11.

Smoke Detector Using 8051 Microcontroller

In any modern structure or building of the world, safety has the highest priority and therefore fire detection system is one of the basic components of the structure. Timely information of fire not only helps save lives but also makes it easier to put out fire.

Figure:11.1

11.1. Objectives
Our objective is to design a Fire Alarm System that would full fill the following objectives: Indicate the room in which fire erupted. Sound the alarm if fire occurs. False Alarm occurrence should be kept minimum. The system should be flexible enough to be easily modified in case if new rooms are added to the building. The system should also provide the flexibility to adjust the temperature and smoke sensitivity levels as per the operating environment.

11.2. Working
This paper proposes the design and construction of fire alarm system which is controlled by 89S52 microcontroller. LCD is used to indicate situations of the system composed of 2 modes of working state, regular working mode and fire mode. Graphic output states are displayed on LCD by using software Keil uVision2, interfacing with microcontroller. Input signal coming from the normally opened warning devices such as heat detector and smoke detector is sent into a detectable instrument to separate the mode of working state. After that, output signal
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is dispatched to 89S52 microcontroller for analysis. This microcontroller can transfer data and display the situation of detector in 4 zones. Thus, the environment of the zones is exposed on LCD. In case of fire mode, the data will be sent to LCD and to Buzzer simultaneously.

11.3. Requirements
This system consists of following modules.

Heat Detection Circuit

This is the first module of our project in which we have used LM 35 sensor and a comparator. LM 35 has three pins a, b and c. Pin a is connected to Vcc pin b is connected with ground while the output is from pin c .The output of this sensor is going to a comparator .As per our requirement we need to send a high signal to the microcontroller when the temperature is 50 degree centigrade As the output of sensor gives 10mv change with a change of 1 degree centigrade in temperature. So at 50 degree centigrade it will give 0.5 volts as output has a linear relationship with temperature .so to meet our requirement we have set 0.49 volts on the negative input of comparator so that when the output of sensor will give 0.5 volts the comparator will pass high signal to microcontroller. So when the temperature of external environment will be 50 degree centigrade, a high signal will be passed on to the microcontroller through comparator.

Smoke Detection Circuit

The second module of our project is to detect smoke from the environment which is inevitable outcome of fire. So to full fill this requirement we have used smoke sensor TGS 308 and a comparator. The sensor output is almost zero when there is no smoke in environment .On the contrary when there is a smoke the sensor will give a output voltage according to the intensity of smoke .As soon as the smoke vanishes its output again comes to zero .The internal circuitry of TGS-308 contains a heater .as the smoke particles will pass through , the heater will ionize the smoke particles and they will act as a charge carriers so a voltage will be built at output .TGS-308 has four pins Pin A, B, C and D. out of these A and B are connected to Vcc, pin D is connected with ground and pin C is the output pin. The output pin is connected
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with the positive input of comparator while at its negative input there is constant 3 volts .so as the smoke will produce, there will be voltage at output of sensor. As the smoke intensity increase and the sensor output will reach 3.1 volts the comparator will pass a high signal to microcontroller. As this sensor is quite sensitive to smoke so we have kept 3 volts as a standard at comparator input so that it should detect real fire and do not activate on fake signals just like if someone is smoking.

Microcontroller Programming and Interfacing

We have used 89S52 microcontroller. It has 40 pins .pin no 40 is connected to Vcc while pin no 20 with ground.

LCD Interfacing
The LCD we used was having 16 pins out of which 8 pins are directly going to microcontroller pin number 1 to 8. Two pins are connected with Vcc one with ground and one with the potentiometer to set the resolution of LCD. Three control pins of LCD are also connected to microcontroller pin no 2.5, 2.6, and 2.7 .They are used for enabling LCD, performing read or write operations and to select command or data register

Buzzer
It has two pins; one is connected with the supply and the other one with the microcontroller pin no 2.4. When microcontroller will provide low signal, the circuit will be completed and the buzzer will start alarming.

11.4. Software Design Conditions

In case if both the bits of a particular room are high (i.e. the smoke and heat levels are above normal conditions), the program sets the pin connected to the buzzer, turning it ON. Simultaneously the LCD displays the room number of the room where fire has erupted. In case if one of the bits of a particular room is set (i.e. either the smoke sensor or his operating above normal conditions), the program takes this situation as ambiguous and displays NORMAL on the LCD.

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If both the bits are at low logic levels (i.e. both the heat and smoke sensors are operating under normal conditions), the program simply displays NORMAL on the LCD and the buzzer also remains OFF. The programming approach to display output on the LCD includes character by character transfer of the entire string with an appropriate delay. The LCD is initialized only once and only the top line of the LCD is being used for display purpose.

Code:
LCD_RS LCD_RW LCD_EN BIT BIT BIT P2.7 P2.6 P2.5

LCD ORG

EQU 000H

P1

CALL

INIT_LCD

again: CALL GET_SENSOR_DATA

MOV CALL

A,#81H WR_LCD_COMMAND

CALL DELAY

JNC HERE MOV CALL MOV A,#' ' WR_LCD_CHR A,#'F'

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CALL MOV CALL MOV CALL MOV CALL MOV CALL MOV CALL MOV CALL MOV CALL MOV CALL MOV CALL MOV CALL MOV CALL MOV CALL

WR_LCD_CHR A,#'I' WR_LCD_CHR A,#'R' WR_LCD_CHR A,#'E' WR_LCD_CHR A,#' ' WR_LCD_CHR A,#'A' WR_LCD_CHR A,#'L' WR_LCD_CHR A,#'A' WR_LCD_CHR A,#'R' WR_LCD_CHR A,#'M' WR_LCD_CHR A,#' ' WR_LCD_CHR A,#'#' WR_LCD_CHR A,#' ' WR_LCD_CHR

CLR

P2.4

MOV CALL JMP AGAIN

A,#31H WR_LCD_CHR

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HERE: MOV CALL

A,#' '

WR_LCD_CHR MOV CALL MOV CALL MOV CALL MOV CALL MOV CALL MOV CALL MOV CALL MOV CALL MOV CALL MOV CALL MOV CALL MOV CALL MOV CALL MOV CALL A,#' ' WR_LCD_CHR A,#' ' WR_LCD_CHR A,#' ' WR_LCD_CHR A,#'N' WR_LCD_CHR A,#'O' WR_LCD_CHR A,#'R' WR_LCD_CHR A,#'M' WR_LCD_CHR A,#'A' WR_LCD_CHR A,#'L' WR_LCD_CHR A,#' ' WR_LCD_CHR A,#' ' WR_LCD_CHR A,#' ' WR_LCD_CHR A,#' ' WR_LCD_CHR A,#' ' WR_LCD_CHR

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SETB P2.4

JMP AGAIN

INIT_LCD: MOV A,#38H ;2 line 5x7

CALL WR_LCD_COMMAND MOV A,#0CH ;LCD on cursor on

CALL WR_LCD_COMMAND MOV A,#01H ;clear LCD

CALL WR_LCD_COMMAND MOV A,#06H ;shift cursor right

CALL WR_LCD_COMMAND DISP: MOV CALL RET A, #81H ; Curser at LINE # 1, Position # 3 WR_LCD_COMMAND

WR_LCD_COMMAND: CALL DELAY MOV LCD,A CLR LCD_RS CLR LCD_RW SETB LCD_EN CLR LCD_EN RET

WR_LCD_CHR:
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CALL DELAY MOV LCD,A SETB LCD_RS CLR LCD_RW SETB LCD_EN CLR LCD_EN

RET

DELAY: mov djnz RET r5, #0ffh r5, $ ; delay loop instead of checking bit-7

GET_SENSOR_DATA:

MOV C, P2.0 ANL C, P2.2 RET END

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12. CONCLUSION
An embedded system is a computer system with a dedicated function within a larger mechanical or electrical system, often with real-time computing constraints. It is embedded as part of a complete device often including hardware and mechanical parts. By contrast, a general-purpose computer, such as a personal computer (PC), is designed to be flexible and to meet a wide range of end-user needs. Embedded systems control many devices in common use today. Embedded systems contain processing cores that are either microcontrollers, or digital signal processors (DSP). A processor is an important unit in the embedded system hardware. It is the heart of the embedded system. The key characteristic, however, is being dedicated to handle a particular task. Since the embedded system is dedicated to specific tasks, design engineers can optimize it to reduce the size and cost of the product and increase the reliability and performance. Some embedded systems are mass-produced, benefiting from economies of scale. Physically, embedded systems range from portable devices such as digital watches and MP3 players, to large stationary installations like traffic lights, factory controllers, and largely complex systems like hybrid vehicles, MRI, and avionics. Complexity varies from low, with a single microcontroller chip, to very high with multiple units, peripherals and networks mounted inside a large chassis or enclosure.

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13. REFERENCES
1. Michael Barr. Embedded system Glossary . Neutriono Technical Library. Retrieved 2007-04-21. 2. Heath, Steve (2003).Embedded system design. EDN series for design engineers ( 2ed). Newness.p.2.ISBN 978-0-7506-5546-0.An embedded system is a microprocessor based system that is built to control a function or a range of functions. 3. Giovanni ,Bill.Micro controller.com-Embedded System supersite. 4. Embedded System Dell OEM Solution /Dell.contnt.dell.com (2011-01-04). Retrieved on 2013-02-06. 5. Raj Kamla (2008).Embedded Systems- Architecture, Programming and design. Tata McGraw-Hill.p.5.ISBN 978-0-07-066764-8. 6. Ayala Keeneth j. The 8051 Microcontroller-Architecture, Programming and Application ,3rd edition 2008, Cengage Learning India PVT. Ltd. 7. Deshmukh ,Ajay V Microcontroller [Theory and Application], 1st edition,2006 Tata McGraw-Hill. 8. Gadre,Dhananjay V.Programming and Customizing the AVR Edition(10th reprint ),Tata McGraw Hill. 9. Tektronixshaks up prototyping ,Embedded Istrumentation Boosts Boards to Emulator status .Electronics Engineering Journal.2012-10-30.Retrieved 2012-10-30. 10. Embedded.com Under the Hood: Robot Guitar embeds autotuning By David Carey, TechOnline EE Times (04/22/08, 11:10:00 AM EDT)Embedded Systems Design Embedded.com 11. "Tektronix Shakes Up Prototyping, Embedded Instrumentation Boosts Boards to Emulator Status". Electronic Engineering Journal. 2012-10-30. Retrieved 2012-10-30. 12. Heiser, Gernot (December 2007). "Your System is secure? Prove it!". ;login:2 (6): 358. 13. "Working across Multiple Embedded Platforms". clarinox. Retrieved 2010-08-17. Microcontroller,It

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