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Chapter 3 Data Description

actually in the sixth grade and had special permission to attend the class. This student might have scored extremely low on that particular exam on that day. Fourth, the data value might be a legitimate value that occurred by chance (although the probability is extremely small). There are no hard-and-fast rules on what to do with outliers, nor is there complete agreement among statisticians on ways to identify them. Obviously, if they occurred as a result of an error, an attempt should be made to correct the error or else the data value should be omitted entirely. When they occur naturally by chance, the statistician must make a decision about whether to include them in the data set. When a distribution is normal or bell-shaped, data values that are beyond 3 standard deviations of the mean can be considered suspected outliers.

1 a

Applying the Concepts 3-4

Determining Dosages
In an attempt to determine necessary dosages of a new drug (HDL) used to control sepsis, assume you administer varying amounts of HDL to 40 mice. You create four groups and label them low dosage, moderate dosage, large dosage, and very large dosage. The dosages also vary within each group. After the mice are injected with the HDL and the sepsis bacteria, the time until the onset of sepsis is recorded. Your job as a statistician is to effectively communicate the results of the study. I. Which measures of position could be used to help describe the data results? 2. If 40% of the mice in the top quartile survived after the injection, how many mice would that be? 3. What information can be given from using percentiles? 4. What information can be given from using quartiles? 5. What information can be given from using standard scores? See page 176 for the answers.

13.

14,

15

--Exercises 3-4
9. Value of Major League Teams If the mean value of major league teams is $127 million and the standard deviation is $9 million, find the corresponding z score for each team's value. d. 113.5 -1.5 a. 136 I e. 133 0.67 b. 109-2 c. 104.5 -2.5
1. What is a z score? A z score tells how many standard deviations the data value is above or below the mean. 2. Define percentile rank. A percentile rank indicates the
percentage of data values that fall below the specific rank.

3. What is the difference between a percentage and a

percentile? A percentile is a relative measurement of position; a percentage is an absolute measure of the part to the total. 4. Define quartile. A quartile is a relative measure of position obtained by dividing the data set into quarters.

5. What is the relationship between quartiles and percentiles? Q, = P2,;Q2= P,,,;Q, = P7,
6. What is a decile? A decile is a relative measure of position obtained by dividing the data set into tenths.

10. Reaction Time The reaction time to a stimulus for a certain test has a mean of 2.5 seconds and a standard deviation of 0.3 second. Find the corresponding z score for each reaction time.

7. How are deciles related to percentiles?

D, = PIO; D2 = P20; D, = P,,,; etc.

8. To which percentile, quartile, and decile does the median correspond? Pso; Q2;Ds

a. b. c. d. e.

2.7 3.9 2.8 3.1 2.2

0.67 4.67 1 2 -I

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Section ~

Measures of Position

151

11. Exam Scores A final examination for a psychology course has a mean of 84 and a standard deviation of 4. Find the corresponding z score for each raw score. a. 87 0.75 d. 76 2 b. 79 -1.25 e. 82 -0.5

c. 93

2.25

12. Aptitude Test Scores An aptitude test has a mean of 220 and a standard deviation of 10. Find the corresponding z score for each exam score. d. 212 -0.8 a. 200-2 e. 225 0.5 b. 232 1.2

18. Achievement Test Scores (ans) The data shown represent the scores on a national achievement test for a group of tenth-grade students. Find the approximate percentile ranks of these scores by constructing a percentile graph. Q. 220 7 d. 280 76 b. 245 25 e. 300 93 c. 276 64 Score 196.5-217.5 217.5-238.5 238.5-259.5 259.5-280.5 280.5-301.5 301.5-322.5 Frequency 5 17 22 48 22 6

c. 218 -0.2
13. Exam Scores Which of the following exam scores has a better relative position? a. A score of 42 on an exam with X = 39 and s = 4. 0.75
b. A score of 76 on an exam with

X=

71 and

= 3.

1.67

The score for part h is higher.

14. Test Scores A student scores 60 on a mathematics test that has a mean of 54 and a standard deviation of 3, and she scores 80 on a history test with a mean of 75 and a standard deviation of 2. On which test did she perform
better? 2.0: 2.5: history tcst

19. For the data in Exercise 18, find the approximate scores that correspond to these percentiles. Q. 15th 235 d. 65th 275 b. 29th 255 e. 80th 283 c. 43rd 261 20. Airplane Speeds (ans) The airborne speeds in miles per hour of 21 planes are shown. Find the approximate values that correspond to the given percentiles by constructing a percentile graph. Class 366-386 387-407 408-428 429-449 450-470 471-491 492-512 513-533 Q. 9th 376 b. 20th 389 c. 45th 432 Frequency 4 2 3 2 I 2 3 4 21 d. 60th 473 e. 75th 498

15. Which score indicates the highest relative position?

a. A score of 3.2 on a test with

X = 4.6

and

= 1.5. -0.93

b. A score of 630 on a test with X = 800 and s = 200. -0.85 c. A score of 43 on a test with X = 50 and s = 5.
- 1.4: score in part h is highest

16. Weights of Fifth-Grade Boys This distribution represents the data for weights of fifth-grade boys. Find the approximate weights corresponding to each percentile given by constructing a percentile graph. Weight (pounds) 52.5-55.5 55.5-58.5 58.5-61.5 61.5-64.5 64.5-67.5 a. 25th 58 b. 60th 62.8 Frequency 9 12 17 22 15 c. 80th 64.5 d. 95th 67.1

Source: The World Almanac and Book of Facls.

21. Using the data in Exercise 20, find the approximate percentile ranks of the following miles per hour (mph). Q. 380 mph 17th b. 425 mph 39th c. 455 mph 53rd d. 505 mph 79th e. 525 mph 91st

17. For the data in Exercise 16, find the approximate percentile ranks of the following weights. a. b. c. d. 57 pounds 62 pounds 64 pounds 59 pounds 21st 58th 77th 33rd

22. Weights Find the percentile ranks of each weight in the data set. The weights are in pounds.

78, 82, 86, 88, 92, 97 8th:25th:42nd:58th:75th:92nd 23. In Exercise 22, what value corresponds to the 30th percentile? 82

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Chapter 3 Data Description

24. Test Scores Find the percentile rank for each test
score in the data set. 7th; 21st; 36th; 50th; 64th; 79th; 93rd

30. Using the procedure shown in Example 3-37, check each data set for outliers. a. 16,18,22,19,3,21,17,20 3 b. 24,32,54,31,16,18,19,14,17,20 c. 321,343,350,327,200 None d 88,72,97,84,86,85,100 None e. 145,119,122,118,125,116 145 f 14, 16,27,18, 13, 19,36,15,20 54

12,28,35,42,47,49,50 25. In Exercise 24, what value corresponds to the 60th percentile? 47 26. Hurricane Damage Find the percentile rank for each value in the data set. The data represent the values in billions of dollars of the damage of 10 hurricanes. 5; 15;25;35;45;55;65; 75;85;95 1.1, 1.7, 1.9,2.1,2.2,2.5,3.3,6.2,6.8,20.3
Source: Insurance Services Office.

None

31. Another measure of average is called the midquartile; it is the numerical value halfway between QI and Q3' and the formula is Midquartile

= Q, + 2

Q3

27. What value in Exercise 26 corresponds to the 40th percentile? 2.1

28. Test Scores Find the percentile rank for each test
score in the data set. 8th; 25th; 42nd; 58th; 75th; 92nd

Using this formula and other formulas, find Q" Q2' Q3' the midquartile, and the interquartile range for each data set. a. 5, 12, 16,25,32,38 12;20.5;32;22; 20 b. 53, 62, 78, 94, 96, 99, 103 62;94; 99; 80.5;37

5, 12, 15, 16,20,21 29. What test score in Exercise 28 corresponds to the 33rd percentile? 12

Technology

Step by Step
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MINITAB
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