Section 1.

3 Functions and Their Graphs

19

25. y

3 c x, x 1 2x, 1  x

" , x0 26. y x x, 0 x

27. (a) Line through a! !b and a" "b: y x Line through a" "b and a# !b: y cx b 2 x, 0 x 1 f(x) cx b 2, 1  x 2 2, ! x  " ! " x  # (b) f(x) 2 # x  $ ! $ x % 28. (a) Line through a! 2b and a# !b: y cx b 2 c" Line through a2 "b and a& !b: m ! &c# cx b #, 0  x # f(x) " c$x b & $, #  x & (b) Line through ac" !b and a! c$b: m Line through a! $b and a# c"b: m f(x) c$x c $, c"  x ! c#x b $, !  x #

c" $

" " c" $ , so y c $ ax c 2b b " c $ x b

& $

c$ c ! ! c c" c" c $ c% #c! #

c$, so y c$x c $ c#, so y c#x b $

29. (a) Line through ac" "b and a! !b: y cx Line through a! "b and a" "b: y " Line through a" "b and a$ !b: m !c" $c" cx c" x  ! " !x" f(x) $ c" "x$ #x b # (b) Line through ac# c"b and a! !b: y " #x

c" #

" " c" # , so y c # ax c "b b " c # x b

$ #

Line through a! #b and a" !b: y c#x b # Line through a" c"b and a$ c"b: y c"

20

Chapter 1 Preliminaries

" #x

c# x ! f(x) c#x b # !x" c" "x$ T 30. (a) Line through # ! and aT "b: m f(x) J
# Tx

"c! TcaT#b

# # # T , so y T xc T # b 0 Tx c "

(b)

A, cA f(x) A cA

!, 0 x T # c ", T  x T # !x T # T x T  # T T x  $# $T # x #T
x # x #

31. (a) From the graph, (b)

1b

4 x

x (c2 0) r (% _) 0 0
(xc4)(xb2) #x (xc4)(xb2) #x

1b
x # x 2

4 x

4 x 4 x

x 0: x  0:

c1c c1c

c1c 4 x 0 x# c2xc8 0 2x
x# c2xc8 2x

0 0

x 4 since x is positive; 0 x  c2 since x is negative; sign of (x c 4)(x b 2) b b c c2 % Solution interval: (c# 0) r (% _)

32. (a) From the graph, (b) Case x  c1:

3 2 x c1  x b 1 3 2 x c1  x b 1

x (c_ c5) r (c1 1)

3x b 3  2x c 2 x  c5. Thus, x (c_ c5) solves the inequality. Case c1  x  1:

2 x b1

3(xb1) x c1

2

3x b 3 2x c 2 x c5 which is true if x c1. Thus, x (c1 1) solves the inequality. 3 2 Case 1  x: xc1  xb 1 3x b 3  2x c 2 x  c5 which is never true if 1  x, so no solution here. In conclusion, x (c_ c5) r (c1 1). 33. (a) x 0 for x [0 1) 34. x x only when x is an integer. 35. For any real number x, n x n b ", where n is an integer. Now: n x n b " cn b " cx cn. By definition: cx cn and x n cx cn. So cx cx for all x d . (b) x 0 for x (c1 0]

Section 1.3 Functions and Their Graphs

21

37. v f(x) x"% c 2x22 c 2x %x$ c 72x# b $!)x; !  x  7 38. (a) Let h height of the triangle. Since the triangle is isosceles, AB # b AB # 2# AB 2 So, h# b "# 2 h " B is at a! "b slope of AB c" The equation of AB is y f(x) cB b "; x ! ". (b) Ax 2x y 2xcx b " c2x# b #x; x ! ". 39. (a) Because the circumference of the original circle was )1 and a piece of length x was removed. x x (b) r )1#c 1 % c #1 (c) h "' c r# "' c % c
" )1cx # (d) V " $ 1 r h $ 1 #1 # x # #1 #

"' c 16 c

4x 1

x# %1#

4x 1 c

x# %1#

1x "' %1# c

x# %1#

"'1xcx# #1

"'1x c x# #1

a)1 c xb# "'1x c x# #%1#

40. (a) Note that 2 mi = 10,560 ft, so there are )!!# b x# feet of river cable at $180 per foot and a"! &'! c xb feet of land cable at $100 per foot. The cost is Caxb ")!)!!# b x# b "!!a"! &'! c xb. (b) Ca!b $" #!! !!! Ca&!!b $" "(& )"# Ca"!!!b $" ")' &"# Ca"&!!b $" #"# !!! Ca#!!!b $" #%$ ($# Ca#&!!b $" #() %(* Ca$!!!b $" $"% )(! Values beyond this are all larger. It would appear that the least expensive location is less than 2000 feet from the point P. 41. A curve symmetric about the x-axis will not pass the vertical line test because the points ax, yb and ax, cyb lie on the same vertical line. The graph of the function y faxb ! is the x-axis, a horizontal line for which there is a single y-value, !, for any x. 42. Pick 11, for example: "" b & "' # "' $# $# c ' #' faxb
#axb&bc' # #' #

"$ "$ c # "", the original number.

c # x, the number you started with.

22

Chapter 1 Preliminaries

1.4 IDENTIFYING FUNCTIONS; MATHEMATICAL MODELS 1. (a) linear, polynomial of degree 1, algebraic. (c) rational, algebraic. 2. (a) polynomial of degree 4, algebraic. (c) algebraic. 3. (a) rational, algebraic. (c) trigonometric. 4. (a) logarithmic. (c) exponential. (b) power, algebraic. (d) exponential. (b) exponential. (d) power, algebraic. (b) algebraic. (d) logarithmic. (b) algebraic. (d) trigonometric.

5. (a) Graph h because it is an even function and rises less rapidly than does Graph g. (b) Graph f because it is an odd function. (c) Graph g because it is an even function and rises more rapidly than does Graph h. 6. (a) Graph f because it is linear. (b) Graph g because it contains a! "b. (c) Graph h because it is a nonlinear odd function. 7. Symmetric about the origin Dec: c_  x  _ Inc: nowhere 8. Symmetric about the y-axis Dec: c_  x  ! Inc: !  x  _

9. Symmetric about the origin Dec: nowhere Inc: c_  x  ! !x_

10. Symmetric about the y-axis Dec: !  x  _ Inc: c_  x  !

Section 1.4 Identifying Functions; Mathematical Models

23

13. Symmetric about the origin Dec: nowhere Inc: c_  x  _

14. No symmetry Dec: ! x  _ Inc: nowhere

15. No symmetry Dec: ! x  _ Inc: nowhere

16. No symmetry Dec: c_  x ! Inc: nowhere

24

Chapter 1 Preliminaries
18. Symmetric about the y-axis Dec: ! x  _ Inc: c_  x  !

17. Symmetric about the y-axis Dec: c_  x ! Inc: !  x  _

19. Since a horizontal line not through the origin is symmetric with respect to the y-axis, but not with respect to the origin, the function is even. 20. faxb xc&
" x&

and facxb acxbc&

" ac x b&

" c x cfaxb. Thus the function is odd. &

21. Since faxb x# b " acxb# b " cfaxb. The function is even. 22. Since faxb x# b x facxb acxb# c x and faxb x# b x cfaxb caxb# c x the function is neither even nor odd. 23. Since gaxb x$ b x, gacxb cx$ c x cax$ b xb cgaxb. So the function is odd. 24. gaxb x% c $x# c " acxb% c $acBb# c " gacxb thus the function is even. 25. gaxb 26. gaxb 27. hatb
" x# c " x x# c " ; " t c ";

" acxb# c"

gacxb. Thus the function is even.

gacxb c x#x c" gacxb. So the function is odd.

h a ct b

ch at b

" " c t.

Since hatb chatb and hatb hactb, the function is neither even nor odd.

28. Since l t$ | l actb$ |, hatb hactb and the function is even. 29. hatb 2t b ", hactb c2t b ". So hatb hactb. chatb c2t c ", so hatb chatb. The function is neither even nor odd. 30. hatb 2l t l b " and hactb 2l ct l b " 2l t l b ". So hatb hactb and the function is even. 31. (a) The graph support= the assumption that y is proportional to x. The constant of proportionality is estimated from the slope of the regression line, which is 0.166.

Section 1.4 Identifying Functions; Mathematical Models

25

The graph support= the assumption that y is proportional to x"# . The constant of proportionality is estimated from the slope of the regression line, which is 2.03.

32. (a) Because of the wide range of values of the data, two graphs are needed to observe all of the points in relation to the regression line.

The graphs support the assumption that y is proportional to $x . The constant of proportionality is estimated from the slope of the regression line, which is 5.00. (b) The graph supports the assumption that y is proportional to ln x. The constant of proportionality is extimated from the slope of the regression line, which is 2.99.

33. (a) The scatterplot of y reaction distance versus x speed is

Answers for the constant of proportionality may vary. The constant of proportionality is the slope of the line, which is approximately 1.1.

26

Chapter 1 Preliminaries
(b) Calculate x w speed squared. The scatterplot of x w versus y braking distance is:

Answers for the constant of proportionality may vary. The constant of proportionality is the slope of the line, which is approximately 0.059. 34. Kepler's 3rd Law is Tadaysb !%"R$# , R in millions of miles. "Quaoar" is 4 "!* miles from Earth, or about 4 "!* b *$ "!' % "!* miles from the sun. Let R 4000 (millions of miles) and T a!%"ba%!!!b$# days "!$ (#$ days. 35. (a)

The hypothesis is reasonable. (b) The constant of proportionality is the slope of the line (c) y(in.) a!)( in./unit massba"$ unit massb ""$" in. 36. (a) (b)

)(%" c ! "! c !

in./unit mass !)(% in./unit mass.

Graph (b) suggests that y k x$ is the better model. This graph is more linear than is graph (a). 1.5 COMBINING FUNCTIONS; SHIFTING AND SCALING GRAPHS 1. Df : c_  x  _, Dg : x 1 Dfbg Dfg : x 1. Rf : c_  y  _, Rg : y 0, Rfbg : y 1, Rfg : y 0 2. Df : x b 1 0 x c1, Dg : x c 1 0 x 1. Therefore Dfbg Dfg : x 1. Rf Rg : y 0, Rfbg : y 2, Rfg : y 0