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12 STABILTY ASSESSMENT OF HEADRACE TUNNEL SYSTEM FOR PUNATSANGCHHU II HYDROPOWER PROJECT, BHUTAN Karma Tsherin

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Gw .............................................5(22) w *G Where Qw inflow rate, k is specific permeability (m2), L length of tunnel/cavern (m), p potential active head, w dynamic viscosity of water (kg/m) = Density X cinematic viscosity and G geometry factor. Geometry factor describes the flow pattern relatively to the geometry of the tunnel and is given by ln(2D r) *(L 2r) G ..................................................................5(23) r[L 2r(2D r)] D is distance between center line of excavation line and the ground water table, r equal radius. i.e radius of cylinder with surface area equal to that of actual excavation. In absence of the required parametric values, the quantity of possible ground water could not be calculated for the Punatsangchu-II project. It may be measured during the excavation time. Lugeon Test Lugeon test is another such method to test the leakage problem and it is described below. Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim Page Stability Analysis Figure 5.9 Figurative presentation of Lugeon test The lugeon test is carried out in the bore holes drillings. The bore holes are divided into sections of 1 m length by providing packers (see fig. 5.9). The test is carried out from the lowest to the upper most section. Once the holes are compartmentalized by the packers, water is pumped into the section of borehole measuring 1m length under pressure of 1 MPa( 10 bars). 1 Lugeon is the quantity of water lost through 1m length of hole in one minute under 1MPa pressure. The presence of high seepage water in the tunnels has negative effect on the tunneling works. It reduces the tunneling advance rate and increases the instability in the tunnels. The prediction of water leakage in the tunneling works is important. It helps to plan preventive support measures. The HRT alignment for Punatsangchu II project is intersected by two nalas with numerous shear zones and prominent joints, as such seepage related problems can be expected in this project. To counter leakage problems, provision of drainage holes are provided in the design during construction. Consolidation and contact grouting are provided throughout the HRT alignment. However, apart from the drainage holes, there is no mention of probe drilling and pre consolidation grouting ahead of excavation in seepage zone. This is very important since there are two nalas crossing the tunnel alignment; besides the rock cover is less and has some major joints in these reaches. Panthi (2006) has done a comparative study for effectiveness of grouting in the tunnels in Nepal and found pre injecting grouting to be more effective than post injection grouting in dealing with seepage problems. Therefore provision for probe drilling and pre consolidation should be done in areas where seepage problems are expected. 5.2.5 Tunnel squeezing Rock mass is heterogeneous medium and rock mass properties vary within space. When tunneling through poor rock medium dominated by poor schistose and fractured rock mass, the strength of the rock mass is less compared to the tangential stresses exerted in the rock. This results in formation of micro cracks along the schistocity or foliation plane. As a result, a visco-plastic zone Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim Page Stability Analysis of micro fractured rock mass is formed deeply into the wall as shown in fig. 5.10 and the induced maximum tangential stresses are moved beyond the plastic zone (Panthi, 2006). Figure 5.10 Illustration of squeezing in circular tunnels based on Bray, 1976 (Panthi, 2006) h= h= is the normal stresses in the rock mass. R is the radius of visco- plastic zone and r is the tunnel radius. Pi is the support pressure. As a result of time dependent inward movement of the

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12 STABILTY ASSESSMENT OF HEADRACE TUNNEL SYSTEM FOR PUNATSANGCHHU II HYDROPOWER PROJECT, BHUTAN Karma Tsherin

rock mass, the support material will be subjected to high stresses and sometimes when the support fails to sustain the large deformation caused by high tangential stresses, the tunnels squeezes inward reducing the size of opening. In extreme cases, new equilibrium are reached after the complete closure of tunnel, eg Kovari in 1998 and Steiner 1996 (Panthi, 2006). Many authors have developed different approaches to predict tunnel squeezing. Hoek and Marinos approach is discussed below. Hoek and Marinos (2000) Over burden alone is not responsible for squeezing. The changing strength and deformability properties of the rock mass over time have far greater consequences on squeezing (Kovari, 1998). In Hoek and Marinos approach, rock mass strength and over burden are the two parameters considered responsible for squeezing. With this view, Hoek and Brown (2000) have suggested a relation that gives total strain (ratio of tunnel closer to tunnel diameter), which is a function of rock mass strength and in-situ overburden pressure. The criterion is based on iso-static circular stress condition.

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The support pressure can be calculated using different equations. The RMR method and Unal method are used here. The rock support pressure from the RMR relation. Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim Page Stability Analysis 100 RMR P * * Dt.................................................................5(24) The support pressure can also be calculated using equation proposed by Unal (1983) as shown below. B Pi (100 RMR) * *.............................................................5(25) Where is rock density in t/m3, and B is tunnel width in m. accordingly the deformation in the tunnels were calculated first without support pressure and later with support pressure. The rock support pressure is tabulated in table 5.13. Figure 5.11 Tunnel convergence and degree of difficulties associated with tunnel squeezing (Hoek & Marinos, 2000) Hoek and Marinos defined the plastic zone (R) and total tunnel strain (t) by following equations. ....5(26) 5(27) Where t is total inward deformation and t is total inward strain. Pi is the support pressure in MPa. When the support pressure is taken as zero, the squeezing condition in the rock mass may be rewritten as .5(28) ..5(29) Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim Page Stability Analysis Hoek ans Marinos have assumed that weak rock mass are incapable of sustaining significant differential stress and failure will occur till in-situ horizontal and vertical stresses are equalized. This justifies why they considered over burden instead of tangential stresses, which is always greater than over burden pressure for estimating tunnel squeezing. For defining the approximate degree of difficulty at different level of tunneling, the figure 5.11 right is used. The squeezing results from the Hoek and Marinos relations for the different reaches along the HRT alignment is given in table 5.13. The squeezing chart states that, degree of squeezing will be with few support problems when strain is less than 1%. Minor squeezing problem when strain is between 1 %and 2.5%. When the strain exceeds 2.5% but less than 5% there can be severe squeezing problem in the rock mass. The tunnel will face extreme squeezing when the strain exceeds 10%. Table 5-13Support pressure and deformation along the HRT alignment Description Ch.0 to Adit I Adit I to Adit II Adit II to S/shaft Support pressure MPa 6.23 6.68 7.Deformation without support 0.1 0.33 0.pressure % Deformation with support 0.003 0.06 0.pressure % From the results, very less squeezing problems is expected along the HRT. All the possible squeezing can be solved by adopting simple flexible support measures. However, since all these input parameters are calculations based on rock mass parameters on the surface, it should not be a reason to relax. There should be adequate readiness for any worsening squeezing problem
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12 STABILTY ASSESSMENT OF HEADRACE TUNNEL SYSTEM FOR PUNATSANGCHHU II HYDROPOWER PROJECT, BHUTAN Karma Tsherin

since the rock mass is intersected by numerous joints. The HRT alignment crossing two nala along its layout should also be cautionary tunneling reach. However, till the actual tunneling and its results are obtained, there is no severe squeezing problem. Tunneling design is a dynamic process and the design is best done by considering the actual conditions at the face, so this approach has to be taken and appropriate support designed during construction stage. It is stated that the values of the support pressure is very high since it is calculated from the RMR method. The support pressure given by RMR formula is unrealistically high which no support combination can possibly achieve. In actual cases, the support pressure should be within 2.5 MPa. 5.3 Numerical methods The rock mass is very complex medium. Its material properties and other discontinuities keep changing even within very short stretch. Since the input parameters are numerous and vary a lot, numerical analysis method of analysis becomes very cumbersome and time consuming; it is therefore more convenient to use fast computers for the same analysis. Numerical method gives quantitative assessment of the problems. Due to the advantage of speed and space, it can be used for testing the results with varying conditions of input parameters giving a better understanding of the mechanism in the rock mass. Further it can be used to verify the traditional thumb rule applications. Due to the availability of space and speed, it can be used to find results for extended conditions.
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Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim Page Stability Analysis 5.3.1 Types of numerical models The numerical methods can be fundamentally divided into continuous modeling and discontinuous modeling. Continuous models: - In the continuous model, the rock mass is treated as a continuous medium and includes very minimum of discontinuities. In continuous models we have three different models namely 1) Finite Element Method (FEM), 2) Finite Difference Method (FDM) and 3) Boundary Element Method (BEM). Discontinuous models: - In the discontinuous model, the rock mass is treated as a discontinuous material with individual blocks free to rotate, translate and interact along its boundaries. Some of the software available in discontinuous model is 1) Distinct Element Method (DEM) and 2) Discontinuous Deformation Analysis (DDA). The Phase2 numerical modeling is discussed in chapter 5.4 Conclusion The design of underground structures involves the use of all three methods of empirical, analytical and numerical methods. The empirical methods does not give stress distribution and deformation around the tunnels, but due to the simplicity and ease for use, its preferred by the field engineers. The analytical and the numerical methods are dependent upon the strength parameters of associated rock masses that are the input parameters derived from the field observations and empirical results. Therefore the reliability of the results of analytical and numerical methods is only as reliable as the input parameters fed from the field and empirical calculations. It is therefore more appropriate to use all the three methods for the design and better results. Laboratory tests are also important input for any of the above calculations. From the different stress calculation results, it can be said that the middle reach of the HRT alignment is more susceptible for squeezing problem. Since the tangential stress in the roof and walls are higher than the rock mass strength, stability problems can be expected in roof and walls as such required supports should be provided to meet such challenges. Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim Page Rock Support Estimation 6 ROCK SUPPORT ESTIMATION The in-situ rock mass are subjected to different stresses originating from gravitational, topographic and tectonic stresses. These stresses cause instability to the underground structures. The scale of instability is higher in the Himalayan geology where the tectonic activity is high. Rock supports are provided to create safe working space during the construction, and stable structure for the long time operation of the tunnels and caverns. The degree of the support system varies depending on the purpose of structures, technical and financial capability of the projects. Different types of support can be provided to counter the instabilities. This chapter discusses on the different types of support systems and design procedures 6.1 Types of support system Rock support is provided to improve safety and stability of unstable underground openings.
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12 STABILTY ASSESSMENT OF HEADRACE TUNNEL SYSTEM FOR PUNATSANGCHHU II HYDROPOWER PROJECT, BHUTAN Karma Tsherin

Different types of support are adopted based on the nature of stability problems. There cannot be a single standard support for any stability problem. It has to be customized depending on rock mass parameters, technology, time and money available. The best support system can be one which provides reasonably best stability within minimum time and cost. Some of the commonly adopted support systems in tunnel stability problem are discussed below. 6.1.1 Scaling Scaling involves removal of disintegrated loose hanging rock fragments triggered by vibration impact of blasting around the tunnel periphery. It is carried out immediately after every cycle of blast at the face of the tunnel. Normally 20-30 minutes is required to remove the loose fragments rocks. Different methods of scaling are Manual scaling Manual scaling is one of the oldest methods of scaling. The scaling is done from the piles of blasted material or from wheel loaders as a platform. It is risky and has poor safety standards. It is not much in use these days except in small drifts and shafts where machines cannot be used. Figure 6.1 and 6.2 illustrates manual scaling. Figure 6.1 Mannual scaling from muck pile (L) & from scissor plateform (R) Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim Page Rock Support Estimation Mechanical scaling The scaling is done using the tunneling rig machines. This has improves safety standards and consumes less time. In Bhutan, mechanical scaling is most widely practiced. Figure 5.2 illustrates how mechanical scaling is done.

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