Chapter 4 OSI Transport Layer
CCNA Exploration version 4.0
Objectives
Explain the role of Transport Layer protocols and services in supporting communications across data networks Analyze the application and operation of TCP mechanisms that support reliability Analyze the application and operation of TCP mechanisms that support reassembly and manage data loss. Analyze the operation of UDP to support communicate between two processes on end devices
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Application data
IP Protocol Field = 17
Application data
IP Protocol Field = 6
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Extra: Logical Connection
Connectionoriented
Connectionless
Connectionless
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Extra: TCP Operation
IP is best effort delivery. The transport layer (TCP) is responsible reliability and flow control
from source to destination.This is accomplished using:
sliding windows (flow control) sequencing numbers and acknowledgments (reliability) synchronization (establish a virtual circuit)
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Roles of Transport Layer
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Transport Layer Role and Services
The functions
1. Enables multiple applications to
communicate over the network at the same time on a single device 2. Ensures that, if required, all the data is received reliably and in order by the correct application 3. Employs error handling mechanisms
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Transport Layer Role and Services
Primary responsibilities
4.1.1
1. Tracking the individual communication
between applications on the source and destination hosts 2. Segmenting data and managing each piece 3. Reassembling the segments into streams of application data 4. Identifying the different applications
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Transport Layer Role and Services
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Separating Multiple Communications
4.1.2
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Extra: Multiplexing
Different applications can send data segments on a first-come, first-served basis. The segments that arrive first will be taken care of first. This is referred to as the multiplexing of upper-layer conversations.
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Segmentation
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Q/A
Conversation vs Session ?
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Controlling the Conversation
4.1.2.1
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Controlling the Conversation The primary functions
1. Segmentation and Reassembly 2. Conversation Multiplexing
Other functions: Connection-oriented conversations Reliable delivery Ordered data reconstruction Flow control
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Controlling the Conversation
4.1.2.2
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Transport Layer Role and Services
4.1.3
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Transport Layer Role and Services
4.1.3
At the Transport layer the 3 basic operations of reliability are:
1.Tracking transmitted data 2.Acknowledging received
data 3.Retransmitting any unacknowledged data
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TCP and UDP
4.1.4
Web, email, file transfer
DNS, Video streaming, VoIP
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TCP Header format:
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TCP Header format: Port number
Source Port 16 bits. Destination Port 16 bits.
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TCP Header format: Sequence
Sequence Number: 32 bits
The sequence number of the first data octet in this segment (except when SYN is present).
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TCP Header format: Acknowledgment
Acknowledgment Number: 32 bits
This field contains the value of the next sequence number the sender of the segment is expecting to receive.
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TCP Header format: Code bits
Control Bits: 8 bits URG: Urgent pointer field is valid ACK: Acknowledgment field significant PSH: This segment requests a push RST: Reset the connection SYN: Synchronize sequence numbers FIN: No more data from sender
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Example: code bits
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TCP Header format: Window
Window: 16 bits
The number of data octets beginning with the one indicated in the acknowledgment field which the sender of this segment is willing to accept.
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TCP Header format: Window
Urgent Pointer: 16 bits
Points to the first data octet following the urgent data. Only significant when the URG control bit is set.
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TCP Header format: Data
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User Datagram Protocol (UDP)
Error processing and retransmission must be handled by higher layer protocols
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UDP header fields
Source port Number of the calling port Destination port Number of the called port Length Number of bytes including header and data Checksum Calculated checksum of the header and data fields Data Upper-layer protocol data The protocols that use UDP include: - TFTP (Trivial File Transfer Protocol) - SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol) - DHCP (Dynamic Host Control Protocol) - DNS (Domain Name System)
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Port Addressing
4.1.5
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Q/A
4.1.5
Source Port ? Socket ?
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Port and TCP port
Reserved for services and applications. They are commonly used for These port numbers are assigned to user processes or applications.
When not used for a server resource, these ports may also be used dynamically selected by a client as its source port.
applications such as HTTP (web server) POP3/SMTP (e-mail server) and Telnet
These are usually assigned dynamically to client applications when
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initiating a connection. It is not very common for a client to connect to a service using a Dynamic or Private Port
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UDP port
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TCP and UDP Common Port
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TCP and UDP port numbers
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Extra: Sockets
The socket interface is one of several application programming
interfaces (APIs) to the communication protocols. A socket is a special type of file handle, which is used by a process to request network services from the operating system. A socket address is the triple:
<protocol, local-address, local-process>
For example, in the TCP/IP suite: <tcp, 193.44.234.3, 12345>
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Netstat command
4.1.5.3
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Segmentation and Reassembly.
4.1.6.1
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Q/A
What is benefit of segmentation ?
Dividing application data into pieces both
ensures that data is transmitted within the limits of the media and that data from different applications can be multiplexed on to the media.
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Lab 4.1.6.2
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The TCP Protocol Communicating with Reliability
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TCP Making Conversations Reliable
The key distinction between TCP and UDP is reliability.
4.2.1
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TCP Server Processes
Each application process running on the server is configured to use a port number: default or manually ports. An individual server cannot have two services assigned to the same port number within the same Transport layer services
4.2.2
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TCP Connection Establishment and Termination
4.2.3
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3-way handshake
4.2.4
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3-way handshake
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3-way handshake
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TCP Session Termination
4.2.5
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TCP Session Termination
4.2.5
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TCP Session Termination
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Lab 4.2.5.2
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Managing TCP Sessions
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TCP Segment Reassembly
4.3.1
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TCP Acknowledgement with Windowing
4.3.2
Expectational Acknowledgement ?
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TCP Retransmission
Retransmission for lost data employed by TCP. If the ACK is not received within a timeout interval, the data is retransmitted.
4.3.3
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TCP Congestion Control Minimizing Segment Loss
Flow control
4.3.4.1
Flow Control ?
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TCP Congestion Control Minimizing Segment Loss
Reducing window size
4.3.4.2
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Extra: Flow Control
Flow control avoids the problem of a transmitting host overflowing the buffers in the receiving host.
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Extra: Flow Control
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Windowing and Acknowledgment
The purpose of windowing is to improve flow control and reliability.
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Simple Windowing
Stop-and-Wait windowing protocol.
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Sliding Windows
Initial Window size Usable Window Can send ASAP Working Window size Octets sent Usable Window Not ACKed Can send ASAP ASAP=As Soon As Possible
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Host A - Sender
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 1 2 3 4
Host B - Receiver
5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
10
11
12
13
Window size = 6 Octets sent Not ACKed
1 2 3 4 5 6
1 2 3
13
Usable Window Can send ASAP
7 8 9 10 11 12
ACK 4 4 5
10
11
12
13
10
11
12
13 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
10
11
12
13
ACK 6 6 7
1 1
2 2
3 3
4 4
5 5
6 6
7 7
8 8
9 9
10 10
11 11
12 12
13 1 13 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
8 9
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
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The UDP Protocol Communicating with Low overhead
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UDP Low overhead vs. Reliability
4.4.1
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UDP Datagram Reassembly
UDP simply reassembles the data in the order that it was received and forwards it to the application.
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UDP Server Processes and Requests
Like TCP-based applications, UDP-based server applications are assigned Well Known or Registered port numbers.
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UDP Client Processes
4.4.4.1
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Lab 4.4.4.2
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Extra: Denial of Service (DoS) Attacks
DoS attacks are a common method
that hackers utilize to halt system response. One type of DoS is known as SYN flooding. SYN flooding exploits the normal three-way handshake and causes targeted devices to ACK to source addresses that will not complete the handshake.
C:/> netstat SYN_RECV
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Lab: Observing TCP and UDP using Netstat
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Summary
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