LoopsinAssemblyLanguage

andprogramdesign

MicrocomputerArchitectureandInterfacingColoradoSchoolofMinesProfessorWilliamHoff

ProgramDesign
Definetheproblem
Identifywhatshouldbedone

Developthealgorithm(theoverallplanforsolvingthe problem)
Analgorithmisoftenrepresentedusingeither
Flowcharts(graphicaldiagram) Psuedocode (textdescription)

Codetheprogram
Convertthealgorithmintoaprogram

Debugtheprogram Maintaintheprogram

MicrocomputerArchitectureandInterfacingColoradoSchoolofMinesProfessorWilliamHoff

Flowcharts
Terminal A

Process

Subroutine

Input or output

B off-page connector yes

Decision no

A on-page connector

Figure 2.1 Flowchart symbols used in this book

MicrocomputerArchitectureandInterfacingColoradoSchoolofMinesProfessorWilliamHoff

Pseudocode
Adescriptionwritteninnormallanguagethatusesthestructural conventionsofaprogramminglanguage Examples: Omitsdetailsthatare notessentialfor humanunderstanding, suchas variable declarationsand systemspecificcode However,itshouldbe detailedenoughthat someonecanconvertit intoaprogram

Ifstudent'sgradeisgreaterthanorequalto60 print"passed" else print"failed Settotaltozero Setgradecountertoone Whilegradecounterislessthanorequaltoten Inputthenextgrade Addthegradeintothetotal Addonetogradecounter Settheclassaveragetothetotaldividedbyten Printtheclassaverage

MicrocomputerArchitectureandInterfacingColoradoSchoolofMinesProfessorWilliamHoff

Equivalentflowcharts
Ifstudent'sgradeisgreaterthanorequalto60 print"passed" else print"failed

Settotaltozero Setgradecountertoone Whilegradecounterislessthanorequaltoten Inputthenextgrade Addthegradeintothetotal Addonetogradecounter Settheclassaveragetothetotaldividedbyten Printtheclassaverage

MicrocomputerArchitectureandInterfacingColoradoSchoolofMinesProfessorWilliamHoff

StructuredProgramming
Wecanwritegoodprogramsusing structuredprogrammingconcepts
goodmeanseasiertodesign, debug,andmaintain

Structuredprogrammingconcepts
Programsarecomposedofafew basicconstructs
sequence ifthenelse loop

Theymaybehierarchical
e.g.,asequencecouldbecomposed ofotherconstructs

Allconstructs(andallprograms) haveasingleentrypointanda singleexitpoint

Ifthenelse
C
false true

Pseudocode:

S1

S2

IfCthen S1 else S2 Assemblycode:

Example: IfN=5then foo=foo+2 else bar=bar 3

ldaa suba bne ldaa adda staa bra here ldaa suba staa next

N #5 here foo #2 foo next bar #3 bar

testifN=5

dothethenpart skipoverelsepart

dotheelsepart

MicrocomputerArchitectureandInterfacingColoradoSchoolofMinesProfessorWilliamHoff

Loops

MicrocomputerArchitectureandInterfacingColoradoSchoolofMinesProfessorWilliamHoff

Loops
Example:executeablockofcode500times
Flowchart Loadregister with500 (blockofcode)
Pseudocode Loadaregisterwiththevalue500 do (blockofcode) decrementtheregister while(registerzero)

dec.register

registerzero?
Y N

MicrocomputerArchitectureandInterfacingColoradoSchoolofMinesProfessorWilliamHoff

AssemblyCodeforLoop
Loop ldd (block : subd bne #500 of code) #1 Loop

Couldyouuseotherregisters fortheloopcounter? Whatsthemaximumcount?

Loopsareusedsooftenthattheyprovideasingleinstruction,dbne, thatbothdecrementsaregisterandthenbranchesifnotzero:
ldd #500 (block of code) : dbne D,Loop

Loop

Therearealsoinstructionsthat incrementinsteadofdecrement, andbranchifequaltozero Fulllist:

MicrocomputerArchitectureandInterfacingColoradoSchoolofMinesProfessorWilliamHoff

Timetoexecutealoop
TheEclockinourMCUis24MHz Period=1/24MHz=0.0416usec (microseconds) Exampleloop:
loop: ldd nop subd bne #500 #1 loop ; ; ; ; 2 cycles 1 cycle 2 cycles 3/1 cycles

nop meansno operation;thisinstruction justdelaysalittle bne takes3cyclesif branchistaken;1ifnot

Totaltime(notcountinginitialldd):
500*(1+2+3)=3000cycles So3000*0.0416usec =125usec
Actually,forthelast iterationbne onlytakes1 cycleinsteadof3

MicrocomputerArchitectureandInterfacingColoradoSchoolofMinesProfessorWilliamHoff

Delayloops
Sometimeswewanttodelayacertainamountoftime wecanusea loop
Wefirstcreateasequenceofinstructionsthatdoesnothing,buttakesa knownamountoftimetoexecute Thenwerepeatthesequenceasmanytimesasnecessarytocreatethe desireddelay

Forexample,oneiterationofthelooponthenextpagetakes24Eclock cyclestoexecute
Byrepeatingthisinstructionsequencecertainnumberoftimes,anytime delaycanbecreated

AssumethattheHCS12hasanEclockfrequencyis24MHzandhencea clockperiodof0.042us(microseconds)
Thereforetheinstructionsequenceonthenextpagewilltake24*(0.042us) =1.0ustoexecute

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 Aloopwhose executiontimeis 24Eclockcycles periteration Notethatwe needtoinitialize registerXprior tothis(thevalue dependsonhow muchdelaytime wewant)

loop

psha pula psha pula psha pula psha pula nop dbne x,loop

; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ;

2 3 2 3 2 3 2 3 1 3

E E E E E E E E E E

cycles cycles cycles cycles cycles cycles cycles cycles cycle cycles

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Writeaprogramlooptocreateadelayof100us(microseconds). Solution: Adelayof100uscanbecreatedbyrepeatingthepreviousloop100times.

ldx #100 loop psha pula psha pula psha pula psha pula nop dbne x,loop

; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ;

2 3 2 3 2 3 2 3 1 3

E E E E E E E E E E

cycles cycles cycles cycles cycles cycles cycles cycles cycle cycles

Ingeneral,todelayfortimeT: T=N*(24cycles)*(1/24MHz) or N=(T)(24000000)/24

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Writeaninstructionsequencetocreateadelayof1second. Solution: Byrepeatingthepreviousinstructionsequence10,000times,wecancreatea delayof1second.

ldy outloop ldx inloop psha pula psha pula psha pula psha pula nop dbne dbne

#10000 #100 ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; x,inloop ; y,outloop ; 2 3 2 3 2 3 2 3 1 3 3

N=(1)(24000000)/24 =1,000,000 Weneedtoruntheloop1,000,000 timestogeta1secdelay ButwecantjustloadregisterX with1,000,000(whynot?) Soinstead,enclosetheloopthat takes100ustoruninsideanother loop,andruntheouterloop 10,000times 10000*(100us)=1sec

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15

CompareandTestinstructions
Theseinstructionsperformasubtractionoperation Goodtousethemjustbeforeaconditionalbranchinstruction
Thisinstruction (cba)performsthe subtraction(A)(B) However,itthrows theresultaway! Why?

Example:ifA>5,inc A
cmpa ble inca next #5 next

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Example theforloop
Implementthe operation
fori=n1ton2doS

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17

Example theforloop
Youcanusearegister (A,B,D,X,Y)fortheloop counter However,sometimes youneedtouseallthe registersforother operationsintheloop Sowewillstorethe loopcounterina memoryvariable

n1 n2 i

loop

next

equ xx equ yy ds.b 1 movb #n1,i ldaa i cmpa #n2 bgt next inc i bra loop

; starting index ; ending index ; loop counter variable ; initialize i to n1 ; check index i ; if i>n2, exit loop ; else do ops in loop ; increment loop ctr

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18

Example
MCU

Problemstatement
Readtemperatureeverysecondfrominput portATDDR0(theanalogtodigitalconverter) Iftemperatureislessthan50,increaseheater poweroutput
Algorithm Set up analog to digital converter Set up Port T for output Set Power = 0 Repeat forever Read temp from ATDDR0 If temp < 50 increment Power write Power to PortT end delay one second end
MicrocomputerArchitectureandInterfacingColoradoSchoolofMinesProfessorWilliamHoff

ATDDR0

Temp sensor

PortT Heater

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Assembly
Power org rmb RAMSTART 1 ; reserve 1 byte for power value org ROMSTART ; insert code set up ATD (we will see how to do this later) ; set up Port T for output on all pins movb #$ff,DDRT clr movb Loop ldaa cmpa bhs inc movb Next ; insert the code to delay one second bra Loop ; repeat forever ATDDR0 #50 Next Power Power,PTT ; Read temp from ATDDR0 ; If temp < 50 ; increment Power ; write Power to PortT Power Power,PTT ; initialize Power output to zero ;write initial Power to PortT

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20

Example
MCU

Problemstatement
Readtemperatureeverysecondfrominputport ATDDR0(theanalogtodigitalconverter) Iftempislessthan30,increaseheaterpower outputby3 Elseiftempislessthan50,increaseheaterpower by1 Elseiftempisgreaterthan60,decreaseheater powerby1

ATDDR0

Temp sensor

PortT Heater

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21

Algorithmpsuedocode orflowchart

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22

Assembly

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