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Python - Dictionary Runtime (Codility Test) - Stack Overflow - HTM

The document discusses a Codility test question involving finding the first covering prefix of a non-empty array. The question tests for algorithms with linear time complexity, but the author's solution exceeded the time limit on large data sets due to hash collisions. Suggestions are provided on improving the algorithm's efficiency.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
618 views28 pages

Python - Dictionary Runtime (Codility Test) - Stack Overflow - HTM

The document discusses a Codility test question involving finding the first covering prefix of a non-empty array. The question tests for algorithms with linear time complexity, but the author's solution exceeded the time limit on large data sets due to hash collisions. Suggestions are provided on improving the algorithm's efficiency.

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prasuresh
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<div class="question" data-questionid="8623924" id="question"> <div class="everyonelovesstackoverflow adzerk-vote" id="adzerk1" ><a href="http://engine.adzerk.net/r?e=eyJhdiI6NDE0LCJhdCI6NCwiY20iOjg0NywiY2giO jExNzgsImNyIjo1OTI0LCJkaSI6IjEzOTljYjlhZDE2MjRlMGQ5ZGY5YTY1Y2QwYjhhZTNkIiwiZG0iO jEsImZjIjo4ODEwLCJmbCI6MjQ0NCwia3ciOiJweXRob24sY29kaWxpdHkiLCJudyI6MjIsInJmIjoia HR0cDovL3N0YWNrb3ZlcmZsb3cuY29tL3RhZ3MvY29kaWxpdHkvaG90IiwicnYiOjAsInByIjoxNTY4L CJzdCI6ODI3Nywiem4iOjQzLCJ1ciI6Imh0dHA6Ly9jYXJlZXJzLnN0YWNrb3ZlcmZsb3cuY29tLyJ9& s=3f4tJSyWcoqkCAeoIUXPO6FtgUQ" rel="nofollow" target="_blank" title=""><img src= "./python - Dictionary runtime (Codility Test) - Stack Overflow_files/0a96cc99c1 784d6abe3cae6b8c8bf013.png" title="" alt="" border="0" width="728" height="90">< /a><div class="adzerk-vote-controls" style="display: none;"><div class="adzerk-v ote-option adzerk-vote-up"><div class="adzerk-vote-icon"></div></div><div class= "adzerk-vote-option adzerk-vote-down"><div class="adzerk-vote-icon"></div></div> </div><div class="adzerk-vote-survey" style="display:none;"><form><span>No probl em. We won't show you that ad again. Why didn't you like it?</span><ul><li><labe l><input type="radio" value="12" name="downvoteReason">Uninteresting</label></li ><li><label><input type="radio" value="13" name="downvoteReason">Misleading</lab el></li><li><label><input type="radio" value="14" name="downvoteReason">Offensiv e</label></li><li><label><input type="radio" value="15" name="downvoteReason">Re petitive</label></li></ul><a href="http://stackoverflow.com/questions/8623924/di ctionary-runtime-codility-test/8623980#" class="adzerk-vote-cancel">Oops! I didn 't mean to do this.</a></form></div><img height="0px" width="0px" border="0" src ="./python - Dictionary runtime (Codility Test) - Stack Overflow_files/i.gif"></ div> <table> <tbody><tr> <td class="votecell"> <div class="vote"> <input type="hidden" value="8623924"> <a class="vote-up-off" title="This question shows research effort; it is use ful and clear">up vote</a> <span class="vote-count-post ">0</span> <a class="vote-down-off" title="This question does not show any research eff ort; it is unclear or not useful">down vote</a> <a class="star-off" href="http://stackoverflow.com/questions/8623924/diction ary-runtime-codility-test/8623980#" title="This is a favorite question (click ag ain to undo)">favorite</a> <div class="favoritecount"><b>1</b></div> </div>

</td> <td class="postcell"> <div> <div class="post-text" itemprop="description"> <p>I tried a codility sample question, answering in python. I am not get ting 100 score because it failed to finish in time on large data set.</p> <p><strong>The following is the question:</strong></p> <blockquote> <p>A non-empty zero-indexed array A consisting of N integers is given. The first covering prefix of array A is the smallest integer P such that 0 P &lt; N and such that every value that occurs in array A also occurs in sequence A[0], A[1], ..., A[P].</p> </blockquote> <p>For example, the first covering prefix of the following 5 element array A:</p>

<pre class="default prettyprint prettyprinted" style=""><code><span class="pln"> A</span><span class="pun">[</span><span class="lit">0</span><span class="pun">]< /span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="pun">=</span><span class="pln"> </s pan><span class="lit">2</span><span class="pln"> A</span><span class="pun">[</s pan><span class="lit">1</span><span class="pun">]</span><span class="pln"> </spa n><span class="pun">=</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="lit">2</span> <span class="pln"> A</span><span class="pun">[</span><span class="lit">2</span> <span class="pun">]</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="pun">=</span><s pan class="pln"> </span><span class="lit">1</span><span class="pln"> A</span><span class="pun">[</span><span class="lit">3</span><span class="pun">]< /span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="pun">=</span><span class="pln"> </s pan><span class="lit">0</span><span class="pln"> A</span><span class="pun">[</s pan><span class="lit">4</span><span class="pun">]</span><span class="pln"> </spa n><span class="pun">=</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="lit">1</span> </code></pre> <p>is 3, because sequence <code>[ A[0], A[1], A[2], A[3] ]</code> equal to <code >[2, 2, 1, 0]</code>, contains all values that occur in array A.</p> <p><strong>My answer is:</strong></p> <pre class="default prettyprint prettyprinted" style=""><code><span class="kwd"> def</span><span class="pln"> ps </span><span class="pun">(</span><span class="pl n"> A </span><span class="pun">):</span><span class="pln"> N </span><span class="pun">=</span><span class="pln"> len</span><span class= "pun">(</span><span class="pln">A</span><span class="pun">);</span><span class=" pln"> </span><span class="kwd">if</span><span class="pln"> N </span><span class="p un">==</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="lit">0</span><span class="pu n">:</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="kwd">return</span><span class= "pln"> </span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="lit">1</span><span class="p ln"> bit </span><span class="pun">=</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class=" pun">{}</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="kwd">for</span><span class="pln"> i </span><span class=" kwd">in</span><span class="pln"> range</span><span class="pun">(</span><span cla ss="pln">N</span><span class="pun">):</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="kwd">if</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class= "kwd">not</span><span class="pln"> A</span><span class="pun">[</span><span class ="pln">i</span><span class="pun">]</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class=" kwd">in</span><span class="pln"> bit</span><span class="pun">.</span><span class

="pln">keys</span><span class="pun">():</span><span class="pln"> bit</span><span class="pun">[</span><span class="pln">A</span><span class="pun">[</span><span class="pln">i</span><span class="pun">]]</span><span c lass="pln"> </span><span class="pun">=</span><span class="pln"> </span><span cla ss="lit">1</span><span class="pln"> P </span><span class="pun">=</span><span class="pln"> i </span><span class="kwd">return</span><span class="pln"> P</span></code></pr e> <p><strong>Result:</strong></p> <p>It doesn't give me 100 for this question because it thinks my algo is O(N**3) , and failed test cases are</p> <pre class="default prettyprint prettyprinted" style=""><code><span class="pln"> random_n_log_100000 random test </span><span class="lit">100</span><span class="pln"> </span><span c lass="lit">000</span><span class="pln"> elements </span><span class="kwd">and</s pan><span class="pln"> n</span><span class="pun">/</span><span class="pln">log_2 n values</span><span class="pun">.</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class ="lit">10.025</span><span class="pln"> s</span><span class="pun">.</span><span c lass="pln"> TIMEOUT ERROR running time</span><span class="pun">:</span><span class="pln"> </span><span cla ss="pun">&gt;</span><span class="lit">10.02</span><span class="pln"> sec</span>< span class="pun">.,</span><span class="pln"> time limit</span><span class="pun"> :</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="lit">9.82</span><span class="pln" > sec</span><span class="pun">.</span><span class="pln"> random_n_10000 random test </span><span class="lit">10</span><span class="pln"> </span><span cl ass="lit">000</span><span class="pln"> elements </span><span class="kwd">and</sp an><span class="pln"> values</span><span class="pun">.</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="lit">1.744</span><span class="pln"> s</span><span class="pun ">.</span><span class="pln"> TIMEOUT ERROR running time</span><span class="pun">:</span><span class="pln"> </span><span cla ss="pun">&gt;</span><span class="lit">1.74</span><span class="pln"> sec</span><s pan class="pun">.,</span><span class="pln"> time limit</span><span class="pun">: </span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="lit">1.10</span><span class="pln"> sec</span><span class="pun">.</span><span class="pln"> random_n_100000 random test </span><span class="lit">100</span><span class="pln"> </span><span c lass="lit">000</span><span class="pln"> elements </span><span class="kwd">and</s pan><span class="pln"> values</span><span class="pun">.</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="lit">10.025</span><span class="pln"> s</span><span class ="pun">.</span><span class="pln"> TIMEOUT ERROR running time</span><span class="pun">:</span><span class="pln"> </span><span cla ss="pun">&gt;</span><span class="lit">10.02</span><span class="pln"> sec</span>< span class="pun">.,</span><span class="pln"> time limit</span><span class="pun"> :</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="lit">9.94</span><span class="pln" > sec</span><span class="pun">.</span></code></pre> <p><strong>Analysis:</strong></p> <ol> <li><p>At first I believe my code is O(N) as I assume the key part of my code, A [i] in bit.keys(), has constant run-time, i.e. O(1). But perhaps on large data s et, the hash function gives a lot of collision so the runtime is no longer O(1)? </p></li> <li><p>Does O(N**3) means O(N^3)? I have this question because I have seen other

post where codility report an N square algo as O(N^2). So I suppose they will b e consistent in their report?</p></li> <li><p>If they really think my answer is O(N^3), then is it reasonable because m y code only run past their time limit by less than 1 second? Here I assume their time limit is for an O(N) algo because this is what they request in the questio n. If that is the case, I can't see why an O(N^3) algo is just &gt;1 sec slow??< /p></li> </ol> <p>Thanks KM </p> </div> <div class="post-taglist"> <a href="http://stackoverflow.com/questions/tagged/python" class="post-t ag" title="show questions tagged &#39;python&#39;" rel="tag">python</a> <a href= "http://stackoverflow.com/questions/tagged/codility" class="post-tag" title="sho w questions tagged &#39;codility&#39;" rel="tag">codility</a> </div> <table class="fw"> <tbody><tr> <td class="vt">

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</div> </div> </td> <td class="post-signature owner"> <div class="user-info "> <div class="user-action-time"> asked <span title="2011-12-24 10:19:34Z" cla ss="relativetime">Dec 24 '11 at 10:19</span> </div> <div class="user-gravatar32"> <a href="http://stackoverflow.com/users/1114448/gary"><div class=""> <img src="./python - Dictionary runtime (Codility Test) - Stack Overflow_files/b c4786e0ab9e59606d01d1e7e7ff2e03" alt="" width="32" height="32"></div></a> </div> <div class="user-details"> <a href="http://stackoverflow.com/users/1114448/gary">Gary</a><br> <span class="reputation-score" title="reputation score" dir="ltr">66 </span><span title="6 bronze badges"><span class="badge3"></span><span class="ba dgecount">6</span></span> </div> </div> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> </div> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="votecell"></td> <td> <div id="comments-8623924" class="comments dno"> <table> <tbody> <tr><td></td><td></td></tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </td> </tr> </div> </tbody></table>

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<a href="http://stackoverflow.com/questions/8623924/dictionary-r untime-codility-test?answertab=active#tab-top" title="Answers with the latest ac tivity first">active</a> <a href="http://stackoverflow.com/questions/8623924/dictionary-runtime-codilitytest?answertab=oldest#tab-top" title="Answers in the order they were provided">o ldest</a> <a class="youarehere" href="http://stackoverflow.com/questions/8623924/dictionar y-runtime-codility-test?answertab=votes#tab-top" title="Answers with the highest score first">votes</a> </div> </div> </div>

<a name="8623980"></a> <div id="answer-8623980" class="answer" data-answerid="8623980" style=""> <table> <tbody><tr> <td class="votecell"> <div class="vote"> <input type="hidden" value="8623980"> <a class="vote-up-off" title="This answer is useful">up vote</a> <span class="vote-count-post ">7</span> <a class="vote-down-off" title="This answer is not useful">down vote</a> </div> </td>

<td class="answercell"> <div class="post-text"><p><code>bit.keys()</code> is a list. Testing if an e lement is in a list is O(n). On the other hand, testing if an element is in a dict is O(1). So change</p> <pre class="default prettyprint prettyprinted" style=""><code><span class="kwd"> if</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="kwd">not</span><span class="pln" > A</span><span class="pun">[</span><span class="pln">i</span><span class="pun"> ]</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="kwd">in</span><span class="pln"> bit</span><span class="pun">.</span><span class="pln">keys</span><span class="pu n">():</span></code></pre> <p>to </p> <pre class="default prettyprint prettyprinted" style=""><code><span class="kwd"> if</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="kwd">not</span><span class="pln" > A</span><span class="pun">[</span><span class="pln">i</span><span class="pun"> ]</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="kwd">in</span><span class="pln"> bit</span><span class="pun">:</span></code></pre> <p>With this change, I believe your algorithm is O(n).</p>

<p>(Without the change, I believe your algorithm is O(n^2), <strong>not</strong> O(n^3).)</p> </div> <table class="fw"> <tbody><tr> <td class="vt">

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<div class="user-info user-hover"> <div class="user-action-time"> answered <span title="2011-12-24 10:33:4 4Z" class="relativetime">Dec 24 '11 at 10:33</span> </div> <div class="user-gravatar32"> <a href="http://stackoverflow.com/users/190597/unutbu"><div class="" ><img src="./python - Dictionary runtime (Codility Test) - Stack Overflow_files/ dd069899166bba0f0e53d3097452b00b" alt="" width="32" height="32"></div></a> </div> <div class="user-details"> <a href="http://stackoverflow.com/users/190597/unutbu">unutbu</a><br > <span class="reputation-score" title="reputation score 147428" dir=" ltr">147k</span><span title="8 gold badges"><span class="badge1"></span><span cl ass="badgecount">8</span></span><span title="157 silver badges"><span class="bad ge2"></span><span class="badgecount">157</span></span><span title="279 bronze ba dges"><span class="badge3"></span><span class="badgecount">279</span></span> </div> </div> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> </td> </tr>

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<div class="post-text"><pre class="default prettyprint prettyprinted" style= ""><code><span class="typ">Tried</span><span class="pln"> C</span><span class="c om"># code. dont know if it will work for higher values</span><span class="pln">

</span><span class="kwd">class</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="typ ">Program</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="pun">{</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="kwd">static</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class= "kwd">void</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="typ">Main</span><span cl ass="pun">(</span><span class="kwd">string</span><span class="pun">[]</span><spa n class="pln"> args</span><span class="pun">)</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="pun">{</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="kwd">int</span><span class="pun">[]</span><span clas s="pln"> A </span><span class="pun">=</span><span class="pln"> </span><span clas s="pun">{</span><span class="lit">2</span><span class="pun">,</span><span class= "lit">1</span><span class="pun">,</span><span class="lit">1</span><span class="p un">,</span><span class="lit">0</span><span class="pun">,</span><span class="lit ">3</span><span class="pun">};</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="kwd">int</span><span class="pln"> i </span><span cla ss="pun">,</span><span class="pln">n</span><span class="pun">=</span><span class ="pln">A</span><span class="pun">.</span><span class="typ">Length</span><span cl ass="pun">;</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="kwd">for</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="p un">(</span><span class="pln">i</span><span class="pun">=</span><span class="pln "> </span><span class="lit">0</span><span class="pun">;</span><span class="pln"> i</span><span class="pun">&lt;</span><span class="pln">n</span><span class="pun ">;</span><span class="pln">i</span><span class="pun">++)</span><span class="pln "> </span><span class="pun">{</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="kwd">if</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class= "pun">(</span><span class="pln">A</span><span class="pun">.</span><span class="t yp">Contains</span><span class="pun">(</span><span class="pln">i</span><span cla ss="pun">))</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="pun">{</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="com">//</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="pun">}</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="kwd">else</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="pun">{</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="kwd">int</span><span class="pln"> p </span><span class="pun">=</span><span class="pln"> i</span><span class="pun">;</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="pun">}</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="pun">}</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="typ">Console</span><span class="pun">.</span><span clas s="typ">WriteLine</span><span class="pun">(</span><span class="str">"p not found "</span><span class="pun">);</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="pun">}</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="pun">}</span></code></pre> </div> <table class="fw"> <tbody><tr> <td class="vt">

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