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Microwave Network Analyzer Guide

A vector network analyzer measures the complex reflection and transmission coefficients of microwave networks. It works by forming sums and differences of port currents and voltages using a bridge arrangement to determine the incoming and outgoing wave amplitudes. Network analyzers can measure s-parameters at different frequencies controlled by a master oscillator and plot them against frequency on a Smith chart or directly. Calibration procedures are important for the network analyzer to adjust for imperfections in the transmission lines connecting it to the device under test.

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322 views2 pages

Microwave Network Analyzer Guide

A vector network analyzer measures the complex reflection and transmission coefficients of microwave networks. It works by forming sums and differences of port currents and voltages using a bridge arrangement to determine the incoming and outgoing wave amplitudes. Network analyzers can measure s-parameters at different frequencies controlled by a master oscillator and plot them against frequency on a Smith chart or directly. Calibration procedures are important for the network analyzer to adjust for imperfections in the transmission lines connecting it to the device under test.

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kpgs12
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Vector network analyzer:

Here is a generalized block diagram of a network analyzer, showing the major signal processing sections. In order to measure the incident, reflected and transmitted signal, four sections are required: 1. Source for stimulus 2. Signal-separation devices 3. Receiver that provides detection 4. Processor/display for calculating and reviewing the results A network analyzer makes measurements of complex reflection coefficients on 2-port microwave networks. In addition, it can make measurements of the complex amplitude ratio between the outgoing wave on one port and the incoming wave on the other. There are thus four possible complex amplitude ratios which can be measured. If we designate the two ports 1 and 2 respectively, these ratios may be written s11 s12 s21 s22. These are the four "sparameters" or "scattering parameters" for the network. Together they may be assembled into a matrix called the "s-matrix" or "scattering matrix". The network analyzer works on a different principle to the slotted line. It forms sums and differences of the port currents and voltages, by using a cunning bridge arrangement. The phase angles are found by using synchronous detection having in-phase and quadrature components. From the measured voltage and currents it determines the incoming and outgoing wave amplitudes. As we recall from elsewhere in the notes, V+ = (V + ZoI)/2 and V- = (V ZoI)/2. Network analyzers can be automated and controlled by computer, and make measurements at a series of different frequencies derived from a computer controlled master oscillator. They then plot the s-parameters against frequency, either on a SMITH chart or directly. The important experimental technique to the use of a network analyzer lies in the calibration procedure. It is usual to present the analyzer with known scattering events, from matched terminations and short circuits at known places. It can then adjust its presentation of sparameters for imperfections in the transmission lines connecting the analyzer to the network, so that the user never has to consider the errors directly providing he/she can trust the

calibration procedure. It is even possible to calibrate out the effects of intervening transmission components, such as chip packages, and measure the "bare" s-parameters of a chip at reference planes on-chip. Applications of the Microwave Vector Network Analyzer 1. Antenna characterization 2. Quasi-Optics Transmission-Reflection and Radar modeling 3. Material Characterization without and with Magnetic Fields 4. Waveguide and Cavities setups

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