes.com

ASYNCHRONOUS DATA TRANSFER

24-Nov-2010

In a computer system, CPU and an I/O interface are designed independently of each other. When internal timing in each unit is independent from the other and when registers in interface and registers of CPU uses its own private clock. In that case the two units are said to be asynchronous to each other. CPU and I/O device must coordinate for data transfers.
3

www.eazynotes.com

METHODS USED IN ASYNCHRONOUS DATA TRANSFER

24-Nov-2010 www.eazynotes.com

Strobe Control: This is one way of transfer i.e. by means of strobe pulse supplied by one of the units to indicate to the other unit when the transfer has to occur.

Handshaking: This method is used to accompany each data item being transferred with a control signal that indicates the presence of data in the bus. The unit receiving the data item responds with another control signal to acknowledge receipt of the data.
4

STROBE CONTROL

24-Nov-2010

Strobe control method of data transfer uses a single control signal for each transfer. The strobe may be activated by either the source unit or the destination unit.
Source Initiated Strobe Destination Initiated Strobe

www.eazynotes.com

Data bus

Source Unit

Strobe

Destination Unit
5

SOURCE INITIATED STROBE

24-Nov-2010 www.eazynotes.com

The data bus carries the binary information from source unit to the destination unit as shown below. The strobe is a single line that informs the destination unit when a valid data word is available in the bus.
Timing diagram Data

Valid data

Strobe

SOURCE INITIATED STROBE

24-Nov-2010

The source unit first places the data on the bus. After a brief delay to ensure that the data settle to a steady value, the source activities the strobe pulse.

www.eazynotes.com

The information of the data bus and the strobe signal remain in the active state for a sufficient time period to allow the destination unit to receive the data.
The source removes the data from the bus for a brief period of time after it disables its strobe pulse.

DESTINATION INITIATED STROBE

24-Nov-2010 www.eazynotes.com

First, the destination unit activates the strobe pulse, informing the source to provide the data. The source unit responds by placing the requested binary information on the unit to accept it.

The data must be valid and remain in the bus long enough for the destination unit to accept it.
The falling edge of the strobe pulse can be used again to trigger a destination register. The destination unit then disables the strobe. The source removes the data from the bus after a predetermined time interval.

DESTINATION INITIATED STROBE


Timing diagram Data
Valid data

24-Nov-2010 www.eazynotes.com

Strobe

Data bus Source Unit Strobe Destination Unit

Block diagram
9

HANDSHAKING

24-Nov-2010

In case of source initiated data transfer under strobe control method, the source unit has no way of knowing whether destination unit has received the data or not. Similarly, destination initiated transfer has no method of knowing whether the source unit has placed the data on the data bus. Handshaking mechanism solves this problem by introducing a second control signal that provides a reply to the unit that initiate the transfer. There are two control lines in handshaking technique:

www.eazynotes.com

Source to destination unit Destination to source unit

10

SOURCE INITIATED TRANSFER

24-Nov-2010

Handshaking signals are used to synchronize the bus activities. The two handshaking lines are data valid, which is generated by the source unit, and data accepted, generated by the destination unit. The timing diagram shows exchange of signals between two units.

www.eazynotes.com

11

SOURCE INITIATED TRANSFER


Data bus Source Unit Data valid Data accepted Block diagram Destination Unit

24-Nov-2010 www.eazynotes.com

Data

Valid data

Timing diagram

Strobe
12

Data accepted

SOURCE INITIATED TRANSFER USING HANDSHAKING

24-Nov-2010

The sequence of events:

www.eazynotes.com

The source unit initiates the transfer by placing the data on the bus and enabling its data valid signal.

The data accepted signals is activated by the destination unit after it accepts the data from the bus.
The source unit then disables its data valid signal, which invalidates the data on the bus. The destination unit the disables its data accepted signal and the system goes into its initial state.

13

SOURCE INITIATED TRANSFER USING HANDSHAKING


24-Nov-2010

Source Unit

Destination Unit
Place data on bus. Enable data valid

www.eazynotes.com

Accept data from bus. Enable data accepted

Disable data valid. Invalidate data on bus.

Disable data accepted. Ready to accept data.

14

Sequence of events

DESTINATION INITIATED TRANSFER USING HANDSHAKING

24-Nov-2010

In this case the name of the signal generated by the destination unit is ready for data. The source unit does not place the data on the bus until it receives the ready for data signal from the destination unit. The handshaking procedure follows the same pattern as in source initiated case. The sequence of events in both the cases is almost same except the ready for signal has been converted from data accepted in case of source initiated.

www.eazynotes.com

15

DESTINATION INITIATED TRANSFER


Data bus Source unit Data valid Ready for data Block diagram Destination unit

24-Nov-2010 www.eazynotes.com

Ready for Data

Timing diagram

Data valid
Data bus
16

DESTINATION INITIATED TRANSFER USING


HANDSHAKING
24-Nov-2010

Source Unit

Destination Unit

www.eazynotes.com

Ready to accept data. Enable ready for data


Place data on bus. Enable data valid.

Disable data valid. Invalidate data on bus.

Accept data from bus. Disable ready for data.

17

18

24-Nov-2010 www.eazynotes.com

You might also like