Sequencing Within a sentence From one sentence to the next From one paragraph to the next

first(ly), second(ly), third(ly), finally

first(ly), second(ly), etc. in the first (second, third) place. the primary (secondary, third) reason. one (another, a final) reason.

Sequencing in time Within a sentence From one sentence to the next From one paragraph to the next

then, at once, next, meanwhile, in the meanwhile, in the meantime, hitherto, at meantime, soon, now, at once, the next (generally this moment, hitherto, when, as, while, whilst, not just "next"), soon (as until then (or now), after, before soon as), at this time (or after this, before this, moment), until this time, subsequently, subsequently, throughout immediately, suddenly, this, suddenly, gradually gradually

Sequencing in place Within a sentence where, wherever Showing contrast Within a sentence yet From one sentence to the next however, even so, nevertheless instead, on the contrary, From one paragraph to the next any of the between sentence links From one sentence to the next there, at this (or that) point, here From one paragraph to the next at this (or that) point

FORMAL LETTERS
Your address (but not your name or surname) House number / name and street, the town, the country, postcode

DATE: day, month and year 23rd June 2003 1st May 2003 22nd July 2003 4st July 2003

Your correspondent's title and name and position: MR ROBERT SMITH If you know you can say his/her position:

Sales Manager Address

DEAR SIR / DEAR MADAM (if you don't know his/her name) DEAR MR/MRS/MISS/MS/DR Smith (if you know his/her name)

BODY OF THE LETTER ( Use the appropriate paragraphs)

YOURS FAITHFULLY, (If you have written Sir or Madam) YOUR SINCERELY, (If you have written the person's name)

Your signature Your name legibly written with your title.

ASPECTS TO TAKE INTO ACCOUNT: a) Use correct, formal language, complete sentences, no slang, no contractions or exclamations. b) Use formal vocabulary and linking words

c) Keep strictly to the point. SENTENCES TO USE APOLOGY: a) I am writing to apologize for the omission/for omitting to send the order b) I am extremely sorry to cause you this inconvenience c) I assure you nothing like this will ever happen again REQUEST FOR INFORMATION a) I would be most grateful if you could send me an up-to-date brochure b)I would like further information about the services you offer c) I should be grateful if you would send me full details of your package APPLICATION a) I am interested in applying for the post of bilingual secretary, which was advertised in the Daily Herald on 30th May b) I would like to apply for the post of Head of Science, which was advertised recently. My qualifications and experience, as you will see from my curiculum vitae, make me a particularly suitable applicant for this post

EXAMPLE a) Write a letter in response to an advertisement for sailing expedition in a student newspaper. 32 Smithfield Court, EXETER

26th August 2003

Captain Ned Bluebeard, The Pirate Tavern, Cat's Eye Bay

Dear Captain Bluebeard,

I am writing in reply to your advertisement which appeared in the 25th August edition of The Student Weekly. You say that you are organising a sailing expedition in the Mediterranean Sea for young people and I would be grateful for more information about the expedition. First of all, I would like to know whether it is necessary to have previous sailing experience. I would also be grateful if you could tell me what kind of boat you intend to sail on. My only sailing experience has been on a yatcht. Secondly, could you tell me what the cost of participating in the expedition is? As it is aimed at students, I hope that it will not be too expensive. Finally I would be intersted in knowing what arrangement have been made with regard to food. I am a vegeterian and I hope that this will no cause any problems. I would like to thank you in advance for your assistance, and I look forward to hearing from you in the near future.

Yours sincerely, MRob Mark Robinson EXERCISE: Imagine you went to the Mesl nightclub and found that it wasn't as good as their advertisement had suggested. Write a letter of complaint to the manager of the clum in 80-100 words.

INFORMAL LETTERS

Friday, 13th December 2002

Dear _________ , / Dear Sir, / Dear Madam/ Dear,

I am sorry for not having written you before. Right now, I am in _________. I am having a great time in _____________. I am practising my _________. I stay with a nice family. I love the school above all ______________. ( = Ho sento per no haver-te escrit abans. Ara estic a Mho estic passant molt b a . Estic practicant el meu . Mestic amb una famlia molt bona. Mencanta lescola sobretot .)

Yesterday, I visited _____________. It is very wonderful / nice. (Ahir vaig visitar s molt bonic)

Tomorrow, I will go to _________ with __________. You can see that I am extremely busy. (Dem anir a amb . Tu pots veure que estic molt ocupat/da.)

I cant wait. Please send me a letter soon and send my love to everyone. I really miss you all. ( No puc esperar. Si us plau envem una carta aviat I digues a tothom que us trobo a faltar.) I hope that my _______ (English) is improving. (Espero que el meu (angls) millori)

Love, / Lots of love, / Yours, / Best wishes, / Regards, Sign

PS: (optativa)

- My family love the presents from Spain / Catalonia (la meva famlia els hi encanten els regals dEspanya/ de Catalunya) I miss you ( Us trobo a faltar o et trobo a faltar) What present do you want me to bring you? (quin regal vols que us porti o que et porti)

ASPECTS TO TAKE INTO ACCOUNT: In an informal letter, you know the person you are writing to, and it is therefore quite correct to use slang, contractions, exclamations, direct questions and incomplete setences. Do not use formal language.

LANGUAGE TO USE APOLOGY: a)I am really sorry I haven't written lately. I just haven't been able to get round/down to writing recently. I've been so busy at work. REASSURANCE: a) I am sure everything will be all right, just you wait and see. b)Don't worry about them. They're old enoug to take care of themselves now. c)It wasn't dangerous at all. I followed the instructions very carefully. ADVICE: a) If I were you, I would go in for engineering. b) Have you ever thought of voluntary work? c)What about moving into a bungalow rather than a flat? d)I think you should consult an expert before deciding. POLITE REFUSAL a) I'd love to, but I'm afraid I won't be able to make it this time b) I really don't think there's much chance of my boss changing his mind, so I'll have to miss the party c) It's nice of you to offer, but I don't think we'll need any more help. Thanks anyway. EXAMPLE: Wrtie a letter to a friend inviting him/her to visit you this summer. Rose Cottage, South Linton 28th April, 2002

Dear Kate,

Thanks for your last letter. It was great to hear all your news. The trouble is that I always

want to ask you so many questions when I get a letter from you! why don't you come and visit me this summer? That way, we can both catch up on all our news! If you can, you should try to come when we have our village festival - it's always a lot of fun. It's an ancient tradition where we choose a local girl to become the village quen and we have celebrations for a whole week. There are always lots of parties, and you'll be albe to meet all the people I've told you about in my letters. My family is also dying to meet you - they have already heard so much about you. My brother, Kevin, is very keen for you to come, especially after I shoed him your photograph! So please say you'll come. It'll be such fun if you do. I can't wait to hear from you, so please write soon. Love, Jenny. EXERCISE Imagine you are visiting an interesting city. Write a letter of about 100 words to your family or to a friend.

FOR AND AGAINST ESSAY

TITLE: The Advantages and Disadvantatges of Mobile Phones OPENING (1 paragraph) BODY (2 paragraph) 1st paragraph ( arguments for) 2nd paragraph (arguments against) CLOSING (1 paragraph)

EXAMPLE:

The Advantages and Disadvantatges of Mobile Phones

Who doesn't have a mobile phone these days? The fact is they seem to be everywhere. However, while mobile phones certainly have many supporters, there are also people who have reservations about them. Those who are in favour of mobile phones claim that they make communication an immediate process and people no longer need to wait until they find an ordinary phone when they need to make an urgent phone call. Moreover, they also point out that a mobile phone can be a life-saver in the case of an emergency. Finally, parents feel much more secure when they know that, thanks to mobile phones, they can contact their children whenever they want. On the other hand, those who are agianst mobile phones state that fact that much research must still be carried out in order to prove decisively that mobile phones do not damage your health. Another disadvantatge is the way that mobile phones are destroying our social life. How many A times have you had to stop a conversation so that your partner can answer his or her mobile phone? Not to mention the distrubances they cause at concerts and theatre performances. In conclusion, although there are two sides to a coin, I believe that mobile phones generally do improve that quality of our life. In my opinion, even if only one life has been saved thanks to a mobile phone, they have justified their existence.

ASPECTS TO TAKE INTO ACCOUNT: a) Use correct, formal language, complete sentences, no slang, no contractions or exclamations. b) Use formal vocabulary and linking words c) Keep strictly to the point. EXERCISE Choose one of the following titles and write and essay of 100 words: a) Is it fair that some jobs have much higher salaries than other jobs? b) Do you think winning the lottery makes people happy?

A BIOGRAPHY
THERE MUST BE: a) The opening sentence introduces the person b) The information is organised in chronological order. STEPS TO FOLLOW: First step: You can do a card Date of birth: 1967 Place of birth: Hawaii, USA Occupation: Actress Education: - Left school when 17 years old - to care for her sick mother - 1990 - Married Tom Cruise after meeting him while working on the film Days of Thunder - Adopted two children - Connor Anthony and Isabella Jane - August, 2001 - Divorced - Other films include: Billy Bathgate, Far and Away, To Die For, The Portrait of a Lady, Practical Magic, Moulin Rouge, The Others. - Hobbies: hicking, rock-climbing, scuba, diving, skydiving. Second step Actress Nicole Kidman was born in Hawaii in 1967, but grew up in Australia. She left school at the age of 17 in order to look after her mother, who was ill at the time.

Kidman's first film was Dead Calm, a thriller, which was produced in 1989. One year later, during the filming of Days of Thunder, she met Hollywood star, Tom Cruise, whom she married that same year. The couple adopted two children, however, their marriage unfortunately broke down, and they got divorced in August, 2001. Kideman, who became no less of a star than her husband, has starred in several successful films, such as Far and Away, Practical Magic, Moulin Rouge and The Others. In spite of her busy life, she still finds time for her hobbies, which include hiking, rock-climbing, scuba diving and skydiving.

ASPECTS TO TAKE INTO ACCOUNT: a) Order your information. b) Use linking words and formal vocabulary. c) Use correct formal language, complete setneces, no slang, no contractions or exclamations.