Review of Elasticity Equations
Linear, homogeneous, isotropic material behavior.
3D Isotropic Stress/Strain Law
Three-dimensional Hookes Law: stress/strain relationships for an isotropic material
z x
As you recall, an isotropic body can have normal stresses acting on each surface: x, y, z When the only normal stress is x this causes a strain along the x- axis according to Hookes Law
x z z y
x =
x
E
3D Isotropic Stress/Strain Law
Note, that a tensile stress in the x direction, produces a negative strains in the y and z directions This is called the Poisson effect.
x x
These negative strains are computed via: where:
y = z =
E
E is Youngs Modulus is Poissons ratio
3D Isotropic Stress/Strain Law
Since the material is isotropic, application of normal stresses in the x, y, and z directions generates, a total normal strain in the x direction:
y
x x
+ z
x =
x
E
y
E
z
E
3D Isotropic Stress/Strain Law
The total normal strains in the y and z directions can be determined in a similar manner:
x = x
E
y
E +
z
E
y = z =
x
E
y
E
z
E
x
E
y
E
z
E
3D Isotropic Stress/Strain Law
Rearranging the above equations and yields 3 equations relating normal stresses and strains :
E [ x (1 v) + y + z ] (1 + )(1 2 ) E y = [ x + (1 ) y + z ] (1 + )(1 2 ) E z = [ x + y + (1 ) z ] (1 + )(1 2 )
x =
These equations can also be written in matrix notation: {}=[D]{}
Shear Stress/Strain Relationships
Hookes law also applies for shear stress and strain: =G where G is the shear modulus, is a shear stress, and is a shear strain. For 3-D this results in a further 3 equations.
y yx
xy = G xy = 2G xy
z x
yz = G yz = 2G yz zx = G zx = 2G zx
x z z y
xy
Stress-Strain Relationships
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 x x 1 1 0 0 0 y y 1 2 E z 0 0 0 0 0 z = 2 xy (1+)(12) xy 12 0 0 0 0 0 yz yz 2 zx zx 12 0 0 0 0 0 2
3D Stress-Strain Matrix
0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 0 E 0 0 0 0 [ D] = 2 1 1 2 + ( )( ) 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 2 E Note : G = 2(1 +)
Strain-Displacement
u x = x v y = y u v xy = + y x u w xz = + z x
w w v z = yz = + z y z (u,v,w) are the x, y and z components of displacement
Stress Equilibrium Equations
x xy xz + + + Xb = 0 x y z xy y yz + + + Yb = 0 x y z xz yz z + + + Zb = 0 x y z
y yz zy z zx xz xy xy x
Two-dimensional Elements Plane Stress/Strain Stiffness Equations
Two-dimensional Elements
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Thin 2D elements . Two coordinates to define position. Elements connected at common nodes and/or along common edges. Nodal compatibility enforced to obtain equilibrium equations Two basic types
1. 2. Plane stress Plane Strain
Introduction to 2-D Elastic Stress Analysis
Two-dimensional stress analysis allows the engineer to determine detailed information concerning deformation, stress and strain, within a complex shaped two-dimensional elastic body. Assumptions Deformations and strains are very small Material behaves elastically stress and strain are related by Hookes Law. Hookes Law is a matrix equation relating 3 normal stresses and one shear stress to 3 normal strains and one shear strain
{} = [D]{ }
or {} = [D]1{}
Introduction to 2-D Elastic Stress Analysis
2-D Stress analysis allows the engineer to model complex 2-D elastic bodies by discretizing the geometry with a mesh of finite elements.
Modeled as
Introduction to 2-D Stress Analysis
2-D planar elements are used to model complex 2-D geometries. They must connect at common nodes to form continuous structures. They are extremely important in the following analysis types:
Plane Stress
Plane Strain
Axisymmetric
Two-dimensional State of Stress and Strain
Plane Stress
Plane Stress, is defined to be a state of stress in which the normal and shear stresses perpendicular to the x-z plane are zero, the ythickness is very small, and the constraints (Rx,Rz) and loads act only in the x-z plane and throughout the y-thickness.
F2 F1 x
z = 0 xz= 0, yz=0 thickness, y dimension, is very small compared to x and z dimensions Loads act only in the x-z plane and throughout the y-thickness
Plane Stress Problem: Plate with a Hole
y
T
x
Stress-Strain Relationships
For Plane-Stress:
z = 0, xz= 0, yz=0
0 0
(1 2 ) 2
1 x 1 y 1 E 0 = 0 0 0 xy (1 + )(1 2 ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
(1 2 ) 2
0 0
0 x 0 y 0 z 0 xy 0 yz (1 2 ) zx 2
yz = 0 zx = 0 z = x + y 1
2 2 0 1 1 1 x x 2 2 E = 1 0 y y 1 1 (1+)(12) xy (12) xy 0 0 2
Plane Stress Stress-Strain Matrix
1 E [D ] = 1 ( ) 0 0 0 1 2
1 0
{ } = [ D]{ }
or { } = [ D]1{ }
Plane Strain
Plane Strain, is defined to be a state of strain in which the normal strain in the y-direction, y and the shear strains, xy and yz are zero. Note, the y-thickness of the body is very large, and constraints and loads act in x-z plane throughout thickness. z = 0, xz= 0, yz =0 The thickness, y-dimension of the body is y
r Fy
very large (infinite). Loads and constraints act only in the x-z plane through a unit y-thickness
r Fx
Forces are defined as force per unit ylength A plane stress state, where y is a very large value, does not approximate plane strain conditions!
x Plane Strain Problem: Dam Subjected to Horizontal Load
Stress-Strain Relationships
For Plane-Strain: z = 0, xz= 0, yz =0
0 0 0 1 x x 1 0 0 0 y y 1 0 0 0 E z 0 (1 2) = 0 0 0 0 0 2 + ( 1 )( 1 2 ) xy xy (1 2) yz 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 (1 2) 0 xz 0 0 0 0 0 2
yz = 0 zx = 0 z = 0
1 0 x x E 1 0 y y = + ( 1 )( 1 2 ) ( 1 2 ) xy xy 0 0 2
Plane Strain Stress-StrainMatrix
1 0 E [ D] = 1 + 1 2 1 0 ( )( ) 1 2 0 0 2
{ } = [D]{} or {} = [D]1{ }
Stiffness Matrix Formulations
Stress-Strain Relationships Strain-Displacements Relationships Deformation-Displacement Relationships (Shape Functions) Minimum Energy Principle
Strain-Displacements Relationships
u x x v {} = y = y xy u v y + x
Displacements and rotations of lines of an element in the x-y plane
Potential Energy Approach
1 U = 2 1 U = 2
T { } x { x } dV V T { } x [D ] { x } dV V
[B ] [D ] [B ]
V T
dV
{d } = {f }
[k ] = [B ] [D ] [B ]
V
dV
Element Type in 2D Analyses
Constant Strain Triangular (CST) Element (3 nodes) Linear Strain Triangular (LST) Element (3 nodes) Four Node Rectangular Element (4 nodes) Four Node Quadrilateral Element (4 nodes)
Element Type in 2D Analyses
Four Node Rectangular Element
Constant Strain Triangular (CST) Element
Four Node Iso-parametric Quadrilateral Element
- Four-node iso-parametric finite element is one of the most commonly used elements. - Eight unknowns: two displacements per each node. - Iso-parametric: the same interpolation method is used for displacement and geometry. - Mapping relation from physical element to reference element. - Numerical integration
Iso-parametric Mapping
Lagrange interpolation method (Shape functions)
Linear Functions
1. 2. 3. 4.
Ensures compatibility between elements. Displacements vary linearly along any line. Displacements vary linearly between nodes. Edge displacements are the same for adjacent elements if nodal displacements are equal.
Isoparametric mapping: interpolate the geometry using shape functions
Interpolation of Displacement
Displacement-strain relationship
Displacement-strain relationship
J is Jacobian matrix
Derivatives of shape functions with respect to coordinate directions are required. Since shape functions depend on and coordinates, chain rule of differentiation must be used
The Material Matrix
Finite Element Matrix Equation
Numerical Integration
- Numerical integration evaluates the integrals involved in the element stiffness matrix and distributed force. - In the finite element literature, the Gauss quadrature is usually preferred because it requires fewer function evaluations as compared to other methods. - In the Gauss quadrature, the integrand is evaluated at predefined points (called Gauss points). The sum of this integrand values, multiplied by appropriate weights (called Gauss weight) gives an approximation to the integral:
Gauss quadrature
Two-dimensional Gauss integration
General Meshing Guidelines and Accuracy
General Considerations in Meshing
When choosing elements and creating meshes for FEA problems users must make sure that
Chosen mesh size and density are optimal for the problem (to save computational time) Chosen element types are appropriate for the analysis type performed (for accuracy) Element shapes do not result in near singular stiffness matrices Chosen elements and meshes can represent force distributions properly
Correct Choice of Elements
Choose element types that are appropriate for the loading and stress conditions of the problem Make sure that the elements chosen capture all possible significant stresses that may result from the given loading, geometry, and boundary conditions
Slender beam; beam elements
Thick beam (shear present); quadrilateral plane stress or plane strain elements
Aspect Ratio
For a good mesh all elements must have a low aspect ratio Specifically
b h
b 24 h
where b and h are the longest and the shortest sides of an element, respectively
Element Shape
Angles between element sides must not approach 0 or 180
Worse
Better
Mesh Refinement
Finer meshing must be used in regions of expected high stress gradients (usually occur at discontinuities) Mesh refinement must be gradual with adjacent elements of not too dissimilar size Mesh refinement must balance accuracy with problem size
Discontinuities
Dissimilar Element Types
In general different types of elements with different DOF at their nodes should not share global DOF (for example do not use a 3D beam element in conjunction with plane stress elements)
Equilibrium and Compatibility
The approximations and discretizations generated by the FE method enforce some equilibrium and compatibility conditions but not others
Equilibrium of nodal forces and moments is always satisfied because of KU = F Compatibility is guaranteed at the nodes because of the way K is formed; i.e. the displacements of shared nodes on two elements are the same in the global frame in which the elements are assembled
Equilibrium-Compatibility (contd)
Equilibrium is usually not satisfied across inter-element boundaries; however discrepancies decline with mesh refinement
( 1) (2) x x ( 1) (2) y y
( 1) (2) xy xy
along this boundary Stresses at shared nodes are typically averaged over the elements sharing the node
Principal Stresses
2
x + y + 1 = 2
x y 2 + 2 xy
2
2 1
x + y x y 2 + 2 = xy 2 2 2 xy tan 2p = x y
P
2
