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Acknowledgements: Authors

The document provides acknowledgements for the authors' research work. It thanks the authors' supervisor, Dr. Md. Foisal Hossain, for his guidance and support. It also acknowledges the teachers in the ECE department and lab assistants for their cooperation and encouragement. Finally, it expresses gratitude to classmates, juniors, and parents for their support throughout the research.

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Rashed Islam
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54 views

Acknowledgements: Authors

The document provides acknowledgements for the authors' research work. It thanks the authors' supervisor, Dr. Md. Foisal Hossain, for his guidance and support. It also acknowledges the teachers in the ECE department and lab assistants for their cooperation and encouragement. Finally, it expresses gratitude to classmates, juniors, and parents for their support throughout the research.

Uploaded by

Rashed Islam
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We feel fortunate to be at Khulna University of Engineering & Technology (KUET),


Khulna, Bangladesh to pursue our B.Sc., in a wonderful research environment. Over the
past few years, we have had the opportunity to work with some truly exceptional people. It
is a great pleasure to mention them here for posterity.
First and foremost, we are extremely grateful to our honorable supervisor, Dr. Md. Foisal
Hossain, for providing such a great and supportive research environment in which all group
members worked together. The completion of this dissertation would not have possible
without his guidance, inspiration and encouragement. His help was not limited to research,
but in many aspects of our day to day life. We deeply express our heartfelt gratitude and
indebtedness to him for his generous contribution and advice extended to us.
Grateful acknowledgement goes to all teachers of ECE department for their co-operation
and constant encouragement in various ways throughout this research work.
The authors also want to thank all the lab assistants for their help. Without their assistance
we could not have the proper guideline in various laboratories.
After all, authors are thankful to their classmates & the juniors for their all kind of support
in many situations, while going through this research.
Through it all, we owe the greatest debt to our parents who will be living in our memory for
endless time.
.

Authors

ABSTRACT
In recent age, high data rate and strong reliability are the key features of wireless
communication systems and is becoming the dominant factor for a successful deployment
of commercial networks. MIMO-OFDM (multiple input multiple output orthogonal
frequency division multiplexing), a new wireless broadband technology is widely accepted
for its capability of high rate transmission and its robustness against multi-path fading and
other channel impairments. A major challenge to MIMO-OFDM systems is how to obtain
the channel state information accurately and promptly for coherent detection of information
symbols. This thesis formulates the adaptive channel estimation for MIMO-OFDM systems
using adaptive channel estimation algorithm. A complex equivalent baseband MIMOOFDM signal model is presented by matrix representation. By choosing L equally-spaced
and equally-powered pilot tones from N sub-carriers in one OFDM symbol, a sampled
version of the original signal model is obtained. Furthermore, this signal model is
transformed into a linear form solvable for the LS (least-square) estimation algorithm.
Here, MIMO-OFDM channel is estimated by using different types of adaptive estimation
algorithm. MMSE, convergence rate and computational complexity are determined and
analyzed for sign error least mean square (SLMS), normalized least mean square(NLMS),
leaky least mean square(LELMS) and proposed sign data normalized least mean error
(SDNLMS) along with LMS and RLS channel estimator(CE). Simulation result shows that
SDNLMS estimation algorithm can reduce the computational complexity inherited in
MIMO systems and is proven an optimal channel estimator in the sense of achieving the
minimum MSE (mean squared error) and compatible convergence rate of channel
estimation. Proposed algorithm also solves the instability problem of NLMS algorithm. So,
SDNLMS CE can be compatible for ACE process. In this thesis, the whole simulation is
done by MATLAB.

ii

CONTENTS
Acknowledgement ..i
Abstract ..ii
List of figures.....vi
List of tables .....vii
List of acronyms ..................viii
Mathematical notation ...........ix

1. Introduction
1.1 Introduction.. 02
1.2 History. 02
1.2.1 History of MIMO-OFDM channel estimation.. 02
1.2.2 History of Channel Estimation.. 03
1.2.3 History of Adaptive Filter............................. 03
1.3 Thesis overview... 04

2. MIMO-OFDM System
2.1 Introduction... 06
2.2 OFDM... 07
2.2.1 OFDM operation 09
2.2.2 OFDM variants.... 11
2.2.3 OFDM applications and standards.. 12
2.2.4 Advantages of OFDM system. 12
2.2.5 Disadvantages of OFDM system.... 12
2.3MIMO... 12
2.3.1 MIMO operation.. 13
2.3.2 Mathematical representation... 13
iii

2.3.3 Modes.. 14
2.3.4 Implementation of MIMO in real world. 15
2.3.5 MIMO advantages... 15
2.3.6 MIMO disadvantages.. 15
2.4 MIMO-OFDM co-existence....... 15

3. Channel Estimation
3.1 Introduction. 18
3.2 Need for Channel Estimation.. 18
3.3 Basic Channel Estimation types. 19
3.4 Background and system consideration....... 19

4. Adaptive filter
4.1 Introduction. 21
4.2 Adaptive filter. 21
4.3 Why Adaptive???........................................................................................................ 22
4.4 Application of Adaptive filter......................... 22
4.5 Operation of Adaptive filter................ 22
4.6 System Identification.. .23
4.7 Design considerations. 24

5. Adaptive Algorithms
5.1 Introduction. 26
5.2 system design...................... 26
5.3 LMS algorithm 27
5.4 LEMS algorithm............................. 30
5.5Sign error LMS algorithm............................ 30
iv

5.6 NLMS algorithm. 30


5.7 RLS algorithm. 31
5.8 Proposed algorithm. 32

6. Simulation Results and Analysis


6.1 Simulation Results.............. 35
6.1.1 MSE performance observation......... 41
6.1.2 Convergence.... 42
6.1.3 Computational complexity................... 44
6.2 Analysis.............. 44

7. Conclusion
7.1 Conclusion.......................... 46
7.2 Scopes......................... 46

References............................................................................................................................. 47

List of Figures
2.1

Comparison between conventional FDM (a) vs. OFDM (b) 07

2.2

Graphical interpretation of OFDM concept.

2.3

Spectra of (a) an OFDM sub channel (b) an OFDM symbol (power vs. frequency)... 09

2.4

OFDM Transceiver Block Diagram.

2.5

Preliminary concept of DFT. 11

2.6

MIMO Operation.. 13

2.7

Different cases of MIMO systems 14

2.8

Simplex MIMO-OFDM system...

3.1

Channel Estimation of OFDM systems 18

3.2

MIMO OFDM systems with channel estimation technique . 19

4.1

Simple adaptive filter algorithm 23

5.1

Structure of Adaptive channel estimation.

26

6.1

1 by 2 MIMO-OFDM systems.

35

6.2

2 by 1 MIMO-OFDM systems.

35

6.3

2 by 2 MIMO-OFDM systems.

36

6.4

1 by 4 MIMO-OFDM systems.

36

6.5

4 by 1 MIMO-OFDM systems.

37

6.6

4 by 4 MIMO-OFDM systems.

37

6.7

8 by 1 MIMO-OFDM systems.

38

6.8

1 by 8 MIMO-OFDM systems.

38

6.9

8 by 8 MIMO-OFDM systems.

39

6.10

1 by 8 MIMO-OFDM systems (SNR 2 dB).

39

6.11

8 by 1 MIMO-OFDM systems (SNR 2dB)..

40

6.12

8 by 8 MIMO-OFDM systems (SNR 2dB)..

40

6.13

MMSE vs. SNR performance of Adaptive channel estimators.

42

vi

08

10

16

List of Tables
TABLE 6.1 MMSE performances for different SNR........................................................... 41
TABLE 6.2 System complexity in terms of complex operation...43
TABLE 6.3 System complexity in terms of real operations.........................43

vii

Mathematical notations

M-rowN-columnmatrix
Inverseof A
: Complex conjugate transpose or Hermitianof A
||x||2 is the squired Euclidean norm or Frobenius norm of x

viii

List of Acronyms
MIMO

multiple input and multiple output

OFDM

orthogonal frequency division multiplexing

LS

least square

AWGN

additive white Gaussian noise

ICI

inter-carrier interference

ISI

inter-symbol interference

FFT

fast Fourier transform

CP

cyclic prefix

BER

bit error rate

MMSE

minimum mean squared error

MMSE

minimum mean squared error

MSE

mean squared error

FFT

fast Fourier Transform

IDFT

inverse discrete Fourier transform

FLASH-OFDM

fast low-latency access with seamless handoff OFDM

VOFDM

Vector OFDM

WOFDM

Wideband OFDM

LMS

least mean square

LMF

least mean fourth

RLS

recursive least square

SDLMF

sign data least mean fourth

SLMS

sign error least mean square

ix

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