THE BRITISH ACADEMY

SUPPLEMENTAL PAPERS
I

The
Imperial Administrative System in the Ninth Century
t

With a Revised Text

of

The Kletorologion

of Philotheos

J. B.

Bury

Fellow of the Academy

London
Published for the British

Academy

By Henry Frowde, Oxford

University Press

Amen
Price

Corner, E.G.

Ten

Shillings

and Sixpence

net

THE BRITISH ACADEMY

SUPPLEMENTAL PAPERS
I

The
Imperial Administrative System
in the Ninth Century
With a Revised Text
of

The Kletorologion of Philotheos

By

J. B.

Bury
Academy

Fellow of the

London
Published for the British Academy

By Henry Frowde, Oxford

University Press

Amen

Corner, E.G.

1911

SUMMARY OF CONTENTS
BIBLIOGRAPHY
A.

PRELIMINARY

.......... ..........
of the Kletorologion.

PAGE 3
7

(1) Sources for institutional history.

(2)

(3)

The text of Philotheos. The contents and sources

Uspenski.

The Taktikon

(4)

Scope of the following investigation.

General comparison of the Constaiitinian with the later Byzantine system.

(at Sta /?/oa/3etW di'at)

B.
C.

DIGNITIES

OFFICES
I.

(at Sia

\6yov dtat)

...... .......

20
36

crrpar^yot.
So/ACOTlKOl.
Kptrai.

II.

III.

IV.

V.
VI.

VII. dtat

D.

DIGNITIES AND OFFICES OF THE EUNUCHS

I.

.120

d^tat Sta ^paj8etW.

II. d^tat Sta \6yov.

TEXT OF THE KLKTOROLOGION OF PHILOTHEOS

131

Ml

226210

BIBLIOGRAPHY
SOURCES.
Saec. V.

[Not. Dig.]
[C.

Th.]
I.]

Notitia Dignitatum, ed/Seeck, 1876. Codex Theodosianus, ed Mommsen, 1905.

Novettae Theodosii II, &c., ed. Meyer, 1905.

[C.

Codex lustinianus (see below).

Saec. VI.

[C. I.]

[Cass. Var.]

[Lydus.]
[Pet. Patr.j

Codex lustinianus, ed. Kruger, 1884. lustiniani Novettae, ed. Zacharia von Lingenthal, 1881. lustini II, Tiberii II, Mauricii Novettae, in Zacharia v. Lingenthal, Ins Graeco-Romanum , Pars III, 1857. Cassiodorus Senator, Variae, ed. Mommsen, 1894. loannes Lydus, De Magistratibus ed. Wiinsch, 1903. Petrus Patricius, Catastasis, fragments in Const. Porph. De Cerimoniis i, cc. 84-95 ; cp. also ib. pp. 497-8 (see
,

below).

[(Maurice) Strut.]

Pseudo-Maurice, Strategikon, ed. Scheffer, 1664.

Saec. VII.

Descriptions of ceremonies in reign of Heraclius, in Const. Porph. De Cerimoniis ii, cc. 27-30 (see below).
f

Diva

iussio lustiniani

Augusti

[II]

... in confirmationem
'

sextae synodi Constantinopolitanae Concilia, xi. 737Saec. VIII.

[A. D.

687], Mansi,

Leo

III

and Constantine, Ecloga,

of
i.

Some

descriptions

ed. Monferratus, 1889. ceremonies, in Const. Porph. De

Cerimoniis, esp.

43 and 44.

Saec. IX.

[Takt. Usp.]

TOKTIKOV cv firiro^w ycvofievov eVi Mi^a/yX

ed.

KOI Qeoftwpas

[Ibn Khurd.

russkago arkheologicheskago instituta v Konstantinopolie, iii. 109, sqq. 1898. Ibn Khurdadhbah, ffitdb al-Masdlik wa 'l-Mamdlik, ed. De

Th. Uspenski, in

Izviestiia

Goeje, in Bibl. Geogr. Arab,

vi,

1889 (pp. 76-85).

;

[Kudama]
[Bas.J

Kudama ibn Ja far,

Basilicorum
libri

ibid. (pp. 196-9).

Ix, vols.

vol. vii, ed. Ferrini

i-vi, ed. Heimbach, 1833-70 and Mercati, 1897.

Ml

4
[Epan.]
[Prochiron]

BIBLIOGRAPHY
Epanagoge
v. L.,
legis Basilii et

Leonis

et

Alexandri, ed. Zacharia

1852.
1),

npoxdpo? vopos (of Basil

iii

ed. Zacharia v. L., 1837.

v.

Leonis

VI Novellae, in Zacharia
Tactica, in

L.,Ius Graeco-Romanum ,
vol. 107.

(see above).

[Leo, Tact.]
[Phil.]

Leo VI,

Migne, P. G. y

Philotheos, Kletorologion. Ceremonies. Many of the ceremonies described in Const.

Porph. De Cer., date from the ninth century. Description of Triumph of Theophilus, Const. Porph. nepl T>V @a<Ti\iKa>v rageidtatv, 503 sqq. (see below).
Description of Triumph of Basil I, ibid. 498 sqq. Leo VI. T6 tTrapxiKov pifiXiov (le livre du Pre'fet), ed. Nicole, 1893.
Saec, X.

[Cer.]

Constantine Porphyrogennetos, De Cerimoniis, ed. Bekker

[vol.
i],

\nep\

ra.] [De adm. imp.']

nepl TO>V
,

Bonn, 1829. &a<n\m&v raeitW, ibid. 444-508. De administrando imperio, ed. Bekker [vol.
,

iii],

Bonn, 1840.
[Them.]
, De Thematibus, ibid. Romani I et Constantini VII

Novellae

in Zacharia v. L.,

lus Graeco-Romanum,

iii

(see above).

[Anon. Vari]

Incerti scriptoris Byzantini saec.

liber

de re militari, ed.
ed.
viii e

Vari, 1901.

Nicephorus Phocas, STpaTjjytKi) eK^cri? Kal <rvvTais, Kulakovski, in Zapiski of St. Petersburg Academy,
se'r. viii.

9,

1908.

must be added the Acta Conciliorum (esp. of the 6th, 7th, and 8th General Councils), which are cited from Mansi's collection and the seals which 1 begin in the sixth century and become more numerous and important afterwards.
this list
;

To

SEALS.
[Sig.]

[Mel.]

Schlumberger, S/gillographie de F Empire byzantin, 1884. Schlumberger, Melanges d' archeologie byzantine, premiere
se'rie,

1895.

[Panchenko]

Panchenko, Katalog molybdobullov

[in the collection of the Russian Arch. Institute at Cple.], in the Izviestiia of the Institute, viii. 199 sqq. (1903), ix. 342 sqq. (1904), xiii.

[Konstantopulos]

78 sqq. (1908). Konstantopulos, BvfavnaKa /uoXv/3&d/3ouXXa [in the National Numismatic Museum of Athens], in the Journal international

The

d'archeologie numismatique, vols. ix and x, 1906, 1907. chronicles and other literary sources need not be enumerated here. The

historians

and chroniclers are

cited from the

Bonn

texts (Cont. Th.

=Theophanes

The

<fec.)

collections of Egyptian Papyri (Pap. Brit. Mus., B. G. U., Oxyrhynchus > are occasionally useful for illustration.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
Continuatus
;

Gen.

Genesius), except Procopius, ed. Haury, Theophylactus

De Boor, Nicephorus Patriarcha, ed. De Boor, Theophanes, ed. De Boor, or where otherwise specified. Evagrius
Simocatta, ed.
the ed. of Parmentier and Bidez
F. H. G.
iv.
;

(Theoph. ) cited from the fragments of Menander, &c., from Miiller,

is

MODERN WORKS,
Godofredus, Codex Theodosianus (Commentary), 1736-46. Booking, Notitia Dignitatum (Commentary), 1839-53. Karlowa, Romische Rechtsgeschichte, vol. i, 1885
Schiller, Geschichte der romischen Kaiser'zeit, vol.
ii,

Chap.

I,

1887.

[Mommsen]

Mommsen, Mommsen,

Ostgotische Studien, in

Neues Archiv, xiv, 1888.

vie siecle,

Ephemeris Epigraphica, v. 1884. Aussaresses, L'armee byzantine a la fin du

tens, 1909.

1909.

Gelzer^M.), Studien zur byzantinischen Verwaltung AegypBury, Magistri scriniorum,

dvTiypafprjs and pefapevdapioi, in in Classical Philology, 1910.

Harvard Studies

Diehl, L' administration byzantine dans texarchat de Ravenne, 1888.

Hartmann, Untersuchungen zur

Geschichte der byzantinischen

Verwaltung in Italien, 1889. Diehl, L'Afrique byzantine, 1896.

[Ducange]

Ducange,

Glossarium

ad

scriptores

mediae

et

infimae

Graecitatis, 2 vols., 1688.

(Compare

also his

commen-

[Reiske]

taries on works which he edited in the Paris Corpus.) Const. Reiske, Commentarii ad Const. Porph. de Cerimoniis

[Rambaud]

Porph., vol. ii, ed. Bonn. Rambaud, L' empire grec au diademe siecle, 1870. Zacharia von Lingenthal, Geschichte des griechisch-rdmischen
Rechts, ed. 3, 1892.

[Bieliaev]

Bieliaev, Byzantina

ocherki, materialy
i,

zamietki po vizan-

tiiskim drevnostiam,

1891

ii,

1893.

(Uspenski, Tabel]

Uspenski, Vizantiiskaia
Instituta v Kplie,
iii,

tabel o rangakh, in Izv. russk. arkh.

1898.

Uspenski, Konstantinopot'skii Eparkh, rbid., iv, 2, 1899. Uspenski, Voennoe ustroistvo vizantiiskoi imperil, ibid., vi, 1900.

i,

Panchenko,

Bao-iXiKos IltoTiKos, ibid, vii, 1902.

Uspenski, Partii tsirka i dimy v Kplie, in Vremennik, i, 1894. Kulakovski, Drung i drungarii, ibid., ix, 1902.

Vizantiiski

Kulakovski, Vizantiiskii lager kontsa, Xvieka, ibid., x, 1903. Mitard, Note sur la fonction d' < npoa-nirov TO>V dfudrav, in Byzantinische Zeitschrift, xii, 592-4, 1903. Bury, The Ceremonial Book of Constantine Porphyrogennetos,
in English Historical Review, xxii, April
er Vogt, Basile I , 1908.

and July, 1907.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
(On the organization, &c., of the Themes.)
Diehl, L'origine du regime des Thtmes dans V Empire byzantin, 1896. Gelzer, Die Genesis der byzantinischen Themenverfassung , in

[Gelzer]

Abhandlungen der kon. sachsischen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften, Phil.-Hist. CL, xviii, 1899. Brooks, Arabic Lists of the Byzantine Themes, in Journal of
Kulakovski,
Hellenic Studies, xxi, 1901. voprosy ob imeni

istorii

'

themy

Opsikii

in

Vizantiisld Vremennik, xi, 1904.

(On titles of honour.)

Die Rangtitel der romischen Kaiserzeit, in Sitzungsberichte der Berliner Akademie, 1901, 579 sqq. Koch, Die byzantinischen Beamtentitel von 400 bis 700, 1903,
Hirschfeld,

THE IMPERIAL ADMINISTRATIVE SYSTEM IN THE NINTH CENTURY

A. PRELIMINARY.
(1)

Sources for institutional history.

FOR
Empire
which

the history of the administrative institutions of the Roman in the fourth, fifth, and sixth centuries A.D., we have material
relatively ample.

is

We

have the lawbooks of Theodosius and

Justinian, arid the Notitia Dignitatum, of which the latest portions date from about A.D. 425. have further the letters of Cassio-

We

dorus, written in his official capacity as quaestor in the palace of Ravenna, and, although he is concerned with the Imperial institutions
as

they were modified to suit the conditions of the

offices

Ostrogothic

kingdom, the

and functions were so

little

altered that the

information supplied by Cassiodorus is, as Mommsen perceived, of the highest value not only for the administration of Ravenna but also of Constantinople. In addition to these authoritative documents, we

have the mutilated treatise

Trept

apy&v of John the Lydian, which,

rambling though been himself an

Justinian.

furnishes precious material, the author having official in the reigns of Anastasius, Justin I, and
it is,

These sources

supplemented by inscriptions and the

render
it

incidental notices to be found in literature

possible to

obtain a sufficiently clear and fairly complete general view of the civil and military administration as it was organized by Diocletian and

Constantine, and as
Justinian.

it

was modified

in details

^3ut

after the death of Justinian

down to the we enter upon

reign of

a period

hundred years which is absolutely destitute of documents bearing directly upon the administrative service^ We have no source in the form of a code ; for the only lawbook that survives, the Ecloga of Leo III, does not deal with public law, and casts no light on the civil and military administration. We have nothing in the
of about three

form of a Notitia of offices, no official correspondence like that of Moreover, in Cassiodorus, no treatise like that of John the Lydian. the seventh and eighth centuries there is very little literature, and

PROCEEDINGS OF THE BRITISH ACADEMY

1 Our only compeninscriptions on stone are few and far between. sation is a very small one ; we now begin to get inscribed lead seals

of

officials,

which become numerous in the eighth and ninth cen-

the middle of the ninth century, a new series lasfy^ibout of sources relating to the official service of the Empire beginsN The first of these is a notitia or TCLKTIKOV, as it was called, of thfe chief
turies.

At

dignitaries and officials in order of rank, dating from the early years of the reign of Michael III. It is a bare list, but about half a

century later comes the Kletorologion of Philotheos, which is by far the most important source for the organization of the Imperial civil service in the early Middle Ages. And then about half a century
later still

we have the Ceremonial book compiled by Constantine VII. This collection contains a great many older documents, some dating from the ninth century, and two or three even from the eighth. We have also other writings of Constantine VII, especially the Trept T&V
rafet8to>z>

pa<TL\LK(i)v

and some chapters of the De administrando

of the ninth

imperio.

Now^hese documents

and tenth centuries show us an

administrative system quite different from that which prevailed in the It is probably due, at least in part, to the nature days of Justinian of the documents that this later system has never been thoroughly

examined.

For the documents, though of official origin, are/not concerned with administration ; they are concerned with directly ceremonial and court precedence, and while they reveal a picture of
the world of officialdom, they tell little of the serious duties of the N They have not therefore invited systematic investigation, like the Codex Theodosianus or the Notitia One Dignitatum.
officials

department indeed of the administration has, during the

last

twenty

years, received particular attention, namely, the general administration of the provinces, the system of Themes. have now a valuable

We

study of the subject by the late Professor H. Gelzer, who has also It must be added that partially examined the military organization.
the judicial machinery has been partly explored by Zacharia von But the general civil administration and the great Lingenthal. ministerial bureaux at Constantinople have not been studied at all.

This neglect has been a serious drawback for students of the history
1 For the administration of Egypt the papyri supply considerable material, even for the period from Justinian to the Saracen conquest. Particular attention may be called to the documents dating from the early Saracen period in

Papyri in the British Museum, ed. Kenyon, vol. iv (accessible to me, before But the Egyptian material helps publication, through the editor's kindness). little for the general administrative changes with which we are here concerned.

THE IMPERIAL ADMINISTRATIVE SYSTEM

of the Eastern

9
of

Roman

Empire.

We can

observe

its effects in

most

writers do not attach clear

can see that the the works that are published on the subject. and definite ideas to the official titles

We

offices,

which are mentioned in their pages ; they often confound distinct and they confound offices with orders of rank. Schlummagnificent
it

berger^s

illustration;
officials

is

work on Byzantine Seals may be cited in marred by many confusions between different
urgent importance to reconstruct, so far as

and

different departments.

It is therefore a task of

we

can, the official organization of the later period for which we have sufficient evidence.

Empire

at the earliest

It is true that at

no

period of Byzantine history have we documents that can be remotely compared with the Codes of Theodosius and Justinian or with the
Notitia Dignitatum ; but we must make the best of what we have. Now the most important document we possess, the only one that
gives us anything like a full notitia of the bureaux and officials, is the Kletorologion of Philotheos, which was compiled in the reign of Leo VI, in the year A. D. 899. It is therefore the proper starting-

point for an investigation of the subject. may say that for the institutional history of the ninth and tenth centuries it holds the same position, in relative importance, which the Notitia Dignitatum

We

occupies for the fourth and fifth. Once the actual organization existing in the time of Leo

VI

has

been worked out, a further problem presents itself, namely, to trace the steps by which it developed out of the organization existing in
the time of Justinian.
that
in all

The evidence

main

essentials the later

of our literary sources shows us system existed in the eighth

The transformations were effected between the end of the century. sixth century and the middle of the eighth, in the darkest period of
hand
Imperial history, for which we have little more than meagre secondchronicles and a few incidental notices in ecclesiastical

documents.
In practice, however, it is impossible to separate the two investigations, namely, that of the institutions actually existing in the ninth century, and that of their history. %The principal object of the
present

study

is

to

determine the details of

the

ninth-century

organization, but, as Philotheos, our main guide, only gives the names of the officials and does not indicate their functions, we are
to discover

obliged to trace the offices, so far as we can, into the past, in order what they \ln the case of many of the sub-

werey

ordinate officials

we have no

data,

and must leave

their functions

undetermined/

10

PROCEEDINGS OF THE BRITISH ACADEMY

(2)

Text of Philotheos.
these
investigations,

As

the

foundation
is

of

critical

text

of

to indispensable. us as part of the second book (cc. 52-54) of the De Cerimoniis of/ Constantine Porphyrogennetos. But it was an independent treatise ;

Philotheos

The Kletorologion has come down

it

formed no part of Constantine's treatise, but was appended to it, along with other documents, probably by the Emperor's literary executors, shortly after his death, as I have shown in a study which
1 published on the Ceremonial Book in 1907. The treatise known as De Cerimoniis was first published by Leich and Reiske at Leipzig, in 1751-4, in two volumes. It was re-edited by Bekker for the Bonn edition of the Byzantine historians in 1829.

Bekker consulted but did not make a complete collection of the MS. The sole MS. in which this work of Constantine has come down to
It is is preserved in the Stadtbibliothek of Leipzig (Rep. i, 17). a fine large quarto parchment ; the titles and lists of contents are in red ink, and the initials at the beginnings of chapters are coloured. It

us

seems to have been written about the end of the eleventh century. It contains 265 folia, but ff. 1-212 are occupied by another treatise of Constantine, which in the Bonn edition curiously appears as an appendix to Book I of the De Cerimoniis. I have shown that it is
an entirely distinct treatise. 2 It concerns military expeditions conducted by the Emperor in person, and I have designated it as irepl T&V
fia<ri\iK.G>v rafeiSiW. Until recently our only source for the text of the work of Philotheos was the Leipzig MS. But some years ago Theodor Uspenski, the Director of the Russian Archaeological Institute at Constantinople,

found a portion of the text in a Greek codex in the Patriarchal library This MS. is numbered 39 in the Catalogue of at Jerusalem. Papadopoulos-Kerameus.
century.
3

It

The
is

portion of the treatise

was written in the twelfth or thirteenth which it contains (f. 181-3,

192-4)

pages
ft'

of

unfortunately small, corresponding to less than eleven The fragment begins with TO'JUIO? the Bonn edition.
4

p. 726,

and ends

at Kara rd^iv Tipaa-QuHrav

= p.

736.

Uspenski

collated the fragment with the Bonn text and published his collation in Vol. Ill of the Izviestiia of the Russian Archaeological
1 2
8

English Historical Review, April, 1907. English Historical Review, July, 1907, p. 439.
'lepoa-oXvpiTiKr) 'Bi^XiodrjKT], p. 115.

I refer

margin of

my

throughout to the pages of Bekker's ed. which are entered in text, and in most cases add the line for the convenience of those

who

care to refer to that ed.

THE IMPERIAL ADMINISTRATIVE SYSTEM

11

Institute at Constantinople (pp. 98 sqq. The Sofia, 1898). occurrence of this fragment in the Jerusalem MS. illustrates the

fact that the Kletorologion

circulated
it

De

CerimoniiSy with
(p.

which

has
(

Uspenski observes

101) that

it

quite independently of the been accidentally connected. is impossible to doubt that as

a practical manual the treatise of Philotheos must have been diffused

we depend exclusively on the With a view to the text which I now publish, I had photographs made (by kind permission of the Oberbibliothekar) of
Leipzig

in separate copies \ But for the main bulk of the text

MS.

the 27 folia which contain the treatise (cc. 52, 53). l comparison shows that the Bonn text is by no means trustworthy or accurate. The

MS.

itself is also

a very careless copy of the original.

left

It is full of

undetected by Reiske and Bekker. Bekker errors, did not study the subject at all, and Reiske, although he published a learned commentary, never made a methodical examination of the
official

which were

and control the

organization, and therefore was not in a position to criticize text, or to detect inconsistencies and mistakes.

The paucity of paragraphs and the absence of any tabular arrangement render the Bonn edition extremely inconvenient for practical
use.
I

have endeavoured to remedy this defect.

tabular arrangement I

am only reverting to

In introducing the form which the author

undoubtedly adopted himself. For tabular arrangement is partly preserved in the Lipsiensis, and there can be hardly any doubt that Philotheos wrote his lists of offices in the form of a irtva or tabula.
Contents and sources of the Kletorologion.
Uspenski.

(3)

The Taktikon

The
in

superscription of the Kletorologion states that it was compiled September of Indiction 3 A.M. 6408 ( September 1, 899-

August 31, 900), i. e. September, A. D. 899. The author describes himself as ( Imperial protospatharios and atriklines '. ^The duty of the atriklinai was to conduct the ceremonial of the Imperial banquets
in the palace, to receive the guests and arrange them in order of precedence. In the MS. we find the form apTLK\ivrjs as well as aTpiK\(vrjs,

but the latter

1

is

the true form of the word, which

is

evidently derived

The

eKdfo-is

which appears as
I

of Epiphanios, which Philotheos appended to his treatise, and c. 54, does not concern my purpose, and I have omitted it.

may note here that (except in a few cases like aeKpfrov, TOTroTrjprjrrjs) I have not normalized the orthographical variations of the MS. but have retained the double forms Ka/ztVia Ka/zqo-ta, aXXat'/xara -j^/uaTa, trrpaTBjMt -tapes, a.TpiK\ivr)$
: : :
'.

apTiK\ivr)s (but

not

apro/cX.),

&c.

12

PROCEEDINGS OF THE BRITISH ACADEMY

from a triclinio (cp. ao-rj/cpTJns). 1 KX-^-ropiov was a technical word for an Imperial banquet, 2 and the verb KXrjToptva was used both in the
3 general sense of inviting, and also in the special sense of receiving the guests and announcing their names in order of precedence/ a

To fulfil this duty, a list of atriklines. the ministers, officials, and dignitaries, who had a right to be entertained in the palace, arranged in order of precedence, was indispenduty which devolved on the
sable to the atriklines, and such a list was called a KXrjropoXoyiov. These lists were revised from time to time ; for not only might new
offices

be instituted and old ones abolished, but changes might be

in the order of precedence.
is

made

That such changes were made

clear

from the comparison of

Philotheos with an earlier document which was published by Uspenski from the same MS., in which he found a portion of Philotheos. 5

This

is

a Ta/criKoV, or table of ranks, which was

compiled under

Michael III and Theodora.

The
/cat

title is

TaKTtKoz; tv eTuro/xa) y(v6yAvov

Kal

em Mt^a^A

rov tyiXoyjzivTov becnrorov

/xr/rpo's.

0o8copay

rrjs

opOobo^OTdrrjs

aytay avrov

Uspenski has not touched upon the limits of the date of this document, but it can be fixed within fourteen years. The fall of

Theodora occurred at the beginning of A.D. 856, 6 so that the Taktikon must have been compiled before that year and after A.D. 842, the
Internal evidence bears out the year of the accession of Michael. date of the superscription. The Strategos of Cherson (o-rparrjyos T&V 7 was appointed KXifjidrcDv) is mentioned; the first Strategos of Cherson

by Theophilus

The Charsian province appears as a (c. A.D. 834). kleisura not a strategis 8 ; this agrees with the Arabic lists which describe the themes as they existed in the period A.D. 838-845. 9 In
1

Gen. 31 n TOV rr\v 7ri<TTacriav ZXOVTOS T&V els Tpcnreav KeKX^/zei/cov cv The Latin version renders rightly a triclinio, and Sophocles The word does not appear in Ducange. gives the same explanation.
It occurs in
d.TpiK\ivr)v tftrjfufawri*
2

Suidas explains

K\r}TG>ptov as

fj

/Sao-iXt/o?

rpa7rea.
TO.
e'/c

Cp. Pseudo-Symeon
TVTTOV K\rjTopia
p,rj

703.,

Leo VI crowned Anna,

3
4

8ia TO pr) 8vvaa-6ai Troielv

Theoph. 375 ]9 (Justinian

loc. cit.

Philotheos. notable example of changes in precedence is furnished by the different positions of the Domestic of the Excubiti and the Prefect of the City in the two lists.
5

We meet it in this sense in

109 sqq.

II) rrpbs apio-ToSenrvov K\i]Topfvcov.

6
7

See the evidence in Hirsch, Byzantitoische Studien, 60-1. Cont. Th. 123.
P. 123,

where we must read the singular 6 K\ei(rovpupxris Xapo-tavov. Of Ibn Khurdadhbah, Ibn al-Fakih, and Kudama, depending on a work Al-Garmi,, who had been a captive among the Romans and was redeemed
9

of
in

THE IMPERIAL ADMINISTRATIVE SYSTEM

A.D. 873

13

Charsian theme was under a Strategos. 1 Kolonea, 2 The earliest a theme in A.D. 863, is omitted, as in the Arabic lists.
the
lists

mention hitherto known of the Strategos of Chaldia was in the Arabic he appears in the Taktikon. 3 ; The Taktikon is an epitomized catalogue of officials and dignitaries,

for the purpose of

showing their order of precedence. It is therefore not arranged like the Notitia Dignitatum (of the fifth century) in which the subordinate officials are placed under their chiefs. It is It is not arranged in classes, according to ranks (patricians, &c.).
a kletorologion (or it would have been so named), but it must have served court ceremonials ; perhaps it was a handbook of the master
Ta/crtxa /3i[3\ia are mentioned by of ceremonies (6 rrjs Karaorao-ea)?). the biographer of Theophilus (Cont. Th. 142), and evidently mean books which deal with court ceremonial, rafts meant, among other

things, a
list'.

'

4 ceremony % and we might render

TOLKTIK.OV

as

'

ceremonial

A.

new

list

of this kind
it

older lists which

was naturally compiled with the help was intended to supersede. Philotheos tells us,

of

as

we

shall see, that

he made use of older kletorologia.

Now

in the

Taktikon we can detect certain inconsistencies which must have arisen in the process of bringing an older Taktikon up to date. (1) The governor of Chaldia appears both as Strategos (113) and as I infer that Chaldia had been an archontate till archon (123). The new dignity is recently, when it had been made a strategis.
duly inserted, but the compiler omitted to strike out the old title. did riot (2) The same thing has happened in the case of Crete.

We

before the position of Crete in the administrative organization, before the Saracen conquest. The Taktikon shows that it was
A.D. 845.

know

For these

lists

see Brooks, /. H. S., xxi. 67 sqq. (1901)

and Gelzer,

81 sqq.
1

See Gen. 122.

But

in A. D. 863
is

Cappadocia, which altogether in the text.

(p.

it was still a kleisurarchy, Cont. Th. 181. a kleisurarchy in the Arahic lists, is omitted But this is prohably a scrihe's mistake. The text has

still

123)

o l K\fi(Tovpdpxai XapcriavoO
01

In the second

But the
by a
3

first ot K\.

list

and third cases 01 K\. must clearly be errors for 6 K\eia-ovpdpxr]s cannot be right. ' The kleisurarchs would not be followed I have no doubt that we should read 6 of particular kleisurarchs.
'

An
Cp.

ap^coi/ XaXSt'ay is also

e. g.

mentioned
17

(123).

Cer. 5 10 , 61 61

ram/ciy fiedodos 517i 2

Phil. (7904 ) eV ro08e row

14

PROCEEDINGS OF THE BRITISH ACADEMY

governed by an archon (123). But a strategos of Crete also appears (115), and it seems curious that this change should have been made
in the period immediately after the loss of the island. 1 Perhaps we of that some small islands the were included in Aegean may suppose

the circumscription of Crete^ so that the Cretan commander was not It is possible that the appointment of quite without a province. a strategos of Crete might have been made in connexion with the
expedition of Theoktistos in A.D. 843 (George
in anticipation of the reduction of the island.

Mon.

ed.

Bonn, 814),

In that case the date

of the Taktikon
also

would be 842-3. 2

(3)

The same explanation must

/cat o-a/ceA. \apios

apply to the duplication of

115).

6 Trarpiiaos

(111

and

The treatise of Philotheos is divided into four Sections, ro/uot. The beginning of the first is not clearly marked, for ro'/xos a has been omitted in the MS. The editors have inserted it before the list of
afia>/mara, 6ia

an insertion of their own.

little

708 B), without any indication that it is What led them to do this was, I have doubt, the occurrence in the margin of the words KttyaXaiov a.
/3pa/3etW (p.
it
6"',

They took
T.

y', r.

and

for a heading corresponding to the subsequent ro/xoy fi' 9 But it is silently substituted TO'JUOJ for K(j>d\aiov.
refers to the first of the eighteen classes of marked by a numeral in the margin. It is

clear that K(j>a\aiov a

dignities,

each of which

is

not quite certain where ro/utos a originally stood. The most probable place seems to be at the end of the Preface, before the heading apxn
rfjs

v7ro0eVeo>? \6yov,
it

possible that

may

and I have placed it here conjecturally, but it is have stood before the paragraph beginning EtVl

be Tra<rai opov.

Section I

is

and consists of a TrXwOis or laterculus

of the Empire.
1

introductory to the kletorologion (tv etcraycoyrj? rafei) of the ranks and official dignities
It falls into five parts
:

(1)

orders of rank

(2)

great

If the seal found at Gortyn, with the legend 2[r]e$ai/ou o-rpar' (published by Xanthudides, Byz. Ztitschrift , 18, 177, 1909), belonged to a strategos of Crete it must be referred to this period. 2 I may call attention here to the fact that aji archon of Dalmatia appears inTakt. Usp. (124) and a strategos is not mentioned. This bears on the date of a ninthcentury seal of Bryennios, strategos of Dalmatia Epvev(iu)) /3(aertAi/<&>) aTra6(apia>) KOI [o"T]p{a)T(?77<j5) AaX/xarta(?), Sig. 205. (There is another example in which Br. is
:

protospatharios.) Schlumberger ascribes it to Theoktistos Bryennios and dates ' it vers 840 '. But there seems to be no authority for this. All we know of

Theoktistos Bryennios

is that he was orpaT^yo? of Peloponnesus in the reign of Michael 111 (De adm. imp. 221). It is a mere guess that he is the Bryennios of the seal. In any case the Taktikon shows that the seal is later than

A.D. 842.

THE IMPERIAL ADMINISTRATIVE SYSTEM

official

15

posts
;

(3)

minor

offices in the staffs

;

and bureaux of the great

(5)

officials

(4) orders of rank of eunuchs

great offices confined

to eunuchs.

Section II and Section III contain

in

lists

of the officials in the order

which they are introduced by the atriklines, according as they belong to different orders of rank. Section II deals with the highest ranks ; Section III with the lower, beginning with the protospathars. These Sections ought to form one ; the division is not logical or

To the end of III are appended explanations as to the convenient. treatment of ecclesiastics from Rome, Antioch, and Jerusalem, and
of Saracen, Bulgarian,

and German guests.

is

Section

IV, which

the longer half of the treatise, contains

directions for the conduct of the court banquets throughout the year : what guests are to be invited, how they are to be introduced, where
It is arranged in the they are to sit, what they are to wear, &c. order of the calendar, beginning with Christmas. There follow two memoranda (which are marked off in the MS. as cap. 53 of De

CerimoniiSy Bk. 2), (1) on the pious largesses (ewe/Stat) given by the Emperor to the officials on certain occasions, and (2) on the fees received by the atriklinai. These memoranda might appropriately

have formed a separate Section, but mediaeval compilers were so clumsy and careless in the arrangement of their books that it would be

imprudent to guess the omission of a ro'juo? e'. e Having concluded with a recommendation that his Order of 9 Rank (TCIKTIKOV) should be adopted as canonical, Philotheos adds an appendix on ecclesiastical precedence and reproduces a list of episcopal

by Epiphanies of Cyprus (= De Cer. ii. c. 54). I have omitted this list, as it has no interest for the purpose of this study. The author had before him older lists of dignities and descriptions of ceremonies, to which he refers in his preface as ap^aia avy-ypd^ara, al r&v apyaiutv K0eVei9 or avyypafyai. Some of these were doubtless Taktika or tables of rank, of which a specimen is extant in the TaKTLKov of the reign of Michael III, described above; and others were K\rjTopo\6yia which dealt especially with the arrangements at the Imperial table. The title states that the work is compiled from old kletorologia, and according to the first words of the preface this was the task imposed on the writer by his friends, men of his own But afterwards he says that he did not use lists which were calling.
sees

out of date, so that apya'^v

his sources.

is
e

For he writes

hardly an appropriate description of Since I have purposely passed over the

all

expositions of the ancients, not

of

rendered obsolete, I will subjoin in

them but those which time has the form of a table, line by line,

16

PROCEEDINGS OF THE BRITISH ACADEMY

the expositions which are both recognized and practised in the time of our sovrans Leo and Alexander/

Now we find in the paragraph on the functions of

the eunuchs (725)

a distinct proof that this was transcribed from an ecthesis published in the name of an emperor, whom we cannot hesitate to identify

with Leo VI.

Tavra
/cat

8e

navra <uAdrTeo-0ai,
r\

rrjpetcrflai

re KOL irpaTTtaOaL aTrapaa-aX

(kajueWiz; /3e'/3ata Ka0a>s

ew6/3r)s KOI

v0os

/3ao-tAeia

r/jucoi;

a)?

Kai ef ap\aiu>v rG>v \p6vu>v

napa

ru>v irpb fifji&v ei>o-e/3a>s (Bao-L\cva-dvTu>v

Here Leo

is

speaking, not Philotheos.

The

ecthesis of

Leo can

hardly have been concerned exclusively with the dignities of the eunuchs, and I think we may conjecture with great probability that one of the lists of offices contained in Section I was transcribed

from the Emperor's official book. In this Section the high officials are enumerated three times (1) a full list, in order of precedence ;
:

a list of the staffs, &c. (this is not (2) a full classified list; (3) are named as samples, and a few two because strategoi only complete,

high
three

officials
lists (1)

who have no
and
(1)

of these subordinates are omitted). But exhibits one in are agreement. (2) completely (3)

Now

important difference.
61.

enumerates 60
is

officials,

while (2) enumerates

This raises a the eraipeiapx*7?dignitary a from different that was derived document, and the (2) presumption words which conclude the first list KOL avrai TO. vvv Ti/xijtfeurai afuu
additional

The

accordance with the hypothesis that the The use of transcriber at this point passed to a different source. different sources here may be supported by the fact that, while (2)
5ea-7roTov are in

em AeWros

divides the officials into seven classes, this division is also mentioned at the beginning of the Section, where only six classes (ef j^epr?) are

given (the stratarchai being omitted).

It

of Philotheos for his first list dated

It does

might be thought that we have further evidence that the source from the early years of Leo VI.
not mention the theme of Longobardia.
as
is

was

not, generally supposed organized as a theme by Basil I.

Now this province instance (for by Gelzer, 133),

strategoi

The

who command

in

South

Italy

during and immediately

after the conquest are not yet

strategoi of Longobardia. The first who bears that title is Symbatikios in 891, but even then Longobardia has not yet been established as

a distinct

theme

for this

commander

is
5 1 ,

Thrace, Cephallenia, and Longobardia

1

strategos of Macedonia, and his successor George

Trinchera, Syllabus graecarum membranarum, No.

3.

THE IMPERIAL ADMINISTRATIVE SYSTEM

(A.D. 892)
is
( 1

17

Hence Strategos of Cephallenia and Longobardia'. that it is not till after this concluded has year that rightly Gay 2 a on the other became theme. But, hand, there Longobardia separate
no evidence that the separation was made before A. D. 900. Hence no inference can be drawn from the omission of Longobardia as to
is

the date of the

list.

The fact that the list Samos cannot be held to

themes
is

includes the themes of

Strymon and of

date it; for though the creation of these

case of Thessalonica

often ascribed to Leo, this is by no means certain. The is a warning. Gelzer attributes the theme of
;

Thessalonica to the Neuordnung of Leo VI (op. cit. 130) but this theme appears in the Taktikon of Michael III. 3 The themes of 4 Strymon and Samos do not appear in that document, but they may have been formed before the accession of Leo VI. The evidence, however, already adduced seems sufficient to date the source of the
first list

of Philotheos to the reign of Leo. The lists of precedence in Sections II and III (cod. Lips.) agree with list 1 of Sect. I in omitting the hetaeriarch, but there are some
(a)

variations in order,
follows,

In Section III the Drungarios of the Fleet

preceding, the Logothete of the Course, and of the Flocks precedes, instead of following, the the (b) Logothete the Basilikoi of (the latter does not occur in Section II) ; Protospathar
instead
of

Comes Stabuli precedes 6 c/c Trpoo-wirov r&v III but Section 0ejudYaw, agrees here with the lists of Section I. The variations are common to both MSS.
(c)

in

Section II the

Another point of difference to be noticed between Section I and In Section II we Sections II, III, is the treatment of the Magistri. have at 5e AOITTCU Traorcu rrjs Scvrepa? virdp^ovcn, Taea>9 olov 6 /utayiorpo?, 6
/mayio-rpoj,

and

in Section III

(ad

init.)

simply 6

/idyicrrpos.

In both

cases

we might expect ot /uaytorpoi. We may turn to the evidence of

the Jerusalem

MS.

collated

by

Uspenski. (1) In this MS. in the lists of precedence, both in Section II and in Section III, we find the Hetaeriarch (jue'yas eraipi^px 7?*)

immediately after the Drungarios of the Watch. The fact that he occurs in both lists shows that the omission in the Leipzig MS. is not accidental. (2) The Strategos of Longobardia appears after the Strategos of Sicily in Section II. He is not mentioned in any of the lists in

the Leipzig

MS.

On

omitted in the Jerusalem

1

the other hand, the Strategos of Nikopolis is MS. ; but this may be a mere scribe's error
I. S.
i.

Chron. Vulturnense (Muratori, R.

L' Italic mtridionale, 171-4. Uspenski, 115.

2, 413).

3 3

Phil. 713, 728.

M2

18

PROCEEDINGS OF THE BRITISH ACADEMY

which are clearly accidental). (there are several other omissions in the Jerusalem MS. has throughout (3) Instead of avOviraros Trarpuao?
simply
av6vTTo.TO$.
(It

also has in

most cases

o-nadapLoi instead of

(nraOapoKavb&dToi, but probably this is merely a mistake of the scribe.) has 6 ndyicrrpos 6 /uaytorpo? (4) In Section II where the Leipzig MS.

the Jerusalem

MS.

has

6 /layiorpoj;

but this

may

be due to para-

(5) blepsia. triklinos is said in

The precedence

p. 732), but in

it is

of the protospatharioi of the Chrysoto have been established 7ra\at (Section III, attributed to Leo VI.

The probable
which
is

belonged to a slovenly

inference seems to be that the Jerusalem fragment copy of a later recension of Philotheos than that

represented by the Leipzig text, which was copied from the The editor, whether Philotheos himself or another, brought original. the treatise up to date by inserting the Strategos of Langobardia,

and repaired the error of omitting the Hetaeriarch. The discrepancies between Section II and Section III seem to be due to the circumstance that Philotheos was using old lists of different dates and he did not
succeed in eliminating
(4)
all

the inconsistencies. 1

Scope of the following investigation. General comparison of the Constantinian with the later Byzantine System.

The following pages are not a complete commentary on Philotheos. The investigation is confined to the determination of the functions of
the
I
officials,

and to the origin of the

offices

and of the orders of rank.

(crwriQtiai)

have not entered upon the subject of the fees

paid for

dignities and offices, and the Imperial bounties (evo-e/3uu, a7roKo/x/3ia, The latter and main 5<3pa) to which the dignitaries were entitled. IV of the is important for book of Philotheos Section part my as it on difficulties which arise out throws purpose, light many of the earlier part; but a commentary on it belongs not to this inquiry, but to a treatise on the court ceremonies. From Philotheos we derive no information as to the civil govern-

ment

provincial

of the provinces, except so far as finance is concerned. The hear nothing of ot judges are not mentioned.

We

avBvTraTOL KOL

7rapx ot

T&V

0e/uara)z>

or

ot Trpatrope?

TMV

0ejuara>z/

who

appear in
1

theTakt. Usp. (118, 119).

A large question of

considerable

In Phil. 788 n we meet the KarcTrdva of Paphlagonia. In the time of Philoand since the early years of Michael III, the governor of Paphl. had been a crrpaTyyos (Phil. 7l3 9 , Takt. Usp. 113). Under Theophilus he had been a Katepano (De adm. imp. 178 7 ), and perhaps Theophilus raised the dignity of the theme. It looks as if Philotheos were here using a document dating from more than sixty years back.
theos,

THE IMPERIAL ADMINISTRATIVE SYSTEM

19

difficulty, touching the position and the districts of these officials, and their relations to the Strategoi, is involved, and I have not been able

to discuss

it

in the present investigation.

few remarks may be made here as to the general character of

it

the organization of the ninth century as contrasted with the older

system which
If

we compare

superseded. the scheme of administration which was founded by

Diocletian, and completed

intact, except in details,

by

his

successors,

and which remained

the beginning of the seventh century, with the later Byzantine system, we find that while there is no break in continuity, and the changes seem to have been gradual, the result
till

of these changes is the substitution of a new principle. The older system has been described as a divine hierarchy.

Gibbon

designates

its

principle as

a severe subordination in rank and office'. 1

There was a comparatively small number of great ministers and commanders-in-chief who were directly responsible to the Emperor All the other administrators were ranged under these in alone.
In the Notitia Dignitatum of thel a system of graded subordination. East we can count twenty-two high offices, 2 to some of which all
the rest were in subordinate relations.

In the ninth century

of this

it is

quite different.

There

is

no hierarchy
of ini

kind, so
officials

far as office is concerned. 3

The number
is

dependent
larger.

responsible only to the

Emperor

enormously

Instead of twenty-two it is about sixty. And these numbers do not fully express the magnitude of the change. For in the fifth

and sixth centuries the territory ruled from Constantinople was far more extensive than in the ninth. It included Syria and Egypt and extended to the Danube. Long before the ninth century, Syria and Egypt and a great portion of the Balkan peninsula were lost. This change was brought about in two ways. (1) The whole The administration was reorganized. provincial territory provincial was divided into a number of military districts, or Themes, and the governor of each theme, who was primarily a military commander, had also a certain civil jurisdiction. He was independent, subject He was not under the orders of any Master only to the Emperor.
of Soldiers or Praetorian Prefect.

In fact the Masters of Soldiers

(2)

'

and the Praetorian Prefects

1
2

disappeared.
Bury, new

The
ii

great central

Decline

and

Fall,

c.

xvii, p. 169, in

ed. vol.

(1009).

In the reckoning I omit the castrensis, and include the Proconsul Asiae, who was not under the vicarius Asianae or the Praef. Praet. Orientis. * The hierarchy of rank remains and has been developed into a more elaborate
scale.

22

20

PROCEEDINGS OF THE BRITISH ACADEMY

ministries of the Master of Offices, the Count of the Sacred Largesses, and the Count of the Private Estate, each of which consisted of many different departments, and had an extensive range of functions, were broken up into a large number of offices with restricted competence. These changes were not brought about at a stroke, by a single
deliberative act of administrative reform.

gradual series of modifications, but they

all

They came about by a tended in the same

direction, to substitute the principle of co-ordination for that of subordination, and to multiply supreme offices instead of placing immense powers in the hands of a few. cannot point to any

We

single emperor that Leo the Isaurian did

as the Diocletian of the

new

much

to normalize

It is probable system. but it was in the it,

seventh century under the Heraclian dynasty that the older system had broken down and been irrevocably abandoned, and the chief Even in the sixth principles of the newer had been introduced. century we can discern some foreshadowings of the change.

B. DIGNITIES

(at 8ia /3pa/3euoz> cifuu).

In the sixth century, apart from the exceptional titles of Caesar, nobilissimus, and curopalates, there were a number of dignities, unattached to office, which could be conferred by the Emperor. The
highest of these was the Patriciate (introduced by Constantine), which was confined by a law of Zeno to men who had been consuls
or prefects, but was opened by Justinian (Nov. 80) to all men of illustrious rank. There were also the titular offices of the consulship, the prefecture, and the stratelasia (magisterium militum). The
acting administrative officials were distinguished as in actu positi or l from the titular officials (anpa^roi), who were of two kinds, jjLirpaKTOL
2 The vacantes not vacantes, and (2) illustres honorarii. bore the title but wore the the only cingulum, insigne of office ; the honorarii had the title but not the cingulum. But in all cases the

(1) illustres

In the case of most offices, dignity was conferred by codicilli. the titular dignity was probably conferred only on those who had

once held the

stratelasia
1

office,

but the

consulship, the

prefecture,

and the

were regularly conferred on others than

we generally
find the forms
efjnrparos

officials.

The
e. g. cv rdis

In later texts

and anparos,

From

term /zeeroTrparoy. would appear that tfwrparo? was specially used of the Strategos, and fjiea-onparos TrarpiKios was applied to Patricians who held official
this passage it
v.

Cer. 239 4 *av arparr^yos c^irparos Kav TC arrpaTOS. Cp. rrepl In Cer. 798 we find a curious third /u7rparois TrpoeXcvcrcaiv.

ra. 502 19

posts in the capital (6 c fiird\iTiK&s ocpcpiKtuAtoy). 2 C. I. 12. 8. 2. Cp. Mommsen, Eph. Epig.

129.

THE IMPERIAL ADMINISTRATIVE SYSTEM

comitiva, which

31

was

in principle

appropriated with its three grades to particular belonged as a matter of course.

an order of the same kind, had been offices, to which it

In the course of the seventh and eighth centuries, the number of these orders, or titular offices, was largely increased, and they were conferred by investiture with insignia. There were several schools of
officers

in the palace,

who had

various duties connected with

vestitores,

the

Imperial

service

silentiarii,

stratores, spatharii.

All these titles

all

mandatores, candidati, \ came to be used as ranks of

the more important
civil

honour, and were conferred upon

military officials

and

according to their degree. The chief of the school of spatharioi was entitled the protospatharios, and this term was

adopted

to designate a higher

to Patrician itself.

rank than spatharios the rank next Between the spatharioi and protospatharioi was
class

interpolated a
(consuls)

new

of

spatharokandidatoi.

To

the

hypatoi

was added a new and higher

The protospatharioi were the end of the seventh century. In the seventh century, the Patricians\ and Hypatoi were the two most eminent ranks, and the aTiotitdLpyjuv
(ex Praefectis) and or/oar?] Aareu were still very high dignitaries. In the course of the next two centuries these orders were re-

class of disypatoi (bis consules}. not instituted as an order before probably

arranged and multiplied. The Patricians were divided into two ranks the ordinary Patricians (7repi/3Ae7rroi), who retained as their
:

insigne (fipafitlov) the ivory tablets, and those to

whom

the dignity of

Proconsul was added (avQvtiaToi

/cat

interesting is that of This innovation was obviously connected rank, /xayto-rpot. with the abolition of the office of magister officiorum. At first it was

More important and

Trarpuaoi) who had purple tablets. the creation of a new and higher

intended that there should be only one magister (as there was only one curopalates) ; very soon we find more than one, but throughout the ninth century the dignity was sparingly conferred. In this place
it

will

be convenient to add a note on the use of the

Trayctuo's

terms

airpaTos, Atro'?,

and

which occur

in Philotheos.

chrpa-ros

(vacans), to which reference has already been made, is used of persons who bear the titles of offices of which they do not actually perform

the duties (e.g.

o-rparr/yoi,

aariKpiJTai,

XITOS is applied to

persons

who have
;

&c., see Phil. 710^, ?37 3 , 6 , 7 ). orders (dignities 8ta Jpa/3eiW), but

are not ministers or officials

Aireoz;

Phil.

729 15

ot

Atroi

avdvnaTot.,

ib. 22

-narpi^i^v (where there

.

1 on such), 730 15 iraya^s 1 The nearest equivalent of

question of an office being conferred seems to be a less technical term, and to

is

Trayavos is

'

ordinary
ir.

ordinary day (not a

ecial feast),

234 2

KvpiaKi}v

'. Cp. Cer. 548 23 fj/jLtpav TT. ordinary Sunday^ 367 irrno-

PROCEEDINGS OF THE BRITISH ACADEMY

be used in two senses, either as equivalent to Atro's, or to designate persons who were officials but had no rank bia /3pa/3etW (these would In the first naturally be functionaries in a very subordinate position).

meaning we find it in Phil. 730 6 ci 6e /cat irayavol rvyoitv x<opis iraTpiKiot, and 736 15 VTTCLTOL irayavol rrjs orvyK\rjrov (opp. to VTT. who had posts in the o-e'/cpera) ; in the second, Phil 739 X et 8e
,

irayavol

Iv juoVots rois

<)</></>(

KIOIS TiiJid(r6<t>(rav.

Philotheos enumerates, in ascending scale, eighteen grades of dignity conferred by insignia, and as the lowest (iTpo^dd^Los) grade includes two titles which are on a parity, we have nineteen titles altogether.

They

are as follows

List of Orders.
1 *(a) a-TpanjXaTrjs
)
.

*(b) a

Insigne

diploma
gold staff

*3 4
5

fiblatorion

red

wand
(of

gold chain
kind)

special

6 *7 8
9

jewelled gold whip

diploma
gold-handled sword gold chain (of special
kind)

*10
11

diploma
Trarpt/ctos

12 13
14
15

jewelled gold collar ivory inscribed tablets

(TrorptKioj KCU) d

purple inscribed tablets

jutayiarpo?

white gold-embroidered
tunic, mantle,

and

belt

ivory tablets (like Patrician)

16
17

red tunic,
belt

mantle, and

purple tunic, mantle, and

belt

18 Kat<rap

crown without cross

'

ordinary horse race, Phil. 769 16 TT. Trpoe\tv<ris ordinary ceremony (opp. to The use of irayavos for ' without office originated Trpoe'A., see above). the verb nayavovv, to deprive of office, which we find in Leo Diac. 37 2a
,

96 U

THE IMPERIAL ADMINISTRATIVE SYSTEM

23

Five (six) of these dignities (marked by asterisks) are designated by Philotheos as senatorial (707 n ds crvyK\riTLKoi>s, 712 14 TTJ
the rest as TrpoeAewijucuot 1 or /3a<rtAiKat (707 12 e 712 17 ey rots /3a(riAiKot? Kardrarrorrai KtoSifiz;). Apparently there were two cursus dignitatum, one a senatorial (dire e-7rapx&>i>, onA.,
,

the other of a military character (/uai>5., Kaz>5., orpar., (nrad.y (T7ra0apoKaz;8., 7rp&>ro<r7r.) ; while the higher orders from Patrician upwards might be conferred on members of either class.
/3eor., VTT., 5wvir.)j

Compare
o-naQiov?

Cer.

to patrician

242 23 where the case is contemplated of the elevation rank of a person who OVK e<m o-vyKArjriKoy dAA' ZO-TIV OTTO
this

But

which the

seals furnish a

question demands a special investigation, for good deal of material. It is noteworthy

that in the seventh century

we

often find the titles of spathar and

hypatos combined.

df fat TrpoeAeixn/icuoi means dignities which gave a right to take part The in the TrpoeAevo-ets or Imperial processions (cf. Reiske 160). holders of these titles formed in a general sense the Imperial retinue.
Holders of the synkletic
titles

took part in some ceremonies, but not

generally in the irpotXwa-eLs (Tro/mai, irpoKtvcra). All the f3a,(ri\LKot resident in the capital formed in a wide sense the -n-poeAevo-ts or cortege of the Emperor; so that a-naQapioi efcortKot (i.e. not resident in the
capital) are designated in Takt.

All those

who

held dftat

Usp. 123 as efo> rijs TrpoeAeweco?. TrpoeA., from the magistri down to the

candidati, were grouped together for some ceremonial purposes as ap)(ovTs TOV Aavo-iaKov (a building in the Palace), a category which
also included
Phil.

eunuchs who were praepositi or protospathars.

aTTo

See

787 3 _ 7

(1)

7rapx a)Z;

an ^ o-rpar^Aarai.

that the honorary eTrapxorr/s existed before the sixth from a law of Justinian, Nov. 90 (ed. Zach. i. 500), which century
refers to
it

We

know

as ancient,

ivfjiev

yap wj TO
Kco5tKtAAcoz;

apyjculov r\v
c/c

nvbs (VapxorTyros
CTT'

r\v

ovopapiav
KT\.

tuaXovv,

rrjs

/Saa-iAei'a?

avrfj

mentions that Tiberius II (fr. 46, p. 255) honoured the physician Zacharias TTJ Aeyo/xeVr/ 0776 t-napxu>v d^ta. The The historian Evagrius was an OTTO (irdp^v (p. 4, 1. 1 ; p. 241, 1. 6). importance of the rank in this earlier period is illustrated by Cer. 306
(an old ceremony, not later than seventh century, since the praetorian

Menander

The same correction should correct for the Trpoo-eAeutn/uaZoi of the MS. It seems I think, in Miklosich and Mtiller, Acta et Diplomata, vi. 23. probable that Philotheos intended to include the arparf/Xarai among the
1

So

be made,

Senator ials.
2

Cp. 243 21

24

PROCEEDINGS OF THE BRITISH ACADEMY

Most of those pubprefect appears ; cp. 343 12 ), and by early seals. lished in Sig. 508-11 are of the sixth and seventh centuries; some of
them
are of

men who had

The

actually filled the office of Praet. Praef. or

Praef. Urbis. 1

dignity had been degraded to be the lowest in the scale, perhaps in the eighth century, at all events by the reign of Michael III (see Cer. 633 10 ).

The
trated

association of the orpanjAao-ta with the a7ro7rapxorrjs is illusby the same Novel of Justinian (p. 501), /cat yap 6"rj /cat
tlvai
ol

orparTjAao-tas praefectorias

^e'repot Ae'yowi

v6fj.oi,

and the
rrjs
1

orparrjAacna could be conferred without a post, orparTj A aortas KtoSuaAAot p.6vrjv Trape^ovcrLV a^iav Tvyj]<s
OVK

ot
(sc.

5e \/uAot

/SofAetmKTJs )

c\vOpovvTs.

The few

seals of o-rparrjAarat belong to the sixth

or seventh century,
seal of

Siff. 366-7. Schlumberger, ib. 337, refers the Tatas orparrjA^rov) Kal Kavb(ibaTov) a-vvbpovyyapiov to seventh

or eighth century. I suspect it belongs to the eighth century, and illustrates the degradation of the dignity below that of Kavbtiaros.

Theopemptos,
Siff.

described

as

Trpwroo-rpar^Aarry?

367),

may have been

o-rpar.

the

senior

orparTjAdrat (cp. Trpcoro-TrarpiKios).

(seventh century, or doyen of the class of These (rrpar. must not be confused

with the local

whom we

find in

Egypt
.

in the sixth century

and the <rrpar?]Acmu are associated in Cer. 202, 235, 237. It is to be noted that in the case of these dignitaries, the order is

(M. Gelzer, Studien zur byz. Verw., 30) The d-Trd eirapxa>J> (cp. Cer. 99, 247)

now

conferred (as in early times) by a codicil (xapr???), which, however, is regarded as a fipafitlov. So too in the case of the hypatoi and

patricians.
(2)
(TlXfVTldpLOl.

The silentiaries originally belonged to the class of the cubicularii ; they were in the officium of the Praepositus and under the jurisdiction of the Mag. Off. Cp. C. I. 12, 16, 4. They were clarissimi, ib. 5. The ceremony
1

of their investiture

by the Emperor with the insigne of

Sig.

of Eugenics anoftrapx^v KCI\ Spnvyyapiov is interesting. Schlumberger, 336, refers it to Eugenics mentioned by Theophanes A. M. 6053 (A.D. 560). Here the title is evidently honorary. It is not unlikely that the seal of Theodore
aTTocTrapx^v Kal (dpx<>v 'iraAi'as (Sig. 211) belonged to Theodore Kalliopas, who was exarch in the seventh century (Lib. Pont. 126, 133), and is described in a papyrus (Marini, Pap. Dipl. 132) as gloriosus praefecturius. I believe that

The seal

praefecturius is used as the equivalent of airofndpxuv (Diehl, Etudes sur Fadm. L. Hartmann, note byz. dans tex. de Ravenne, 166, n. 2, suggests praefectus). to Gregory I, Epp. ix. 115, vol. ii. p. 120 (Eutychuminlustrem praefecturium)
is

undecided.

Note that

arro
er

tndpxvv

is

often treated as

declinable

plur.

afnofTrap\ovres or written ar6

THE IMPERIAL ADMINISTRATIVE SYSTEM

25

their office, the golden band, is described by Peter Patr. (Cer. 389) ; four silentiaries were appropriated to the service of the Empress (ib.). Their chief duty, from which they derived their name, was to act as

marshals at Imperial audiences

silentium nuntiare

was the technical

phrase for calling a meeting of the consistorium (Justinian, Nov. 80, 1 p. 463 ; cp. Mommsen, 482). (For 6 dSjur^o-toyaAios see below under
C. VII.
6.)

origin of the silentiarii as a senatorial rank is explained by a constitution of Theodosius II (C. Th. 6, 23, 4): cum optatam quietem acceperint (after their retirement from service) et inter sena-

The

tores coeperint numerari, honors curiae sine aliquafunctione laetentur, &c. They were freed from senatorial burdens ; but this privilege was
to be confined to thirty.

The

institution of a special senatorial class

of ex-silentiaries naturally led to the creation of honorary silentiaries. There are several seals in which the silentiariate appears as an

Panchenko viii. 240 (eighth or ninth century) <riA. KOL paviXiKo? votdpios, Sig. 603 Michael, Chartularios of the Vestiarion is v-naros and (ri.\VTidpios, ib. 604 2e/>yio> o-tAez^rta/oto) /cat /3ao-iAiK<5 /SeortVonp, cp. the earlier seal 602 (3) (reAenriapio> KOL
order.
(3)

@
wardrobe, were, like the
silentiaries,
/3eor?jro/3s as a senatorial

The

vestitores, or officers of the

cubiculariiy

and the origin of the

order was

doubtless

similar.
is

Emperor,

Their creation by a petitorium, signed by the mentioned in Peter Patr., Cer. 390. For their duties

cp. Cer. 305, 342, 129,

Theoph. 226 20

the rank of ^eorrjrwp see Sig. 180

(5),

For 194
i.

seals of officers
(3).
sq.

Cp.

ib.

who had 602 (3,4),

603

(6),

604

(15).

Compare

Bieliaev,

172

(4) fj-avbdropts,

(5)

See below under the

office of the Trpcoroo-Tratfa/no?

T&V

(6)

(TTpdropes.

See below under the

office of the Protostrator.

(7) VTTCLTOl.

of those

After the abolition of the consulate by Justinian and the deaths who had been consuls before that date, the consular order of

the Senate
1

was composed

entirely of honorary vitaroi

(who consulatus

In illustration of their duties cp. Peter (Cer. 426), Cer. 233, 247, 306. Schlumberger ha& confounded in the same category vtstetoreitf vestarckai, &c.

26

PROCEEDINGS OF THE BRITISH ACADEMY

1 The honorary insignibus decorantur, Justinian, Nov. 80, p. 464). consulate can be amply illustrated from seals (iniaros and airb VTICLT&V))

of sixth, seventh, and eighth centuries, of which a selection is pubseal of Sisinnios dirb vTrdruv, who was lished in Sig. 476 sqq. Count of Opsikion in the eighth century, and prominent at the time of the revolt of Artavasdos, may specially be mentioned (Mel. 250).

The

title

may

also

be illustrated from the addresses of

(cp. I,

letters of

Theodore of Studion
ed. Migne).
It is to

44;

II, 148, 218, 149, 173, also p. 1678,

virarot

be remembered that the

were a senatorial
ot
VTTCLTOI

order; compare the formula in the ceremonies Eorai/rcu

KOL ol AOITTO! crvyK\r)TiKoi), Cer.
i (consulares) means the same thing 303 ;cp. 2883,289,!, 2
fl

192 9 , 209 19 , 232 15 , &c.

:

ot

o-vyKArjrt/cot VTTCLTIKOL

(8)

(TTTaOdpLOL.

See below under the

office of

the npvToa-TraGdpios

TU>I>

/3ao-tAtKz/.

(9)

cnraOapOKavbLbaTOL.

The

earliest

Sebaeos (ed. First Letter of Gregory II to the Emperor Leo III 8 to, avyovcrraXiov TOV cnraOapoKavbiSdrov, Mansi, xii. 959, and the officer who pulled

mention of a o-nadapoKavbibdros seems to occur in Patkanian, 114) in reference to A.D. 645 ; the next in the

down

the

Image
ib.

in the Chalkoprateia

'

is
is

described as a spatharo-

almost certainly a fabrication of much later date than the age of Leo III, 2 but the insignificant detail of the rank of these officers may rest on older and genuine
candidatus,

970.

This

letter

indeed

evidence.

In any case, the institution of the order of spatharocandidates seems to belong to the first half of the seventh century. Panchenko has published a seal (13, 85), Kcozxrra/myw [v-n-Jara) KCH
0-7ra0apoKar8tSar(i>

which he attributes to the seventh or eighth century.

'Itodvvrjs
/cat

text

in

Chron. Pasch. 696, sub A.D. 605

Tftrras

(TTraOdpioL KOI KavbibaToi suggests that (nraOdpLoi,

who were

also candi-

have been set apart as a special class of (maSdpioi and were It is remarkable afterwards elevated into a new and separate order.
dati,

may

that spatharocandidates are not mentioned in the Taktikon Uspenski.

1 In Procop. H. A. c. 2 (p. 14 Haury) es re viraTOiv dt'<u/xa fjneis the honorary consulship is meant, as Photios to whom the words refer was never an acting consul. The honorary consulate was conferred by Anastasius on Chlodwig-, Greg. Tur. ii. 38 ab Anast. imp. codecillos de consolato accepit .. ab ea die tamquam
.

consul

est vocitatus

(where tamquam consul

ex con&ule, the

official

expression
is

honorary consulate). Proconsul in the Lex Salica (125 ed. Behrend) due to misunderstanding. Cp. Bury, in Gibbon, vol. v, Appendix 14.
for the

THE IMPERIAL ADMINISTRATIVE SYSTEM

27

In the reign of Theophilus, Petronas was a spatharocandidate before he was raised to the rank of protospatharios (Cont. Th. 123). Among
the

published by Schlumberger may be mentioned those of Martin, Logothete of the Course (Sig. 529) [/3ao-i]AtKo> cma.6apoK.avseals
/cat Aoyofle'rrj

6i6ara>

rov

ofe'cos 6po'/xoi>,

of

Kosmas protonotary

of Thessa-

lonica (ib. 103), 1 and of Clement, commerciarius of Hellas (ib. 167). These and the seal of Thomas ({mart* (Bacr. O-TT. KCU -rovp/ixapx??,

Panchenko,

xiii. 106) are not later than ninth century. Spatharocandidates will also be found in the correspondence of Photios. The spatharocandidates were not, like the spathars, under the

Protospatharios T&V ftacn.\LKQv ; they did not form a taxis in any officium ; and in this they resembled the order of the protospatharioi.
(10)

The
tion,

senatorial order of biavTraToi seems to have been a late institu-

perhaps of the eighth century, and we seldom hear of it. Theodore of Studion addresses a letter (i. 12, ed. Migne, p. 949)
cojuta

Sto-VTrara),

and

in the reign of

Leo

V we meet

@o>^aj Trarpucio?

OTTO biavTraTtov

person. are rare.

is

The Of

yvo^fvos (Scr. Incert. 358 12 ), who may be the same disupatoi seem to have been a very small class; seals
the five published by Schlumberger, only one (Sig. 215) ninth century : eoScoro) 8io-i;7rar(<i>) 7rarp(iKt())

as early

as the

(11)

protospatharios was originally the chief of the taxis of Imperial Narses, the eunuch and cubicularius, held this post under spatharioi.

The

Justinian (Theoph. 243 31 ). The order of protospatharioi was probably differentiated from the spatharioi under the Heraclian dynasty. In A.D. 717-8 we meet Sergios 6 TrptoTOcmaOdpLos KCU crrparr/yos StKeAtay.

Numerous
will be

found

seals of protospatharioi of the eighth in Schlumberger, Sig.

and ninth centuries

(12)

of patricians founded by Constantine survived till the latest period of the Empire. In the fourth and fifth centuries it was a very high dignity, sparingly bestowed. Theodosius II made an

The order

enactment disqualifying eunuchs (Theoph. 96 21 ), but in the sixth century this was a dead letter. Justinian (as we saw above) opened
the patriciate to all illustres, and in his time the number of patricians increased considerably. The same law of Justinian (Nov. 80) enacts
1

question whether the seal of Constantine Kontomytes

(ib.

109)

is

as early.

28

PROCEEDINGS OF THE BRITISH ACADEMY

In the reign

that consuls should have precedence among patricians. of Justinian II (A.D. 711) we find Barisbakurios, the

Opsikian Theme, designated as TrpcoroTrarpuaos' appears to mean that he was the senior or doyen of the ifpa raft? T&V kvri^v irarpiKLODv (Cer. 37 4 ). A seal of this patrician is published by Schlumberger (Siff. 249) KCU Bapacr/3a[K]ou/n'(i> -rrarpiKUi) TOV an For the as OtotyvhdKTov (3a(Ti\LKov O\I/LKLOV. Ko/x[tr]c patricians
:

Count of the (Theoph. 380 29 ), which

order in the Senate cp.

John

of Epiphania, F.

H. G.

iv.

274

(ol

TT.

rfjs

(13) a

This order seems to have been of comparatively late institution. Schlumberger (Siff. 438) has published some seals of avdviraroL (who
are not patricians) mostly later than the ninth century. One (No. 6), with KctpOTorrfoov avQwarov, is of the sixth or seventh century, and probably belonged to a provincial governor with the proconsular title.

We may

suspect that No. 5 (Aavi.ba avOvTrara)) is also earlier than the Isaurian epoch. The first occasion on which we hear of a -rrarputos KCU avdvTTaTos is when the Emperor Theophilus raised Alexius Musele

to be patrician and anthypatos (Cont. reason to think that at this time there

Th. 108). There seems good was no order of avdviraToiy and that the title conferred on Alexius (who was presently elevated to the rank of magister) was singular. 1 For in the Taktikon Uspenski, which was drawn up soon after the death of Theophilus,, we find no mention of naTp. KO.L avO. distinguished from simple worpwcioi (as we find in the work of Philotheos), but we find 6 TrarptKio? KCU avOvnciTos enumerated as a singular office or dignity (p. Ill, between the Domestic of the It is legitimate to Schools and the Strategos of the Armeniacs). infer that under Theophilus, and in the first part of the reign of Michael III, there was only one bvOviraTos, and we may guess that In that case the descripthe office was created for Alexius Musele. tion of the ceremony for the creation of avQv-naroi in Cer. i. 49 may date from the reign of Theophilus. In the reign of Michael III, Antigonos, Domestic of the Schools,
is

(Cont. Th. 236). may conjecture that it was in the latter part of the reign of Michael III that the rank of avdv-xaTos was extended, so as to constitute a class

described as avOviraros Kal

TTCLTPLKLOS

We

L higher than patricians, to which only patricians could be raised. the time of Leo VI it seems to have been conferred on not a few, as
he contemplates the possibility of almost any of the chief administra1 It is perhaps significant that according to Stephen Asolik^ ii. 6, p. 171 transl. Dulaurier, Theophilus conferred the proconsular patriciate on Ashod, an Iberian Cp. Marquart^ Osteuropdische und ostasiatische Streifzttge , 421. prince.

THE IMPERIAL ADMINISTRATIVE SYSTEM

tive officials

29
are

being invested with this order.

The

avOvTraroi

usually designated as av&imaToi KOL -narpUioi (regularly in Philotheos and constantly in the Ceremonies) ; cp. a.vQvna.ro'narpiK.iov^^ in Trepl TO

485 17

(14)

fJidyLO-TpOL.

In A.D. 718-19 Nicetas Xylinites was the juayicrrpo? of the deposed l Emperor Artemios (Theoph. 400 25 ^ayurrpou avrov) ; in A.D. 741
the patrician Theophanes was juayicrrpoy ZK 7rpoo-a>7roi> of Artavasdos and his successors (A.D. 767-89) Under Constantine (ib. 415 3 ). a certain Peter is /uufyior/oo? (ib. 442 26 , 456 16 , 464 23 ), and in A.D. 792

Michael Lachanodrakon (ib. 468J. In Cer. i. 43 a document is preserved dating from A.D. 768, and describing the ceremony of investing the sons of Constantine V with
the rank of Caesar. 2

There we find 6 /xayiorrpos playing a part in the ceremony (21 99 , 220 4 ), but he is also designated as 6 -np&Tos p. (224 5 , 13 ),
ot /utaytorpoi

while at certain stages of the solemnity

,

appear as a velum

(218 n could be conferred on more than one person, bat among the /u^ytorpoi there was one, 6 ju. or 6 Trpwro? /a., who had certain high functions in
the court.

221 16 ).

At

this time, then, /xaytorpoi?

was a dignity which

Evidently this

office is to

Xylinites in A.D.

718 and Theophanes

be identified with that held by in A.D. 741.

The
of

most

//aytorpos of the eighth century is the magister officiorum of his old functions. This is not only clear from the

shorn

name

(the magistri militum and the magistri scriniorum were not termed pdyia-Tpoi in Greek), but can be proved by several facts. (1) The part

which the
referred to,

/udyto-rpo?
is

plays in the eighth-century ceremony, just appropriate to the position occupied by the mag. off.

(2) In ceremonies which are of older date 3 68 and the (Cer. 70) pciyto-rpos acts as master of ceremonies; and these seem to supply a link between the eighth and seventh centuries. (3) In the ceremony for the creation of a juayiorpos (i. 46) he is described as KetyaXr] rov creKptrov (233 13 ), which seems to mean that he was the

as master of ceremonies.
i.

KOVO-HTT&PIOV, see highest in rank at an imperial audience ((reV/oerop below under the a-expert/cot). This ceremony (231-3) dates from a

time when there was only one //ayiorpos, for no other jutdyiorpot are mentioned, whereas in the second ceremony described in the same
4 chapter (234-6) the judytorpoi appear.
1

(4) Stylianos,

the father-in-

See further below under the \oyoderrjs rov Spopov, p. 91, where the evidence for the mag. off. in the seventh century is given. 2 This was shown by Diehl. Cp. Bury, Ceremonial Book, 431. 9 See Bury, ib. 43,3.
4

Contrast 232 J9 with 235 7

in the

second case the

juay.

must be already a

patrician.

30

PROCEEDINGS OF THE BRITISH ACADEMY

bore the
full
title

law and minister of Leo VI, was a

tionally)

of

JJL.

/otayicrrpos, and he (quite excepr&v ofyfyiduv, by which he is

designated in Leo's Novels. In the ninth century the chief

follows
:

evidence for the judyiorpot

is

as

Theoktistos was p. under Nicephorus I and Michael I Stud. Ep. i. 24, ed. Migne, Theoph. 492 6 , 500.

Theodore
Cont.

Under Michael
Th. 72 3
.

II

we hear

of ras rG>v /xaytorpcoy ri/xas

In the same reign Christophoros was

made

p.

Gen. 35 2

Theodore of Studion addressed a

ii.

letter of consolation to
is

magister, apparently in A.D. 821, in which he

T?}?

Stephen, described (ad fin.) as

vvyK\riTov TrpwrofiaOpov (Ep.

Under Theophilus, Alexios Musele was before he became Caesar Cont. Th. 108 3
:
.

76, ed. Migne). raised to the rank of

/x.

During the absence of Theophilus on a military expedition in A. D. 831, special responsibility devolved upon 6 /udyiorpo? for the Trcpi raf. 504 4 security of the city Manuel was jx. in and after A. D. 842 Cont. Th. 148 13 In the Taktikon Uspenski /xaytorpoi do not appear. Under Theophilus or Michael III, Arsaber (brother-in-law of the Empress Theodora) became /u., and it was perhaps in MichaePs reign that Theodora's nephews-in-law, Stephen and Bardas, became
:
.

/ut.

Cont. Th. 175.

Under Michael

III his uncle Petronas

.

was made

JJL.

Gen. 97 8

and Basil received rj rG>v /x. TIJUTJ, ib. 1H 19 In the same reign (Leo) Theodatakes was made a
Ignatii apud Mansi, In Cer. 631 12 , however, in a
xvi. 237.

jx.

Nicetas, Vit.

document

of the

same

reign,

we read

avaptratv r&v bvo /xay torpor.

In several ceremonies, which probably date from the reign of Michael III, the /xaytorrpot appear as an order like the patricians, and in Cer. i. 26 of the same period we meet the text et fj.i> KtAevet
6 /3a<nA.ei/j TroiTJa-at /xayiVrpovj KT\. (p. 143).

Basil I Manuel 6 /m. is mentioned, Cont. Th. 307 20 In the Acts of the Fourth Council of Constantinople (A. D. 869-70) we meet Theodore mir/cu/aou KCU /^ayiWpov (Mansi, xvi. 309), and in

Under

the same Acts

we hear

of ot

/x.

/ecu

narpUioi

TTCLVTCS (ib.

409).
juayurrpoty,

In the same reign we hear of rot? Cont. Th. 347 6 (ol Xa^nporaroi jm. 347 20 )

Suo-t rrjs TroAireuzs

.

During
bility

campaign against Tephrike for the government at Constantinople

Basil's

o p.

shared the responsiTre/nraf. 503 9 , and here

THE IMPERIAL ADMINISTRATIVE SYSTEM

it is

31

said that, in the case of such imperial absences,

it

was the custom

7riKpdreiai>
[TTJI/]

of old (TO TraAcuoV) for the

/cat ra> /x.

emperor
the city)

Trapeai; rrjv
r?)i> TTJS

tavrov

apyji's

Kal TO)

7rdpx<f> (of

TroAtretas Kal TOV KOLVOV

At the beginning of the reign of Leo VI Stephen (nephew-in-law of Theodora) was a /mdyio-rpo? (Cont. Th. 354 18 ), and Stylianos was created /u. and Logothete of the Course : ib. 354 9 .
In the same reign, while Stylianos was in power, Katakalon, who became Domestic of the Schools, was a /x. Cont. Th. 359 23 and at the same period the /m. Leo Theodatakes was still alive ib. 361 n
:

In the Vita Euthymii (3 6 ) Stylianos is designated as Trpcoro/xdyiorpos'. A number of the Novellae of Leo VI (1, 18, &c.) are addressed
r<S

-TrepK^areordra)

(or VTrep^ueordrcj))

juayiorpw T&V

0euoz>

seal of Stylianos

has been preserved (Sig. 533)

/

juay(iVrpa>)

av(0vndTu>) 7rarp(tKtw) /3(ao"iAtKu>) (7rpa)To)o-7r(a0apuo) Kat TOV \oy(o0Tr)) 6po'ju(ov). Clearly he was not yet Basileopator^ so the date of the seal can be fixed to A. D. 886-8.

some time in the eighth conferred on eminent patricians for life, but involving certain duties. Not more than two bore this title at the same time. One of these was the leading member of
this evidence

From

we may

infer that at
first

century the

title ndyia-Tpos

was

the Senate

he was the K$aAr) TOV

he was designated as protomagistros, or 6 jutdyiorpos ; o-eKperoi> ; and he shared with the Praepositus

and the Prefect the cares of government during imperial absences. Although he descends from the mag. off., his position is higher, as well as less onerous, and corresponds rather to that of a curopalates.

The 7rpa>ro/*ayi0Tpo? is also mentioned in Philotheos, 781 n The second judytarpos shares in the ceremonial duties of
.
,

the

first

This is illustrated by the document (Cont. Th. 347 6 cited above). cited above from Cer. 631, and by the description of the creation of
patricians, Cer.
i. c. 48, which probably dates also from the reign of There (143) 6 Trpwroj /m. stands on the right of the new patrician, and afterwards another p. stands on his left (cp. below, 1447 6 c/c btgL&v There is nothing to show that KCLI 6 e apiorepwy).

Michael

III.

jut.

before the reign of Michael III there were as many as three bearing the title at the same time. may conclude that in the eighth and

We

the

half of the ninth century there were not more than two ol bvo TIJS TroAtretas fx., and that the practice of creating more magistri than two was introduced under Michael III. In the minority of Confirst

stantine

we

find three

Stephen, John Eladas, and Leo Phocas (Cont.

32

PROCEEDINGS OF THE BRITISH ACADEMY

Th. 380, 385, 388, 390). In the later period of Constantine's reign we meet four John Kurkuas, Kosmas, Romanes Saronites, and Romanes Muscle (ib. 443). It seems to follow from Cer. 24 that in that period the number of /x. was less than twelve. The text is rrj raet T&V re ^ayicrrp^v
KCU avOvnarav ?Jyow rwr <f)opovvT<v rovs Scodexa xp V(ro v<t>avTov$ Xcopov?. This shows that there were not enough magistri to wear the twelve loroi, and that some of the anthypatoi were chosen to make up the

number

(the other anthypatoi appeared with the patricians as a second velum). There is another piece of evidence which may tell in favour of the conclusion that there was a period in which the magistri were two in

number.

The

repetition 6 /^ayio-rpoj,

jucfcytorpos

in

the text of

Philotheos, 727 2 , would be explained if we may assume that it was taken from an older kletorologion compiled at a time when there were two magistri.

Two

seals

published by Schlumberger
/cat

call

for notice.

One, of

he ascribes to sixth seventh century (>S^. 563) ; the other of John, iraTpiKiw KCU fxayiVJrpw, to eighthninth century. It seems probable that both seals date from the period
Isaac, 7TaTp]LKLov
/xayiorpoi/,

when

still designated an office and not an order of rank, and that /x. Isaac was simply magister officiorum. John, if his seal is as late as Schlumberger thinks not earlier I suppose than the middle of the

belongs to the period when there were only two when the dignity had not yet been made an order of and magistri, rank like the patriciate. To sum up. Before the end of the reign of Leo III the office of magister officiorum had been transformed; his special functions had
eighth

century

been transferred to the Logothete of the Course, and other ministers ; and he was elevated to the position of head of the Senate and the
ministerial world, representative of the emperor in his absence, &c. The dignity was conferred bia j3pa/3eiou, for life. He was called simply
TU>V 6tiu>v ofyfy. is usually termed by Theophanes) same time, or perhaps soon afterwards, a second //ayiorpos was instituted, and the first was distinguished from him as 6 Trpcoro/zayio-rpos. This innovation was introduced before A. D. 768.

6 juayioT/jo? (as the

(JL.

Perhaps at the

I conjecture that the institution of the

second

/x.

is

to be connected

with the imperial absences from the

city.

On

such occasions the

presence of the ^. in Constantinople was necessary, but the emperor may have found it inconvenient not to have a ju. in his moving court.

(Observe that in the irepl raf. the emperor is accompanied by 485 ]6 .) This second p. would be on such occasions /x. *K
the

expression

which

Theophanes uses of the

JA.

of

THE IMPERIAL ADMINISTRATIVE SYSTEM

33

In the reign, probably, of Michael III, the Artavasdos (415 3 ). dignity of p. began to be conferred on more than two ; and thus the Within that grade nayicrrpoi came to form a small order of rank.
the two ndyicrTpoi case of Stylianos
dQtyiKitov.
(TTJJ

TroAireiaj)

continued to function

and

in the

revived the original title f/ayiorpos T&V In the middle of the tenth century, if we can trust

Leo VI

1 I am not quite confident that we Liutprand (Antapodosis, vi. 10) can there were as many as twenty-four magistri.

(15) foXTTTJ

TTCir/HKia.

We have no
title.

The

material for determining the date of the origin of this 2 of whom we hear on good earliest fcoorrj TrarptKia,

authority,

is

Theoktiste, the mother of the

Empress Theodora (Cont.

Antonina, according to the author of the Ilarpta (ed. Preger, p. 254), was (/oar?) of Theodora (sixth century) ; but there does not seem to be any contemporary confirmation of this statement. The
OOj).

Th.

the

was the only lady who was irarpiKia in her own right, and e might be translated, mistress of the robes/ The elaborate ceremony for conferring the dignity is described in Cer. i. 50 it probably dates from the ninth century, and possibly from the joint reigns of Michael II and Theophilus, when, we may suppose, Theoktiste was invested.
(JooTTj TrarpLKia

title

(16)

In the early part of the

officials of spectabilis

fifth

rank,

who were

century curapalati was the title of subordinate to the Castrensis,

C. Th.
xi.

and whose duties seem

the imperial palace.

to have concerned the material condition of

;

See Not. Dig., Or. 17. 5

18. 1

(probably A. D. 412, see ed. Mommsen). At the court of Theodoric we find a curapalati of spectabilis rank, but apparently not in the officium of a castrensis (there seems to have been no castrensis at

Ravenna) : Cass., Var. 7. 5. There is some reason for supposing that in the course of the fifth century at Constantinople a new cur apalati was instituted, independent of the castrensis, and at least
equal in importance to him. For in the reign of Justin I the granddaughter of a certain Nomos (or Oninos), a patrician, married the 3 It king of the Lazi, and Nomos is described as OTTO KovpoitaXar&v.
1

Some
2

Four magistri are mentioned under Constantino VII in Cont. Th. 443. of them were strategoi. (a>(TTT) must mean cingulo donata (Combefis, and Reiske, ii. 166), not ornatrix
.

Ducange thought. One seal of a COXTTJ/ (Maria Melissene), of the Commenian n. epoch, is published by Schlumberger, Sig. 607 ; she is simply ., not 3 Chron. Pasch. 613, Theoph. 168 21 ; cp. John Mai. 413.
as

M3

34,

PROCEEDINGS OF THE BRITISH ACADEMY

is

not at all probable that an ordinary curapalati would have been created a patrician unless he had risen to some higher office, and in that case he would have been designated by that higher office. I infer

that in the time of Anastasius, at latest, there existed a high official, entitled Curapalati, to be distinguished from the earlier subordinate
curapalati (who

was one

of several).

If this conclusion is right

we

can the more easily understand the action of Justinian, who, towards the end of his reign, exalted the dignity and gave it a new significance 1 The title was taken by conferring the title upon his nephew Justin.
to mean that Justin was marked out to be the successor to the throne, and the dignity evidently did not involve any of the functions connoted by the name. Through jealousy, perhaps, Justinian did not care to create his nephew a Caesar, but /coupoTraXar^s was interpreted as equivalent. This is expressly said by Corippus (in laud. Just. i. 134 sqq.)
:

par extans curis, solo diademate dispar,

ordine pro rerum vocitatus curapalati,
dispositu

nam

Caesar eras.

After

this,

and

till

was only bestowed on a

Nicephorus (7 3 )
(i.

the tenth century, the title curapalati, and the patriarch relative of the emperor describes the post as rt\v /uera /3curiA.e'a np^r^v apxnv
:

e.

of course,
it

when

there

was no Caesar).

From

the nature of the

case
is

was, like Caesar, only occasionally conferred. a list of the KovpoTraXareu till A.D. 900 :

The

following

Emperor.
Justinian I

Kuropalates.
Justin (nephew)
:

Corippus, loc.

cit.,

Maurice Phocas
Heraclius

Evagrius, Peter (brother)

5, 1.
:

Chron. Pasch. 694 6

: : .

Leo

III

Domentziolos (nephew) Theoph. 292 25 Theodore (brother) Niceph. 73 Artavasdos (son-in-law): Theoph.395 12 2
.
.

Nicephorus I Michael III

Michael (son-in-law)

Theoph. 492 9 .
.

Bardas (uncle)

Cont. Th. 176 3

Leo VI conferred the

it

imp. 199); on Iberian princes. In the tenth century Nicephorus II created his brother Leo a KoupoirdAarr/s ; in the eleventh the title was no
1

title on the Iberian king Adranases (De adm. had been more than once in earlier times bestowed

May the idea of this

dignity have been derived from Persia ? Cp. Theoph. Sim.

3. 18. 12.
8

seal of Artavasdos is extant, Sig.

249 'Apravdadrj

7raTp[tKto>]

ovp[o7raXdr/]

THE IMPERIAL ADMINISTRATIVE SYSTEM

longer confined to relatives of the
berger, Sig.

35

Emperor

(cp. the seals in

Schlum-

490

sqq.).

ceremony for the creation of a kuropalates is described in Cer. i. When this description was first written down there 45, p. 229 sqq. were two emperors, one of whom was still a boy (6 fxiKpo's). It may be conjectured that it refers to the creation of Michael by Nicephorus I and Stauracius. At the end of the chapter there is a notice to the
effect that

without a public ceremony.

invested,

a kuropalates can be created ev rw t6uo by the Basileus, I conjecture that Bardas was thus
this additional notice dates

and that
III.

from the reign of

Michael

(17)

z/co/^eXrJo-t/xos.

In the third century nobilissimus was the standing epithet of the title Caesar which the emperors conferred on natural or adopted In the fourth sons (Mommsen, Staatsrecht, ii. 3 1141 and note).
century we find Jovian creating his child-son Valerian a but not Caesar ; the epithet becomes an independent
z>o>/3eA.io-i/zos,

title
e

(Philo-

In the fifth century Constantine, the tyrant* of storgius 8. 8). Britain and Gaul in the reign of Honorius, creates his eldest son,
fr.

z>co/3eAiWijuo? (Olympiodorus, Honorius created his child-nephew, Valentinian, nobilissimus (ib. 34), and afterwards V. was invested as Caesar at Thessalonica Nobilissimus before he was crowned Augustus at Ravenna (ib. 46).

Constans, Caesar, and his second, Julian,

12).

lower than Caesar, but confined to the emperor's introduced the new title of kuropalates to do duty family. for nobilissimus or Caesar, but in the eighth century Constantine
is

thus a

title

Justinian

revived the dignity of z>o>/3eArj<ri/xos. In A.D. 768 he created his second and third sons Caesars, and his fourth z>o/3eA.iVtfxoy (Theoph. 444) : afterwards also his fifth son (ib. 450 2) : and the sixth received

the

same dignity from Leo IV (ib.). A description of the ceremony performed on the first of these occasions is described in Cer. i. 44 (the mention of two Caesars
proves this, as Diehl has shown).

As

to

the insignia there

is

discrepancy between Cer. and Theoph. The latter says that the voj3. was invested with a \\aiva xpvvr] and 6 o-rtyavos. In Cer. 229 we read that his \\CLIJLVS is not purple like that of the Caesar but KOKKLVOS,

and orTtyavov ov

Treptr^erat.

Philotheos says that the insignia are

It is clear, then, \iTvv ef a\ovpyibos ^pwrofleros KCLL x\afjivs /cat ((avrj. that Theoph. has made two mistakes ; he has confounded the x^afoa
1

He

sub A. D. 527.

seems himself to have borne the title under his uncle cp. Marcellinu Women sometimes received the dignity, e. g. Galla Placida,
;

C. I. L. 15, 7153.

M3

36

PROCEEDINGS OF THE BRITISH ACADEMY

or x^a/^? with the tunic which was \pw66'ero?, and he erroneously supposed that the ra>/3eATJ0-ijtxos was crowned like the Caesar.
(18) Kcuo-ap.
title, as a promise of succession under the Princi-* 3 see Mommsen, Staatsrecht, ii. 1140. After Justinian's reign pate, we find it conferred on Tiberius by Justin II ; on Germanus and

For the Caesar

Maurice by Tiberius II ; on Constantine junior by Heraclius ; on David and Marinus by Heraclius ; on Christophorus and Nicephorus by Constantine V ; on Alexios Musele by Theophilus ; on Bardas by Michael III. The only case I know (later than the third century) of the elevation to this rank of one who was not a near relative (by birth,
Aspar,
if

adoption, or marriage) of the emperor is that of Patricius, son of who was created Caesar by Leo I.

I it was the invariable practice of the emperor, he had a son, to create him a colleague (Basileus and Augustus). Hence the title Caesar was rarely conferred. Justin II and Tiberius II conferred it to mark out their successors, but after

From Theodosius

Maurice

it

was only conferred on persons who might,

in certain

bestowed it Heraclius and Constantine events, succeed. sons Michael ; III, who younger Theophilus on a son-in-law ;
childless,

on

was

on an uncle.
the elevation of the sons of

The ceremony which accompanied

Constantine

is

described in Cer.

i.

43.

C. OFFICES

(at Sia

\6yov dftai).

grouped by Philotheos in seven III. K/otrat, IV. o-eK/oeriKot, SO/U^OTIKOI, (rrparrjyoi, V. S?7/uoKpareu, VI. or parapyai, VII. various (duu ei'Si/ccu) ; and it will
administrative officials are
I.

The

classes

II.

be convenient to take them in his order.

The use

of the term o0<i/aaA.iot,

I

which frequently occurs

in his

pages, has not, so far as

know, been precisely explained. But he In early times supplies the material for determining its denotation. officiates seems to have been applied only to the members of the

The Master officium of a minister, but not to the minister himself. of Offices, or the Count of the Sacred Largesses, would not have been
called an officiates.

In the time of Philotheos,

it

ministers as well as to their subordinates. 1

And

it

was applied to the was applied to all

the functionaries holding office or command, with the exception of the orpaTvjyot. This can be proved from the following passages.
Speaking of the posts in the staffs and bureaux of the high (716 8 ) says that these dignities KCU avra ofyfyima
1

officials,,

Philotheos

THE IMPERIAL ADMINISTRATIVE SYSTEM

(1)

37

The author
3

their military character)

742 18 , 742 2 ,
Cp. 767 1 _ 3
.

expressly states that the Domestic! (notwithstanding were counted as d^i/adAtot (715 12 ). (2) In the orpar. and 6$</>. are distinguished 6 orrpar., 2 o$<.
:

also 767^.
(4)

So

(3) Equally clearly they are contrasted in 766 17 and too in 7lO lo 1 In784 15 and 767 9 o-expertKot d^txtaAtot
.

are mentioned,

meaning
its

all

While
office,
officials,

offxfriKiov in later

those comprised in class IV. documents is more often used in our sense of

than in

earlier

the term rais

Domestics, Kritai,

meaning of the whole staff of subordinate employed for the staffs of the Strategoi, 2 For &c., and o-eKperoi; for the officials of class IV.
is

this distinction cp. Cer.

68

iracrcus rats rcefe^i /cat Trcurt -rots cre/cperois. 3

On

(TeKperov see

below

in section

IV on

a-expert/cot, p.

83.

The high
B.

officials

themselves are thus divided into seven classes, but

their subordinates are

0e/xartKot,

grouped in three classes (7169 )

Obviously A

A.

ray/xariKot,

comprises the subordinate o<$t'/aa of the Domestics (class II), and B those of the orparr/yot (class I) ; it follows that the subordinate officials of classes III-VII
crvyK.XriTiK.oL

C.

were

all

The

designated as o-vyKXrjTiKoi. use of o-vyKArjrtKoi, which constantly occurs in Philotheos and

of

the Ceremonies
observations.

Constantine,

is

We

must

first

of all

confusing, and demands some distinguish the Synkletos in the

narrow sense of the Council of high officials who assisted the Emperor in business of state from the whole body of o-vyKArjrtKot, or persons of senatorial rank, who had the right of being received at court, and were
4 But there expected to take part in the ceremonies and processions. are other variations in its meaning. It seems sometimes to be

In 784 n , however, trrpar^-yoi are loosely included under orfxp. But afKperov was doubtless also commonly used of the bureaux of subordinate officials belonging to the other classes. 3 A. Vogt, in his Basils Ier , p. 75, gives npoeXeva-is as the term for suite or
8

bureau.
it is

Its ordinary meaning is ceremonial procession (cp. irpoepxeaOai), and used for the suite of a strategos (comitatus, cp. the TrpoeXeuo-t/zatoi of xptrai in Const. Porph. Nov. 9, p. 268j), but not for a bureau. The passage in Phil. 716 7
is difficult

eiSq dia>pdra>j> did<f)opa, Kara avaXoyiav KOI rdt-iv KCU TTJS eKaarrov npoeXev(rws (the text seems doubtful I think we must read KOI T^S rd^ftoy). The meaning seems to be that these subordinate offices differ according to the kind of staff
:

to

which each belongs. rdis is used generally (including the creicpcTa), See above, p. 23. especially of the military staffs. * It seems probable that in such passages as Cer. 87 3 01 TrarpiKiot ical
\onrf) (TvyK\r)Tos, or 150 16 ol TrarpiKioi *at 17 (rvyKXrjros, the senate in its narrower sense is meant ; the contexts suggest that only officials of very high rank are contemplated. For the two senses of (TvyxXrjTos cp. Ellissen, Der Scnat im ostrorniachen Rcichc, 27 #77. (1881).
T)

(Kflfff KOI

38

PROCEEDINGS OF THE BRITISH ACADEMY

1 opposed to paviXiKoi, yet in its application to the officials of classes II I- VII (see above), it embraces many officials who were distinctly

is that persons holding auu bia /3pa/3eiW if be /3ao-iAi/cai might crvyKX^TLKoi, they held offices under classes III-VII, and we are thus able to explain the passage in Cer. 61 22

ficMriXiKOL.

The

fact

bia-VTTaTovs, (nraOapiovs

o~vyK\T]TLKovs, KOL vTrarou?,

where

remove the

comma which appears in spathars, who are also

the

edition after cnraOapiovs ; only those o-vy/cAT/nKoi by virtue of an O^IKLOV, are

Bonn

The eunuch officials are not described as Synkletic, but designated. some of them certainly were. 2 It appears that in its widest sense o-vyKX?/ruot included (1) high
whether they held office or the officials who obtained their office 8ta Ao'you not; (2) high 4 of and some and the (except perhaps including Strategoi eunuchs),
dignitaries, magistri
all

and

patricians,

Domestics

(3)

the

officials

subordinate to the ministers of classes

III-VII

(4) the Synkletic dignitaries 8ta /3pa/3eiW, namely disypatoi,

;

and possibly (5) an obscure class who had no such see below VII (6) under 6 em rfjs Karaorrao-ews). The dignities (but term was also used in a restricted sense to designate the fourth (or
hypatoi, &c.
fifth)

of these categories.

In this connexion must be noticed a phrase which often occurs in

the latter part of Philotheos, ol VTTO
Kap.Trdyi.ov

(those

who wear
Compare
drrTj/cpijras

the
:

5 kampagion, some kind of footgear, cp. Ducange s. v.). (1) 742 18 ri]V VTTO Ka^TrdyLV (TvyK\r)TOv Ttaa-av, olov

KT\.

(various

members

KOI Karwrepo), warcou, Sio"V7rarwi>,

(2)

of the Sekretic officia) olov CLTTO re a-naOapoKavbLbaTtov and some of the tagmatic officials.
K.

752j TOVS

VTTO

(TvyK\r]TLKOVs

a7iavTas, olov

acrrjKpriTas

/crA.

(various officials
officials).

under classes III-VII, and

K.

also

some

of the tagmatic

(3)

757 19
,

<t'Aovs TOVS VTTO

airavTas, ap\pVTas r^y crvyKXr\rov,

CLTTO

re

avOvnartov,

TrarpiKicoi', o</><iKiaAiW,/3a(TiAiK<3i' TT/owroo-Tra^a/otcor,

KT\. (including
(4)

759 9
,

<f>i\ovs

some tagmatic officials). T&V o-vyKXyTiK&v, TOVS VTTO K. TtdvTas,

TrpatTroo-trovs, TrarptKtov?,
,

(5)
1

769 19

d^^tKtaAtofs, fiaor. rov Trpforoao-TJKp^rty KrA. (including tagmatics). OTTO TTJS rafecos T&V /xayto-rpw^ 7rarpi/aW Kal AOITTWV vvv
;

Cp. Cer. SlGj

3^-^.

(A. D. Ib.
3 4

member of the Senate. Cp. Mansi, xvi. 392 869) 6 p.ya\07rpf7re(TTaTos Trpauroviros cos ex npooraTrov TTJS If pas avyK\r)Tov t 329 Gregory, a Spatharocubicularius, is described as OTTO ra>v TTJS o-vy/<Ar/Tou.
Praepositus, e.g. was a

The

Also praepositi, cp. Phil. 741 17 Cp. ib. the arpar. belong to the /Sao-iXtKi? <TvyK\r)Tos. For the KU/J,TT. as ceremonial footgear cp. John Mai. 322 a
.

(A. D. 330).

THE IMPERIAL ADMINISTRATIVE SYSTEM

r(j>

39
T&V
vird

So/xeartKO)

T>V

cr)(oXG>v Kal /3ao-i/\i/c<3z> avQptoit<*>v OTTO rrjs rdfecos

/uc'xpt

a-iradapOKavbibcLTCtiV

TTJS

Tafea>s

T&V aTparwpcoz/
TO>I>

TOVS

pv

Kapnayw
/xera

TravTas /xera

T&V oueuoz; dAAa^rj/xdraw

/Sao-tAiKovs jxera

rovs 6e 7Tpa>roo-7ra0apiovs

cnreKwv

TOVS

6*

o-Kapajxayytooi> KOI p-ovov.

(6)
(7)

(8)

774 I5 777 22 779 10

OTTO

rwy

o-KpcrtKa>ZJ

rail' VTTO

Ka/xTrdyw; 7rdrTa)r.
TrptoToa-ir.

raiv /may., di;^., irarp.,

o^^tKtaAtcov,

Kal

\onr&v

(TVyKXf]TLK&V
(9)

T&V

VTTO KCLfJUldyiV

OVTWV.
0((/>i/adA.ioi Kal ol VTTO

780 2

ot fxcf jotay., TrpatTT., Trarp.

TrdVres

ol 5e AOITTOI /3acnAiKo.

(10) 781 4 aTro r^s rdfecos TWI; /otay., TrpoiTT., d^^., Trarp., KC" dwo r^y rd^ecoj rrjs VTTO Kapnayiv o-vyKArjrou, TrArji; roSv evvovx w ^

Of

these passages, 3, 4,

worn by the highest and in 10 the high

o-vyKXrjTos.

officials.

and 5 make it clear that the kampagion was 1 and 2 refer only to subordinates,

There

is

dignitaries are contrasted with ^ VTTO Ka/uTrdyu; no real contradiction in this ; in 8 and 9 the

magistri, &c., are specially singled out of the

kampagion category,

and the rest are grouped together as taries and officials did not belong to

ot viro Ka/xTrdyiv.

What
?

ot VTTO Ka/uTrdytv

digniFirst of all,

probably the eunuchs, except patricians and praepositi (cp. 4 and 9). Secondly, the Strategoi and their staffs, who are never mentioned in
these passages. Thirdly, protospatharioi, &c., who were not Synkletic by virtue of office. Fourthly, some lower subordinates (cp. 7), such
It is remarkable that tagmatic officers, subas o>o/uts (Phil. 752 12). ordinates of the Domestics, are enumerated among ot UTTO K. o-vyKArjTIKOI (cp. 1-4).

Is this loose

language

I.

orparr/yot.

(1) to (26). Strategoi.

This class includes, along with twenty-five Strategoi of themes

(including the

Count

of Opsikion), the official

known

as 6 CK vpoo-toirov

T&V

dtfjiaTwv (al. o"xoAo)^).

The origin of the themes, and their history up to the ninth century, has been so fully treated by Gelzer l that I need only call attention
to a

The precedence
mental.

few general points before considering the staff of the strategos. of the Eastern over the Western themes is fundaThis order of rank
is

not explained by the precedence of the

1 Gelzer's conclusions, for the ninth century, have indeed to be supplemented by the Arabic evidence produced by Brooks (see Bibliography) and by the Taktikon Uspenski.

40

PROCEEDINGS OF THE BRITISH ACADEMY

Prefecture of the East over the Prefecture of Illyricum, as many of the provinces in the latter had a higher rank than the provinces of It is due to the fact that the Illyric provinces were the former. almost a lost position in the seventh century, and that the strength

Empire lay entirely in Asia Minor with Thrace at the time when the theme system was developed and normalized under Leo III. The naval circumscriptions, which were equally important when that emperor came to the throne, and which may truly be said to have saved the Empire under the Heraclian dynasty, were included by him among the Western themes, because recent experience had shown that they might prove a dangerous element of opposition, and his own 1 On the other hand, when power was based on the Asiatic armies. at a later time Macedonia became a theme, it was included in the
of the

Eastern class

(while

Thessalonica and Strymon remained

in

the

Strategoi of the Eastern themes all received a fixed salary from the treasury, whereas those of the Western raised their pay in their own provinces ; but the naval themes were for this pur-

Western).

The

2 The number of twenty-five pose included in the Eastern class. strategiai corresponds of course only to the situation at the moment

this particular list was drawn up, in the early years of Leo VI. Before the end of his reign there was a new strategia of Mesopotamia, and the Kleisurarchies of Sebasteia, Lykandos, Seleukeia, and
3 Leontopolis had been raised to the rank of themes. The Strategos of the Anatolic theme 4 holds the highest rank

when

among

the strategoi, and his is the highest office of those not confined to eunuchs, with the exception of those of Basileopator and Rector and the ecclesiastical post of Synkellos. At a court reception, only the
magistri, and these three dignitaries, the Praepositus (if a patrician), and eunuchs of patrician rank, preceded the Strategos of the Anatolics, provided he was a patrician. But so long as he was a patrician, although not an anthypatos, he sat among the anthypatoi. If he was
Cp. Gelzer, 34-5. salaries of the Eastern Strategoi were graded as follows : class 1, Anatolic, Armeniac, Thrakesian, 40 litrai (about 1752) ; class 2, Opsikian, Bukellarian, Macedonian, 30 1. (about 1314) ; class 3, Cappadocian, Charsian, Paphlagonian, Thracian, Kolonean, 20 1. (about 876), and to this class must be added the Chaldian strat. , who received only 10 1. , in consideration of the
2
1

The

income he derived from custom-dues, and the Mesopotamian, who derived all his pay from customs. The naval themes formed a class 4, Kibyrrhaeot, Samian, and Aegean, 10 1. (about 438) ; and, class 5, the Kleisurarchs (Lykandos, See the salaries as paid under Leo VI in &c.) received 5 1. (about 219).
Cer. 696-7.
3
4

Cer.

11.

50.

It is called TO a

dtpa in Gen. 5 n

THE IMPERIAL ADMINISTRATIVE SYSTEM

41

only a protospatharios, he was first in that order, unless the Praepositus happened to be also a protospatharios. At one time the
Sakellarios seems
to

Anat.

this question will

have been superior in rank to the Strategos be considered below in connexion with the

But the exalted position of the Strut. Anat. in the service imperial corresponds to what, as I pointed out long ago, was the origin of the post ; he took the place of the magister militum per
Sakellarios.

Orientem.

Next

to

him

in

rank,

among

the

officials,

was the

Domesticus Scholarum, who in the later Empire corresponds most nearly to the old magister militum in praesenti (though he does not descend from him) ; and after the Domesticus comes the Strategos
of

the Armeniac theme, who represents the magister militum per Armenian!, instituted by Justinian.

The
(5)

officium of a Strategos

is

as follows

rijj /co'pnjs, (4) chartularius, (2) merarches, (3) domesticus, (6) drungarii bandorum, (7) comites bandorum, (8) centarchus spathariorum, (9) comes rijs ereupeias, (10) protocancellarius,

(1) Turmarchae,

comes

(11)

protomandator (and in the case of the maritime themes, (12) pro-

tocarabi, (13) centarchi).

(1, 2)

The turmarchs commanded

the

rovp\j.ai,

or divisions of the

',

military 0e/xa or corps,

geographical theme. the commander was entitled (7) comes. According to Leo, Tact. iv. 42, the fidvba were grouped in higher units, called /xotpcu or bpovyyoi,

and governed the turms or districts of the The military unit was the fidvbov, of which

and these regiments were commanded by ^oipapxan or

bpovyydpioi.

The turm was also

or brigade consisted of three such /uotpcu, ib. 9. The turm 1 called /ue/aoj, and the roup^cipx 7? 9 a 3 17 y There were P^/ X
tJt

three turmarchs under the Strategos. 2 This account differs from that of Ibn Khurdadhbah, who wrote his description of the administrative

organization of the
see Bibliography).

A.D. 840-5 (ed. De Goeje, According to him, there were two turmarchs under the command of the Strategos of one of the larger themes.
c.

Roman Empire,

five

Under the turmarch were five drungarioi, and under the drungarios comites. 3 The discrepancy arises from the fact that the number
turms and turmarchs differed
in the different themes.

of

We

have

tenth-century documents (A. D. 935 and 949) showing that there were three turms in the Thracesian theme. 4 Ibn Khurdadhbah generalized
1

Ib. 8, 9.

Ib. 44.

Gelzer has tabulated the subdivision, pp. 116, 118. 4 Cer. 663 3 and 666 17 The text of the former passage requires correction, it stands 6 Tovpp.ap\i]$ TO>I> QtoSomaKoo*', ot Tovpfiap^ni TU>V fiKTOpa)i/, ol Tovpp.dp\at
.

rqy nnpciMov,

Read

6 Tovppdpxqs for the plural in

both cases (cp. 6G3 20 6

r.

TVV

42

PROCEEDINGS OF THE BRITISH ACADEMY

can prove this by the fact that he represents from one theme. 1 the numbers of troops in the (larger) themes as uniform 10,000 men. Now we know from another Arabic writer, Kudama (who copied Ibn

We

Khurdadhbah, but added new facts), that the number of the troops in the various themes both larger and smaller varied considerably. Leo VI speaks of /uepdpxqs as an (older) equivalent of Tovppdpxns
In Philotheos they are distinguished, and other (Tact. iv. 8, 9). In the official texts prove that juepapx<u is not a gloss on Tovp/utapx<u. of the sent to in D. 935 A. troops description by Romanus I, Italy
6 fjicpLdpxys 2

of the

theme of Charpezikion, and

6 fj.pidpxn$ of the

3 Moreover, we Thracesian, are mentioned as well as the turmarchs. find 6 nepdpxrjs in the treatise Trepl rafetdiW. 4 These passages

entitle

us to correct the text of Philotheos, and read

//epapx*?? for

These divisions of the army

roupjutcu, ^otpctt,

ftdvba correspond to the

Turmarchs replace sixth-century divisions, /utep?;, /uotpcu, rdy/xara. merarchs, the drungarioi correspond to the moerarchs (see below), and the KO/H^TCS (see below) to the apxovres (also called Kojuu/res). See

Who

(Maurice) Strat. passim, and Aussaresses, L'armee byzantine, 19 sqq. then is the later merarch ? I suggest that in most themes there

were two geographical turms

while the

in the ninth century

and two turmarchs,

army consisted (as in the sixth century) of three brigades, and that the third brigade was under a commander who bore the old
and had no geographical district. must also correct bpovyydpios T&V fidvbuv to bpovyydpioi (6, 7) 5 The drungarios, as we have seen, was the commander of T. ft. a /utoipa, and there were probably three jxotpat in each turm. With the (ten) banda which dpovyydpios, T&V ftdvbw has a collective sense
jj.pdpxns

title

We

compose
tive,

his /moipa

with

Ko/u^res (6/xoia>s ftdvbov.

= r&v ftdvbw)
.

it is

distribu-

each comes

commands a

Cer.
1

666 19

(ol 5p. /cat KO'/LWJTCS),

if

667 10 ,
is

For the drungarioi compare 662 15 , 21 They are also called

From

the Armeniac,

Gelzer

right in his probable correction of

Kudama

(p. 98).

of Cer. varies between i^piapxns and the right form nfpapxw (663 18 ). the seal published by Schlumberger (Sig. 201) o-<f>payls /zepeapx(ou) Compare This belongs to the later period after the reconquest Kva>o-o-(ou) Kvvo-TavTivov. of Crete by Nicephorus II. In Genesios we meet the merarch of the Charsian

The MS.

theme
3

in A. D. 863 (97 2 ).

Cor.

662 19 , 6634 , and 663 18

(OTTO roG fidvSov rov /ncpap^ou,

In the theme of Charpezikion f?R9 uu ^18^ 205 fiR7 *""** fifiQ ""^ej 8* 4 Cer. 482 19
.

we

find great

which is obscure). and minor turmarchs distinguished,

This was not apprehended by Kulakovski, Dntng i drungarii. may refer for the history of the terms drungos and drungarios.

To

this article

THE IMPERIAL ADMINISTRATIVE SYSTEM

In Takt. Uspenski, 129, 6 482 19 , 663 6 must be corrected ol bpovyydpioi r. 6. the duties of the comes rrjs Koprrjs (count of the
.

43

(3)

On

tent)

the)

chief source is the treatise irepl T&V fiao-iXiK&v rafeiStW.

When

the
,

emperor leads a military expedition, the comites TTJS KO'PTTJS of the various themes attend the emperor to pitch the imperial tent, along with the cortinarii who are under their command, and accompany
the Drungarios of the

Watch

in his nightly circuit

round the camp.

for imperial

They supply posthorses to the Drungarios of the business, Cer. 489-90. They might also be sent

Watch

on special missions. For instance, the strategos of the Anatolic theme sent his comes TTJS KopTys to examine Theodore of Studion in prison at Smyrna (A. D. 819, Theod. Stud., Epist. ii. 38, p. 1233, ed. Migne). In Leo, Tact. iv. 30, the comes rfjs KO'/OTTJS is described as a member of the general's staff These officials might be spatharioi, see Philotheos, 735 7 , (TrpoeAeixris).
where the text must be corrected
'AvaroXiK&v.
6 a-naOdpLos Kal
KO'/ATJS rfjs KO'/OTTJS

r&v

The Theophylactus, count of the tent in the theme of whose name is preserved on a seal in Schlumberger's colChaldia, lection (Sig. 289, 331), was a candidatus. 2 The emperor sometimes had a comes rfjs KopTrjs of his own e.g. Michael the Amorian filled the post for Nicephorus I (Genes. 10 ]3 , Cont. Th. 9, 12). 3 The seal
;

of a

K. rrjs

Koprrjs

(ninth-tenth century)

is

published by Schlumberger,
j

Mel. 245.

mentioned as a member of the general's staff in Leo, Tact. iv. 30. Compare Cer. 482 20 , 662 20 , and 663 5 (6 So/ueWtKos TOV OffjLaros) ; Takt. Usp. 128. These officers have the rank of strator
(5)

The

6"o/ue'<mKos is

in Phil.
(8)

737 r

The KeWapxs

See also Alexius Comnenus, Nov. 30, p. 374, ed. Zach. r &>J> o-iraflapuoz; must be distinguished from the mentioned in Leo, Tact. iv. 11, who commanded each 300

See Ducange, Simeon, 67821

2

was the tent, especially of the emperor, but also of the strategos. = Pseudo*. v. Cp. Cont. Th. 236 2 George Moil. (Bonn) 83018
; .

The legend
Kr>p.(r)Ti)

is tfeorocce fiorjdei

T>

(ro>

SouXco

+ 0fo<iAaicra>

/3(ao-iXiKO>)

Kav8(idaT(o)

belongs to the ninth century. Clialdia seems to have become a separate government towards the end of the eighth century (Gelzer, 95-6), and it was raised to the rank of a strategia before the middle of the ninth century. Gelzer thought that it was a KXcurovpa till the
KOI
TTJS

Koprfas)

Xa\5(i'ay).

The

seal

reign of Leo VI.

But the Taktikon Uspenski mentions

6 TrarpLKtos KOI crrparriyos

XaXSt'as (p. 113) and also 6 8oi> XaXSi'as (p. 119). may infer that it had been at first a Ducatus and had been recently made a o-Tparrjyia ; 6 doi>| X. was taken

We

over from an older list. 3 In Alexius Comnenus, Nov. 30,

ru>v
6ffjL<iTa>i> }

p.

374 (foot of page)

we should,

conjecture, read

KO^T^V

TIJS

44

PROCEEDINGS OF THE BRITISH ACADEMY

to the comes.
1

men, and were subject

T&V

This distinction seems to

2o

correspond to the distinction in Phil.

.

738 ]8 ,

between the K^vrap\oL

and the KeWap^os r&v (Sdvbwv. Are we (TTpoLTr]yG>v T&V OcpaTLK&v to identify the /ceVrapx ? T&V & 17 with the TrpwroKeVrapxos who is
recorded on seals (Schlumberger, Sig. 166
<

SqoTjinja) 7rpa>ra>K(ez>)rdp(x<>)

EA(A)d6(os)

357

2rpariy(a)) dKej>rapK(fc>)

But there were more than

staff of the
2

one

TrpcDTOKtvTapxos in a theme.

Six are mentioned in the

It seems possible that general of the Thrakesians (Cer. 663 10 ). The spatharioi Kcvrapxos in the text of Phil, is an error for K.tvrapyoi. whom the centarch commanded were probably a guard attached to

the immediate service of the general. 3

(9)

The

KO'/XTJS

TTJS

ercupetas

is,

I conjecture, referred to in

Cer.

ii.

44, p.

659 J5 Iva d-Troo-raXct 777$ craipetas /xera KeAewecoy Trpbs rbv Kar7rai>a>, where perhaps TOV Ko^ra has fallen out after aTrooraAer. f the theme was in the officium of the (4) The x. a P Tov ^P LOS him with the department of the his duties connected but strategos,
Logothete T&V
arpartcortKO)^, so that

he also belonged to his officium

and was responsible to him. This is explained in Leo, Tact. iv. 31, where the function of the chartularius is described as irpos TT)V rov

KaTaypa^v re KOL avai]Trj<nv (he kept the and it is said that while he and the protonotary and the praetor were in some respects (> THTIV) subject to the strategos, they were also directly responsible to the central government TOVS
(rrpcLTov

(MS.

(TTpaTrjyov)

military rolls),

\6yovs T&V IbiK&v avr&v wore 8t' avT&v pavBavtiv

StoiKT7<reo>y
TCLS

7rpds TT\V

fiaviXtiav
r<Si;

re T&V TTO^LTLK&V Kal

Trpay/xdrooz; /caraordo-ets Kat 8totKTJ(rets ao-^aAeorepoz; ^yov/xe^a.

From the relation of the

chartularius to the Logothete

r.

and from the functions of the \apTov\apioi r&v brfuwv referred to in the edict of Cer. ii. 56, 4 we can see that he had financial duties, and that the pay of the officers and soldiers came into his department. He might have the rank of a spatharios (Phil. 735 16 ) or a strator
(736 20 ).

Nicephorus, chartularius of Sicily (eighth-ninth century),

1 It is to be noted that Ibn Khurdadhbah speaks of Kontarhm who command each forty men and are identified by De Goeje with kentarchs (hekatontarchs), but by Gelzer (115) are explained as (pente)kontarchs, on the basis of a passage in the Acta S. Demetrii, 181 C. Leo does not mention pentekontarchs.

and
3

xrptoroKcWapYoi occurs in a doubtful passage in Basil II, Nov. 29 (p. 311), in the list of the strategic officials (A. D. 1079) in Miklosich and Miiller,
et

Acta
in

Diplomata,

vi.

21.

At the beginning of the eighth century the strategos had also stratores, for A. D. 718 (Theoph. 388 2 we meet a So/xe'oriKos TU>V crrparopwi/ of the strat. of
.,)

the Anatolic theme.

4

Cp.'Rambaud, 204.

THE IMPERIAL ADMINISTRATIVE SYSTEM

whose
seal

45

is preserved (Panchenko, 9. 384) , was a spatharios. chartularius of Thrace Drosos, (eighth or ninth century) (Schluma was candidatus. Orestes, chartularius of the berger, Sig. 122), theme of the Aegean Sea (tenth century), had the higher rank of a
1

spatharocandidatus (Sig. 194).

(10)

The

TTpd>To Kay K

times have been called a schola of cancellarii.

schola under the mag.
off.

\\ap LOS was the chief of what would in earlier There was such a
of the

West

in the fifth century (Not.

Dig. Occ.

ix. 5).

There was probably a cancellarius

class
;

in all

bureaux

of the first

and second

we

find a cancellarius of the Prefect of

the City in the time of Julian (C.I.L. 6. 1780), and one attached to the bureau of the Dux Pentapoleos in the reign of Anastasius I. His duty was to keep the public from entering the secretum of the

and to carry communications between him and the general He was outside the officium (see Cass. Var. xi. 6), and When this may explain why he is not mentioned in the Not. Dig. of the East had two John Lydus wrote, the Praet. Praef. cancellarii, but this may have been exceptional and temporary the Praet. Pref. selected his cancellarii from the schola Augustalium ; the post was
minister,
officium.
;

not

3 Cancellarii by ordinary advancement within the officium. and a protocancellarius are found in most of the officia (except in the

filled

by Philotheos, but they occupy a low There are no seals of protocancellarii. The protocancellarius of the theme is mentioned in Cer. 659 17 (11) Mandatores, with a Tr/xoro/za^arcop at their head, occur not
domesticates) enumerated position in the matricula.
.

only in the
of

officia of

the Strategoi, but also in those of the Domestics,

others.
.
'

some of the Logothetes, and

or bearers of

They were properly adjutants, The mandatores of the commands (pavbarofyopoi)

.

Strategos are defined in Leo, Tact.

iv.

16, as

ot TO, fj.avba.Ta CLTTO

T&V

ap-%6vT(Dv TTpos TOVS (TTpaTitoTas ofea>s biaKOfj.iovTS

(cp. ib. 49)

4
.

The

protomandator of a theme was an official of some importance. For a seal of a protomandator of Dalmatia see Schlumberger, Sig. 206. Carbeas was protom. of the Strat. Anatol. under Michael III (Cont.
Th. 166 2 ).

of a

of Cephallenia (eighth-ninth century), and another are published by x- of the Cibyrrhaeot Theme, in Schlumberger, Mel. 205, 208. The chartularies of the themes are mentioned Alex. Comn. , Nov. 30, p. 374. 2 See Agathias, i. 19, p. 55. On the cancellarii see esp. Kriiger, Kritik des
1

The

seal of a viraros

KO.\

x-

/3atr.

<nradapoiuiv1lt&dTos

ical

Justinianischen Codex, 163 sqq. (1867).

3

See Mommsen, 478 sqq. See (Maurice) Strat. iii.

5, vii. 16.

Cp. Aussaresses, op. at. 23.

46

PROCEEDINGS OF THE BRITISH ACADEMY

(27)

Ot
e/c

K
TTpoa-^irov
3

The

functions of the
2

Rambaud, Schlumberger, not consider Reiske's view, which

have been discussed by Reiske, 1 and most recently by Mitard. 4 I need

is

palpably wrong.

Rambaud

rightly saw that these functionaries were representatives of the emperor, and that the temporary government of a province or district was delegated to them ; they were temporary strategoi, distinguished from the Strategoi proper. This has been more clearly and fully set out by Mitard. That e/c irpocr^Trov means CK TrporrwTrou TOV /Sao-iAe'cos is proved by the passage in De adm. imp. 228 sqq., which Rambaud and Mitard consider/ and is illustrated by Leo VI' s idea that the

strategos
cite

himself

is

an

K irpoauwov of

the emperor,

who

is

the

supreme strategos (Tact.

a late seal
Trpoo- (OOTTOU)

4. 7, cited

by Mitard).

We

might further
K<H CK

(Sig. 577)

Havay(i^Trf)

av&(vnaTu>} mirp(iKuo)

r(ou) (f)L\(o\pL(TTov) 0anr(oTov).

These writers have not

called attention to the difficulty

which

lies

in the alternation of the plural with the singular in Philotheos, to whose notices we have to add the evidence of Takt. Usp.

Singular

(1)

Takt. Usp. 120 6 e*

irpoo-unrov

T&V

0e/z(ra>i> (a

proto-

spatharios) . (2) Phil. 714 5 77 TOV e* TT. T&V 0. (3) ib. 729 6 6 avG. irarp. KCLL *K TT. T&V 0.

Plural

(4)
(5)

Phil.
ib,

715 7

ot ex -npovto-nov rS>v

Qe^ar^v (cod. vyo\G>v).

Oefjidrtov

732} Kara TO tbiov tKacrTov

ot

TTpwrocnraOdpioL CK TrpodcoTrou r<Sy

6fj.a.

We
It

interpret the singular as equivalent to a plural ; as these officials were appointed for temporary needs, it is clear that there

must

might sometimes be one, sometimes more than one, sometimes none.

is, however, quite possible, seeing the constant confusions of sing. with plur. both in the Taktikon and in Philotheos, that the plural should be read in 1, 2, and 3. From the nature of the case, an e/c

had no permanent

O(X/HKIOI>,

he would
to

use the existing

;

of the Strategos in the

1

theme

which he was sent

and
et

837

'

puto

eum

fuisse qui legiones integras repraesentaret,

eorum loco

nomine ad imperatorem peroraret ', &c.

2
4

He

is

197-8.

followed by Schlumberger. 3 Sig. 576.

See Bibliography. Uspenski, Tabel, 135 quotes from Kekaumenos, Strattyikon, 40 (ed. Jernstedt) ey^fipto-^^Tt K&V Kirpo(ra>inKr)v iy rrjv apxovriap r/ TO fia TTJS TToXireias T)IJ.)V, where eWpoorcoTriKi) (apx*]) is probably the office of a locui tenens for a strategos. But Uspenski throws no light on the subject.
TOU yap TrpwTofnriidapiov Eiicrra$i'ou CK Troa-uTvov a7roaTaXcvroy.
5

at

THE IMPERIAL ADMINISTRATIVE SYSTEM

therefore these officers are passed over

47

by Philotheos

in his list of the

Philotheos 'mentions (788 10 ) the fees paid by the CK irp. to the atriklinai, and here he uses the phrase e/c Trpoa-^irov orpar^yoO, which
illustrates the construction of the genitive
e/c

T&V

0e//aro>z>,

in the title

irp.

rwv

0.,

as dependent not on

e/c

irp.

but on orparTjywz; or a word

of the kind.

Schlumberger has published a seal (Sig. 245) of eleventh or twelfth century of an e/c TTPOO-WTTOV in the Theme of the Optimati : MixarjX 1 An earlier seal of the eighth or ninth TTpoo-wnov TCW oTTre^cmozj). No. records a irpwToo-iraOapios /cat e/c Trpoo-wTrou. 577, (ib. 6) century

The
T>V

e/c

Trpoo-wTTov TOV

bpopov (Sig. 123)

must be kept apart from the

e/c

QffjLCLTMv.

An

earlier seal of

Theodotos,

Trpoo-wTrov Meflow?]?, will

be found in Mel. 204.

II.

o'ojxe'oTi/coi.

The Domestici fall into two groups, the four Domestici of the 2 Before treating them separately, some Tagmata, and the rest. general words of explanation seem required concerning the Tagmata, as to which vague and incorrect opinions have been held. 3 The Byzantine army consisted of two great divisions, the Q^ara. and the rayjuara, and troops were designated as thematic or tagmatic 4 The themata according to the division to which they belonged. were the troops of the provinces, and the tagmata were the troops The themata were commanded by stationed in or about the capital. the strategoi, tagmata by domestici, and there were differences in the
organization.
are frequently mentioned by Theophanes in the hisof the tory eighth century, e. g. v\o\apiol re Kat T&V \ourwv Tay/mara>z> 5 A.D. (437 2 , 764), and he opposes them to the themes (ra eco Q^ara

The tagmata

442 28
four
1

cp. ra

eo-a>

ray/xara

449 27 ).

In the ninth century there were

I

Tagmata

proper, namely (1) the Scholarii, (2) the Excubitores or

4.
r.

Cp. also 577, No.

ot /neyaXoi

8o/ie<mKoi ra>v

in Cer. 287

299 14 seem to mean these four,

cp. 291 17 .
3

The subject has been treated by Uspenski, Voennoe ustroistvo (see Bibliography).
and
it
is

Ileiske (837) enumerates the four tagmata incorrectly, CJelzer (17 sqq.) did not realize what they were.
* 6

clear that

Cp. e. g. Nov. Nicephori Phocae xv'iii, p. 290 ray/xaTiKoi KOI Bf^iannoL Also 461 20 , 468 7 , 471 14 , &c. It may be noted that ray/zara is used of the Scholarians by Agathias, 5, 15 (310,, 13 ). Cp. Menander, fr. 11 T>V Kara rt]v
nv\rjv Tay/iartov

commanded

l>y

the Mag. Off.

In the sixth century ray^a was

used for fidvdov, see above,

p. 42.

48

PROCEEDINGS OF THE BRITISH ACADEMY

l Excubiti, (3) the Arithmos, (4) the Hikanatoi. The evidence for the four Tagmata is abundant in documents of the ninth and tenth

For the eighth century there is no explicit evidence as to their number, but, as the Hikanatoi seem to have been instituted by 2 Nicephorus I (see below),, we may assume that there were three. 3 But tagmata was also used in a looser They consisted of cavalry. sense to include two other bodies, the Numeri and the Imperial fleet. 4 The Numeri were infantry 5 and did not leave Constantinople, and this applies also to the troops who were under the command of the Count of the Walls. 6 The term 0-xoA.d/not, though strictly used of the troops of one tagma, the 2xW? was also used for the rank and file of all four Tagmata. 7 It appears from a document of the tenth century that detachments of the four Tagmata were stationed in Thrace, in Macedonia, and in ' the ' Peratic region on the Asiatic side of the Bosphorus. 8
centuries.
1

Phil.

Cer. 598 ]8

758 4 \oura>v dpxovrcw rotv 8' rayndruv, 763 5 ot 8' 8o//f O-TIKOI TWV 8' 6 (ii. 16) ot rav 8' T. apxovres, KOI 6 fj.cv dopeariKos ra>v axokwv KOI
. . .
.

J;KovfSiTos
.

KOI 6 iKavdros fla-fpxovrai

Ilept

ra. 484 ;s TCI

Cp. 605 18_21 xtpertouo-ii> TUV dpovyydpiov rrjs fiiy\as. ra fieov$<ra ... 6 dpidpos ... 6 i*cactrof rdyfjiara ... at o-^oXai . .
Cer.

(leg. 01 iKavdroi).

666 3 ,

7,

&c.

Cont. Th. 181 16 (A.D 863)

/zero

rwv

jSao-iXiKw/^

Tfao-dp&v

Tciyfj.dT(av.

The

earliest

enumeration

is

in

Kudama (depending on
'

Al Garmi and relating to A.D. 838-45), De Goeje, 196 #7. (Gelzer, 17 sq<)-)Some of the names are mutilated. (1) Scholarii (2) Excubiti so Gelzer, and Uspenski, op. cit. 169 (3) ' 'wkws, under the command of a trungar
; ;

(drungarios) Gelzer thinks the Hikanatoi are meant, but (a) the title drungarios points to the Arithmos, and (6) the Arithmos is third in precedence ; Uspenski also believes that the Arithmos is meant ; (4) fidaratiyin = (poififpciroi ; De Goeje it is very unlikely that the Hikanatoi are indiscreetly suggested a-Kovrdpioi
: :

designated under the below, p. 64.

2

name

(potdtpdroi,

but emendation

is

out of place.

See

cannot press Theoph. 461 20 TO>I> o-^oXapt'coj/ T * a i (Ko-KovftiTopwv KCU TO>V ' esp. as the remaining tagmata may include the Numeri and Teichistai. The Arithmos (Vigla) is included 491 n , where however the Hikanatoi are not mentioned (A.D. 811). 3 Kudama says they were each 4,000 strong but Ibn Khurdadhbah (81) seems to suggest that they were 6,000. * CT. 604 7 01 TWV ray^dr^v ap^ovres' TO>V tr^oXwi', rou dpidp-ov, rwv vovpepov ev
'

We

XotTrcoi/ ra-y/uarwi',

pia
5

rdf-ei'

ol 8e

TWV

f^aKovfBiTOiVy ol iKavdroi KOI ol TQV /3a(riXiKoO n\oip.ov ev frepa

6

Kudama, ib. Cp. Cer. 524 22-525 2 The text (which can be dated A.D. 949) in Cer. ii. 45, 666 3 _13 proves this The ap^ovres rwv 8' T. are opposed to the o-^oXapiot T&V 8' T., and quite clearly.
.

So the apxovrcs and o-^oXaptoi of the Excubiti and Hikanatoi are mentioned. too Cer. 619 9 ot apx. r&v T. p.fra T>V (rxo\api(ov. This ought to have been
recognized by Uspenski (cp. loc. cit. 171). 8 Cer. 666. This passage will be discussed below in connexion with the
topoteretes of the Schools.

THE IMPERIAL ADMINISTRATIVE SYSTEM

As
turies

49

to the title Domesticus.

it

In the fourth,

fifth,

and sixth cen\

constantly occurs in the sense of princeps officii, as the 1 designation (primicerius is used in the same way ) of the chief subaltern of a general, minister, or governor of a province. 2 In the fifth and sixth centuries the domestici of the magistri militum were imIt will be shown below (p. 50) that the elevation portant persons. of the title to designate the commanders of the guard troops was probably due to the withdrawal of the Schools from the control of

the Master of Offices.

(1)

the beginning of the fifth century there were seven scholae of. 3 Some of these scholae were compalace guards at Constantinople.

At

reign of

posed of foreigners (gentiles),* and during that century up to the Zeno the foreign element seems to have been chiefly Ar-\

menian. 5
scholarian

Zeno introduced Isaurians. 6 The total number of the 7 troops was 3,500, and we may infer that each schola was

500 strong.

As

palace guards they were under the orders of the

magister officiorum. Justinian at the beginning of his reign increased the number to 5,500, adding four new ' supernumerary* scholae. 8 \

The number might seem

A. D.

to have

been afterwards reduced to the

original seven by Justinian himself.

For Theophanes records that

in

562 emperor transferred to Thrace (Heraclea and the adjacent cities) the scholarians who were settled in Nicomedia, Prusa, and other Bithynian towns. The text (p. 237) gives T&V eirra a-^oXathat
KrA., where cryoXapiav should be corrected to Again in the irpl rafeiStW of Constantine Porph. an account of a ceremony in the reign of Justinian is preserved, and at eTrra <r\oAai are mentioned (497 21 ). But it seems more probable that the scholae seven were distinguished from the four new superoriginal
roi;?
1

Kaflcfo/AeWus

wz;.

numerary regiments. number of scholae was afterwards increased to

1

Further there

is

indirect evidence that

fifteen, for in

the

the

Cp. Cass. Var. 10, 11 primiceriatus qui et domesticates nominatur. See Mommsen 508, and Eph. Epigr. v. 139-41, where the material will be found. Marcian was a dom. of Aspar, Theoph. 104 21
2
.

3
4

Not. Dig. Or.

Ib. Scola
;

xi.

4-10.

gentilium seniorum,

and

sc. gent,
6

iuniorum.

Amm.

Marc. 14.
5. 15, p.

7,

20. 2, 5
6

27. 10, 12,

&c.
(Ib.

Proc. H. A. 24. 16.

17 and) Agath.
in

310.

7
8

Proc.
Ib.

ib.

15.
C.
I.

39

(tiTTfpa'pifytot).

4.

65. 35 (A. D. 530)

undecim deuotissimis

scholis.

M 4

50

PROCEEDINGS OF THE BRITISH ACADEMY

tenth century there were fifteen counts, and the count was the commander of the schola 1 (see below).

The Domestic

of the Schools

is first

mentioned in the eighth cen)

tury (Theoph. 442, A. D. 767).

rum
to a

abolition of the Magister Officioled to the distribution of the various duties which he performed

The

number of independent functionaries, and the Domestic of the Schools was his successor in the command of the scholarian guards.
evidence as to the date or

As we have no formal
it

mode

of the change,

an open question whether the Magister was relieved But of this command before his final disappearance from the scene. we may ask whether the Domestic was a new creation, whose title was invented at the time when the Magister was superseded, or was

must be

left

he an already existing subordinate who was raised to the supreme command. 2 Now there is an important text in the Chron. Pasch. The chronicle (724) which throws light, I believe, on this question. tells that when Heraclius went to the East in A.D. 624 he was

accompanied by Anianus, the Domesticus of the Magister

(8ojueoriKou

The Magister, standing alone, means the Magister rov ^ayiorpov). 3 The obvious inference is that the Scholarians went with Officiorum.
the emperor, and were under the command of the Domesticus of the Magister, while the Magister remained at Constantinople. The Do-

mesticus of the Magister

is
is

mentioned

in the fourth century

official

(Ammiacalled the

nus Marc. 30.

2, 11),

and

perhaps the same

who

is

adiutor in the Not. Dig. (Or. xi. 41). The text connecting the Domesticus with the scholarian guards seems to supply the explanation The supersession of of the origin of the Domestic of the Schools.
the Magister meant, so far as the Schools were concerned, the transTo ference of the command to his Domestic, who retained the title.
this

change we

may

probably attribute the exaltation of the

title

When we
1

meet

So/xe'ortKo?

without any qualification,

it

means the

For a place in the Palace called 7rpa>Trj o-^oX^ see schol. on Cer. 8 n We must eliminate a passage of Theophanes, which, as the text stands, He records a mutiny of might seem to point to a KO/ZTJ? over the scholae.
.

562 (p. 237) eVai/eVrijo-av at tr^oXai T< KO/UJ/TI avrS>v KOI should expect rols fco/u?<rt and at/rots. It is not a case for emendation the chronographer misunderstood his source. \"i \ 3 The Parisinus has pcyurrov. * It may be noted that in late times domesticus was used as an ecclesiastical title. Referring to a precentor at Thessalonica, Philotheos, in an Encomium on
the scholae in
Trr)\6ov avra>.
;

A. D.

We

Gregory Palamas, says

638).
I notice this

8ofj,e<rrtKov f) avvrjQeia TOVTOV faviv (Migne, P. G. 151, passage only because Uspenski strangely cites it as if it were

important, B. Z.

3. 186.

THE IMPERIAL ADMINISTRATIVE SYSTEM

8.

51

1 The Domestic! Schol. in the Theoph. 456J0). mentioned eighth century by Theophanes had the Patrician rank. From the Taktikon Uspenski (111) we learn that in the reign of Michael III they came in order of precedence above all military commanders except the strategos of the Anatolics, and they hold the same

rS>v a-yoX&v (as in

The Domesticate was held in the place in the list of Philotheos. ninth century by such men as Manuel and Bardas^ and for military expeditions the Domestic was sometimes appointed Commander-j
in-Chief of the whole army. 2 But it was not till the tenth century^ that it became the habit to appoint him to this supreme command.

The biographer

of Basil I says that he sent the Domestic of the Schools against Chrysocheir crvvriQus (Const. Th. 272 3 ). This <rvz;qda>9 seems to be an inference of the writer from the practice of his own time. 3

In the second half of the tenth century the do/uflEort/coj T&V has become the So/xeWiKos ayaroAr/j, and has his counterpart vyoX&v in a new creation^ the 8o^ecm/coj wea>? 4 ; but this lies outside our
present scope. The ceremony of creating the Domestic of the Schools was the same as that for other domestics (Cer. ii. 3).

There are but few extant

seals of these Domestici.

Four^ none of
in Sig.

which seems to be earlier than the tenth century, will be found In two of these the Domestic holds also the post of 360.
T&V aytXGtv.

official in the bureaux of all the Domestics is the which We find the name^ TOTrorrjprjTTJj, represents the Latin vicarius.

(1)

The

first

used

officially in this

sense in the sixth century in laws of Justinian

TOTrorrjprjTriv

6
:

Nov. 152,

19

(p.

284)

r&v

ez/6oforara>z/ litdpyutv
Tro'Aeo-t

T)

a-rpa-

yiSos apx*7 ? j 16,

eKTrejotTretr

fv rats

rrj?

eirapxCas

rjs

&PX et

TOVS KaXov^tvovs TOTTorTjprjras.

praef.,
1

Nov. 166

com.

larg.,

com.

r.

priv.

(p. 375), topoteretai of praet. Chron. Pasch. (A. D. 532), p. 876

been Dom. Schol.

2

Artavasdos, the Domestic of the tyrant Artavasdos (Theoph. 419 15 ), must have Cp. Takt. Usp. 111. The appointment did not depend on the post, but on the man. Thus

Petronas, to whom the command of all the forces (both rayp-ara and &/uara) was entrusted in A. D. 863, was strategos of the Thrakesian theme at the time.

In Cont. Th. 167

as being

Dom.

place.
3

it is suggested that Bardas should have led an expedition, Schol., but that he deputed his brother Petronas to take his imagine that the statement is coloured by the later practice.

Kestas Styppiotes is another instance of a Dom. Schol. appointed Commanderin-Chief under Basil George Mon. 847, Cont. Th. 286. 4 Cont. Th. 415, 479 15 ; Leo Diac. 7 U , 49 6 , 18 12 Cp. Cer. 610 16 , 613 15 8 See also Nov. 16. 4, p. 99 ; Nov. 21. 10, p. 144 of sending Terror, to
:
.

provincial cities.
$Xavt'a>

Cp. also B. G. U.
/cat

ii.

no. 669 /iey<iXo7rpf7reoraTo>

cat 7rept/3XeVra>

MapKeXXa) Kay*(f\\apUp)

TOTTOT^J/T;;).

M4

52

PROCEEDINGS OF THE BRITISH ACADEMY

TTOttoi;

6 TOTTOV
is

ibid. TOV TOTTOTTIpOVVTa TOV pay ICTT pOV . It TOV fJiayiCTTpOV often used of ecclesiastical deputies. The TOTroTTjpTyrat of the Domestics must not be confused with the
T07ror?7/>T]rai,

provincial

topoteresia or geographical bandon turma : see Const. Porph., Them. i. 16 ;

The

seals of

such

officers

berger of the Domesticates (633)

cites

one seal

and forts. was a subdivision of the De adm. imp. 50. Some have been preserved (Sig. 370 2 1). Schlumwhich might be that of a topoteretes of one
find in charge of districts
[

whom we

EOA]l2Pa [TOn]OTHPlT[H
it

Til]

KATAK[AA12NI]. The official document on

Cer.
ii.

He

ascribes

to the ninth century. the Cretan expedition of A.D.

949

(in

45) contains an important passage (666) bearing on the tagmata and the topoteretai, the significance of which has not been
appreciated.
(1) aTTO TOO
y

It

must be given

in full

Oe'jjiaTos

0paKT]s, 6 TOTTOTrjprjr^s KCU

f

am) r&v

6'
f
'

rayfxdVfoi;
6[jiov

avbpts pA0', o^oAaptot r&v b

cr;(oAaptot

rayjuarcoi;
f

avbpes Tvb

ap-

/cat

r&v

8' ray/otarcoz;,

avbpes ve?y

[139+354
r&v

493],

(2)

CLTTO
,

TOU O^jj-aros MaKeSoj'tas, 6 TOTionjpTjTT/y Kat 0776

b' ray|u,ara>z>

avbpts

ity

(T^pXapioi

T&V

ft

TaypartoV avbpes
co^' [83

v^y''

OJJLOV

Kal cr%o\dpioi

r&v

8' ray/xarcoz;

avbpS

+ 293

376^

493

869].
0JJKXTCi)^.

(3, 4) aiTO TUl' TTepaTtKW^

(3)

6 ((rKOv{3iT(i)p /ara TOV TOTrorrjprjTOV avrov Kat Traz/ros TOV ray/ixa-

TOS avTQVy ap\6vT(*)v KOI <ryj)Xap'ut>v O/JLOV avbp&v \js' [700]. (4) 6 tKazJaros fj,Ta TOV TO-noTrjprjTov ai)Tov Kat TTCLVTOS TOV ray/^aroy avTov, apxovTW Kat o-xoAaptcoz;, OJJLOV avbp&v vv<?' [456],

Here we have the four

the Excubiti and

suggests that (1) is The passage proves ] that detachthe topoteretes of the Arithmos. ments of all the tagmata had their quarters in Thrace and Macedonia, and detachments at least of the Excubiti and Hikanatoi had quarters
in Bithynia. (Under Justinian II, Scholarians stationed in Bithynia were transferred to Thrace, Theoph. 236 17 .) So too in the Cretan ex-

Those of roTrorTjpTjrat of the four tagmata. Hikanatoi are expressly designated. The order the topoteretes of the Schools ; (2) would then be

We

pedition of A.D. 902, we find Thracian and Macedonian Scholarians (Cer. 652 4 ), and in the Italian expedition of A.D. 935 (ib. 660, 9 ). may reasonably conjecture that it was a special function of the

topoteretai to

command the provincial detachments of the tagmata. In military expeditions (Anon. Vari, 6 19 ) we find the topoteretes and the chartularius of the Schools each in charge of half the tagma. The topoteretai For the TOTT. T&V <rxoA<Si> see further Cer. 599 2 256 7
,
.

The

inferences of Uspenski

(loc. cit.

186-7) are very perverse.

THE IMPERIAL ADMINISTRATIVE SYSTEM

52

are spathars in Takt. Usp. 127 ; in Phil. (734) they may be spatharoFor their participation in ceremonies see Cer. 524 19 . candidati. The Ko'/^res- T&V <rxo/\<3y belong to the not large number of (2)

who have retained the title which they bore in the fifth century. In the fourth century the commander of the schola was a tribunus (Amm. Marc. 20. 2, 5 ; C. Th. 7. 4, 23 scholarum tribunes, A.D.
officers

396)^ but before A.D.

441 he has become a

ii.

scholarum, Nov. Theod.

KO^TSS o-^oX^v are mentioned in the reigns of Leo I (document in Cer. 416 16 ) and of Anastasius I (Theoph. 138 10 ),and in the sixth century we meet rbv KO'/XJ?C. /. 1. 31. 3).

21

(vir spectabilis)

comes

ra

TT)S

KTT]s

TI

e/36o'/xT7?

o^oA??? in a

fragment of Peter Patr. (Cer. 391 12 ,

is

392j). of the count of the fifth schola

(T^oAwi; O")(0\7JS
TTejUlTJTTJs).

seal (eighth or ninth century, according to

preserved (Sig. 359

Schlumberger) Ko'/^frrj] T&V

text of Philotheos gives bvo Ko'/xrjres. This is plainly an error, but can easily be corrected to /3', which corresponded to the following

The

y and
fifth

6'

and meant that the

Ko/a^re?

were the second item

in the

officium.

We

have seen already that there were seven scholae in the

many were
ava OKTCO
learn
.

How century and that Justinian raised the number to eleven. there in later times ? For the end of the tenth century we have evidence in Anon. Vari, where we find thirty counts, /co'/xrjres. .

Ko/i7;rs

ava

eTrra (6 22 , 28 ).

From

the same context

we

were thirty banda, so that each count was 1 of a bandon, but we are not told by this writer the size captain of a bandon. Was the schola a bandon, considered tactically ? In that case there would have been thirty scholae. But if so, the schola cannot have retained its old number of 500 men (cp.
that
there

above, p. 49), for 15,000 is much too high for the total number of the scholarii. If we assume the bandon to have been 200 the total

would be 6,000, a figure which might be defended by a statement of Ibn Khurdadhbah that ' the emperor's camp, in his residence or in the field, consists of four divisions of cavalry commanded by a patri' cian, under whom are 6,000 soldiers and 6,000 servants (81, cp.
Gelzer, 125).
of
2

But

this

statement does not agree with the statement

Kudama, which comes from the same source as Ibn Khurdadhbah's

information. According to Kudama the total number of the scholarians was 4,000 (157). It may, however, be shown that the data of Anon. Vari (even assuming that no change had been made in the organization of the scholae in the intervening century and a half) cannot be combined with the data of the Arabic writers. For the anonymous
1

Cp. Kulakovski, Vizantii^ki Lager, 71. This is observed by Vogt, Basile I er , 348.

54

PROCEEDINGS OF THE BRITISH ACADEMY

military writer cannot possibly have contemplated as present in the camp which he describes a force of scholarians numbering anything
like 4,000.

In

c. viii (p.

17) he says that the

minimum number

of

cavalry with which an emperor can march in person is 8,200, which includes a thousand guards (i. e. the Hetairoi and Athanatoi). Ordinarily he

would have more

If

even 12,000.

we

us say, with Kulakovski, 1 10,000 or consider that not only the other three tagmata,
;

let

but also cavalry of the themes have to be included in this total, it is clear that the scholarii alone cannot have numbered anything like 4,000, much less 6,000. The bandon therefore must have been much
smaller than 200 men.

As

a matter of fact,

we

learn

what the bandon

of cavalry in the latter half of the tenth century was from the Sr/oa-njyurj eK0eo-is of Nicephorus II (see Bibliography) : r&v Kafia\apiK&v Sia-

raecoy

ol

apxnyol exeraxrai/ fidvba.

TO.

8e fidvba

avr&v etmi ava avbpas

is

TtevTTiKovTa (p. 12).

Thirty such banda give a total of 1,500, which

this result

a reasonable proportion.

We

might attempt to reconcile

with the number of

Kudama by

supposing that only a part of the tagma of Scholarii is 2 But the figures of the Arabic writer contemplated by Anon. Vari.

seem to be very doubtful in view of the numbers given for the Excuand the Hikanatoi. Kudama gives 4,000 for each of these corps ; but in the document of A. D. 949 cited above (Cer. 666) we find that the whole tagma of the Excubiti, including officers, numbered 700, and the whole tagma of the Hikanatoi, including officers, 456. There are two alternatives either the tagmata suffered an immense reduction in numbers between the middle of the ninth and the middle of the tenth
biti
:

little

century, or the figures of Kudama are utterly erroneous. doubt that the latter inference is the correct one.

have

data point to a complete reorganization of the Scholae since the Under Justinian, there were the seven old Scholae, and four ' supernumerary * scholae, each 500 strong, so that the
sixth century.

The

whole number was 5,500. In the tenth century there are thirty banda, each fifty strong in all 1,500. Whether the bandon was a schola, so that there were thirty scholae, or whether each schola had several banda, is a difficult question. For the first alternative it may be
:

that the seal of a count of the fifth schola, belonging to the eighth or ninth century (see above), points to the continued connexion of the count with the schola ; to which it may be replied that the

argued

(1)

thirty counts of the banda may have been instituted subsequently to the date of the seal; (2) that a passage in the Trept ra. of Con1
9

LOG.

cit.

70. as if the

But the writer speaks

whole ray pa were present 6 17_2

THE IMPERIAL ADMINISTRATIVE SYSTEM

stantine

55

VII points
tva KOL ol

to the comites being

still

(49416 ),

Ko'jurjre?

Kara

/xiar (rxo\r]v rrjv

assigned each a schola avryv aKoXovOiav \(D(nv.

The
(3)

Ko'jurjrey r<3v

(r^o\(^v are of

spathar rank in Philotheos (735 8 ), of

lower rank in Takt. Usp. 127.

The

functions of the chartularius (spathar,, Phil. 735 17 , lower,

l -

Takt. Usp. 127 leg. 6 x a P TOV ^P ^y 129) must have corresponded, mutatis mutandis, to those of the chartularius of the theme (see above,
fxeyaAot ap^ovTes

He, the topoteretes, and the comites are distinguished as from the lower members of the officium, Cer. 524 19 His rank next, and near to, the roTrorrjprjrTfc, is also illustrated by the
p. 44).
.

position his tent occupied in a

(4)

The domestici
officers

were

camp, Anon. Vari, 6 21 (stratores, Phil. 736 21 candidati, Takt. Usp. 128) under the comites. Cer. 599 4 ol irpcoroi *at btvrfpoi
.

ap-^ovTfs

T>V

o-^oAwz; rjyovv /co^res Kat So/zeartKOt.

Anon. Vari, 6 23

KCLKWV KO/X7/T69 (TVV TOtS UTT* CLVTOVS bojJL(TTLKOLS. If the COniCS COI11manded a bandon of fifty, it may be conjectured the domesticus commanded a subdivision of ten, so that there would be five domestici
under each comes, and 150 domestici in all. (5) The Trpoe^juto? or irpo^os (so Takt. Usp. 129) was of lower than spathar rank. We meet him in the reign of Constantine V described as an avrjp fi^rjp?;? in the Vita S. Stephani iunioris (Migne, P. G. 100, 1169, 1172) he removes Stephen from the prison of the
:

led

Praetorium). The position of his tent in the camp (on an expedition 1 From a comparison by the emperor) is noted in Anon. Vari, 5 6
.

with the officium of the Domesticus Excubitorum we might surmise that he performed the same kind of duties as the protomandator of that officium, and this is confirmed by Cer. 599 n , 18 , where these two
officers

play corresponding parts in the ceremony there described. In early times proximus was the title of the chief in certain bureaux (scrinia), e. g. in the sacra scrinia (memoriae, &c., C. Th. 6. 26. 10),
in the scrinium

ammissionum (Peter

Patr., in Cer.

394

6 Trpwfi/xos

T&V ab^va-iovwv). must suppose that the proximus of the Schools was chief of a scrinium (not mentioned in Not. Dig.), which performed
for the Scholae the

We

same functions that the scriniarii of the magister militum performed for them (Not. Dig. Or. v. 72, 73, &c.). (6) The irpoTiKTopts can hardly be dissociated from the protectores
of the earlier empire.

These guards, who were instituted in the third and the century, Domestici, have been fully studied by Mommsen, 5. 121 Eph. Epig. sqq. They were closely associated and were under the two comites domesticorum (equitum and peditum). In the latter half of the sixth century Menander, the historian, was a protector.
6 df
rrpu>ifjt.os /cat

6 Ko/zrj? TU>V fiovKivoiv (TVV rots /u,ayK\aj3trais efaraxraj/ KT\.

56

PROCEEDINGS OF THE BRITISH ACADEMY

In a Novel of Justinian (158, A. D. 548) mention is made of domestici and protectores, deputed on service in Pontus. 1 In A. D. 559 the protectores are mentioned with the Schools as guarding the walls against the Huns and Slavs (Theoph. 233 18 ). By the eighth century these The irporUTopts under guards and their counts have disappeared. the Domesticus of the Schools point to the conclusion that they were

merged
they

in the Scholarian guards.

(7, 8, 9)

The evr^xo^opoi carried tmvyia (vulgo

668
sqq.,

evrv^ocbopoL) were so called because irrvyjia), images of Fortune or Victory

(?
ii.

70-71, note). Cp. Cer. 576 16 Aonra yjpvva o-Kr/Trrpa. This eoTTjo-ai; Trrv^ia in not Reiske does holding that they were vexilla. passage support Rather they were O-KT/TTT/XZ, staves, with images at the top. See Cer.
(see Reiske,

and

Bieliaev,

ra

'Pcojuai/ca a-Kfjirrpa /cat

/cat

lljg ra re 'Pa)/zaiKa (TKijurpa ra Aeyo/xez>a

(3rj\a, ojxoia)?

Kal ra evrv^La Kal

ra *Tpa crKrJKTpa, -TT/O^S TOVTOLS ra <TKvri T&V irpoTiKTOpwv Kal aivaTOpwv, KOL ra (TKevri T&V bpaKovapioov ; \d(3ovpa re Kal Ka/xTrTjSrjKro/na, /txera Kal

T&V fiavbav.
the
or emblems. 2

The

(TKTJTrrpa

called vela

may have been

the o-K^Trrpa of

o-KTiirrpo4>6poi.

a-Kvr] is

We

used as a general word for all such insignia are not told what the o-Kewj of the protectores

were.

It is probable that the d^KUfxariKot also

had

o-Kev^.

Each

of

the four tagmata had four (the Hik. alone, three) classes of this kind, and they may be placed here side by side. Scholae.

Excubiti.
bpaKovdpioi
(TKVO(f)6pOL

tnvarop^s

Arithmos.

Hikanatoi.

We

may conjecture that the KajUTr^Kro/na (Cer. 11 and 575), whatever they were, 4 may have been the emblems of the a^tco/xartKot. These groups are arranged in strict order of precedence.
1

3
8

7. 4. 27, and Not. Dig. Or. xv. 8 et deputati eorum. Cp. Cer. 64016 -641 3 The text of Philotheos transposes, but in another place (738 2_4 ) he shows the

Cp. C. Th.

true order.
4 In connexion with this, it is relevant, I think, to note the part played by campiductores at the elevations of Leo I and Anastasius (Cer. 411, 423).

THE IMPERIAL ADMINISTRATIVE SYSTEM

The

57

agiapaTiKOL seem to be referred to in Cer. 250, where they are mentioned with the (rutvofyopoi of the Excubiti ; but in 251 23 , 230 22 ,

236 8 , 239 17 the word can hardly have

dignitaries, as generally elsewhere.
(10)

this

narrow sense

it

means

the fjLavbaTops it need only be said that they were a part of the officium of all military chiefs. The place of protomandator seems
to have been taken

Of

by the proximos.
(2) 6 So/Xe'oTlKO?

T&V f^KO

The Excubitores (e/cou/3 tropes' or KOV@LTOI) were a body of palace 1 guards, as the name denotes, organized probably by Leo I. They were under the command of a comes, a post which was held by Justin I at the time of his elevation (Cer. 426, John Mai. 410).

We
first

can trace this

title

down

to A. D. 680. 2

In the eighth century

we

meet the So/ueWtKos T&V KcrKov(3LTa>v instead of the KO/XT/S (Theoph. 438 n , A.D. 765). This was more than a simple change of title. There must have been a general reorganization of the guards (perhaps by Leo III), and the style of the commander of the Excubiti was

commander of the Scholae, the origin of which was discussed above. The high importance of the post in the sixth and seventh centuries is shown by the fact that it was held by
assimilated to the
title

of the

Tiberius, afterwards emperor,

by Philippicus, the brother-in-law of

Maurice, and by such an important person as Priscus (under Maurice and Phocas) and by the fact that a subordinate of the Count had In the patrician rank in A. D. 680 (see below under roTrorTjpTjrrjs).
;

we meet Domestic! Excubitorum who have only rank spathar (Theoph. 438 n , 454 ]8 ). This degradation in rank shows that the old comes was not renamed but abolished, and that the Excubitors were placed under an officer of inferior rank and title. The
eighth

century

policy of

was

most probably ascribe the change, make the guards more dependent on himself by decreasing the But the inferior position of the commanders dignity of their chiefs.
III, to

Leo

whom we may

to

of such important troops did not endure. Their very position raised the title of Domesticus to high honour. In the case of the Schools

we meet

a Domestic

who

is

a patrician in the reign of Constantine

(Theoph. 442. 25). In the case of the Excubiti the rise seems to have been slower. Michael the Amorian was created Patrician and Dom.
appear in the reign of Leo I, John Mai. 371 23 , but we an earlier period, in a letter of St. Nilus (Migne, P. G. 79, Epp. ii. 322) then A.D. 490, Chron. Pasch. 606, cp. 608. 2 Theoph. 272 21 (reign of Maurice), 294 12 (reign of Phocas) Chron. Pasch. 703, sub a. 612 Mansi, xi. 209 (A.D. 680).
1

They

first definitely

meet an Excubitor
;

at

58

PROCEEDINGS OF THE BRITISH ACADEMY

Exc. by Leo
efa-Kou/Siroji; is

V (Gen.

12 16 ).

In the Takt. Usp. the

a patrician, inferior in precedence to all the and to the Prefect of the City l ; in the time of Philotheos he

imme-

diately precedes the Prefect, and both of them are superior to the strategoi of the western themes. He is often called, for brevity, 6
cfKov/3iroy,

according to a
-Trept

common

Byzantine fashion (cp.

.

6 yeinKo's,
2

6 LKavaros), cp. e. g.

ra. 460 13, Cont. Th. 142 1Q

The Excubitors
e^Kov/3tra.
3

are often called as a

body

TO e^Kovpirov

or

TO.

divided into eighteen or more bands. 4 In A. D. 949, according to the official text quoted above, p. 52, the total number of the body, including officers, was 700. Possibly there were

They were

100 officers, and 600 guardsmen. But the organization seems to have been different from that of the Schools. The o-Kpifiovts (see below)
correspond to the
Ko'ju^re?

T&V a"^o\wvy but no

seal,

officers are

mentioned
date, of a
/3(ao-tAtKo>)

corresponding to the So/zeVnKoi.

Schlumberger has published a Domesticus of the Excubitors

In the
list

which he does not

346)
:

(Sig.

7rarpiK(io>)

a(JTra6(apia>) Kal 8o^eo-r(i/ca>) T((DV) fi(a(Ti\t,Ka)v) efKov/3(ira>z>).

(1)

of this officium the

MS.

has falsely the plurals

TOTroTrjprjTai, yapTovXapioi, TTpa^TOfjLavbdropes for the corresponding 5 The topoteretes of the Excubitors first appears in the singulars. Acts of the Sixth Ecum. Council (A. D. 680 : see Mansi, xi. 209), and

curiously has the rank of Patrician TTCLTplKlOV KOL TOTTOTrjprjTOV TOV

(2)
(3)

'

Avaa-Taaiov TOV

vbooTa.Tov OTTO

/CO/^TJTOS

TOV (3a(Tl\LKOV

x a P T0 ^ptos.
In the sixth century
first

a company of imperial at the beginning of the I so far as know, occurs, fifth century in the address of a letter of St. Nilus, OvdXtvTL o-K/n/3am (ii. 204). Agathias (3. 14, p. 171) mentions (A. D. 554) Metrianus, a
guards. The word
scribon, explaining that he was one of T&V a/x$t TO. /ScunOuia bopv^opw. Eustratios ( Vita Eutychii, P. G. 86 A, 2353) describes the persons who were sent to bring Eutychius back to Constantinople (A.D. 574-8)
1
is is

we find o-Kpifi&vts as

In the Acts of the Fourth Council of Constantinople (A. D. 869), Leo dom. exc. mentioned before the Prefect, but after the Logothete of the course ; his rank

not given (Mansi, xvi. 310). Theoph. 491 U , Mansi, xi. 209 TOV jBao-iXiKov egKovpirov. 3 Theoph. 279 ]8 TO 6Aco-/cov/3tra. This plural also meant the quarters of the Excubitors in the palace, as in Cont. Th. 383 3 , &c. * Sabas, Vita loannicii, in AA. 88. Nov. 4 (1894) ad init. loannikios, at the
2

age of 19, in
Kar'

A. D.

773

els rfjv TG>I/ e^oTCoujSiropcoj/

OTpanav

Kal ev /3af5<u oKTOKaiSeKtira)

K\oyr)v

aicpifir)

eVrarrercu.
:

5 But elsewhere the text has the singular correctly 7o9 13 ^aprouXaptos, 737i 9 Trpwro/xai'Sarwp (738i however

734 7

TonoTrjpjjTrjs,
1

735i 9 ,

ot Trpwro/xuySaVopes ,

read

THE IMPERIAL ADMINISTRATIVE SYSTEM

59

as TOVS yevvaioTCLTovs o-Kpifiuvas. Comentiolus, the well-known general of Maurice, had been a o-Kpifiow, and Theophylactus Simocatta explains it to mean one of the emperor's o-cojuaro^uAaKes (see 1.4, 7 ; also
7. 3, 8). Bonosus whom Phocas made comes orientis (Theoph. 296 22) had been a scribon (Theoph. Sim. 8, 9, 10), as also Theodore, who was Patriarch of Alexandria at beginning of seventh century (List of Patriarchs at end of Nicephorus, Chron. 129). Schlumberger (Sig. which he ascribes to the a seal has Sre^dvov o-Kpipovos 361) published sixth or seventh century, and Panchenko another of the same period ('ladvvov a-., xiii. 148). These data point to the existence of a taxis of scribones, perhaps connected with the Excubitors, and supplying officers to that body. Even in later times we find vKpi(3a>vs taking in ceremonies part separately from the rest of the Excubiton. Thus Cer. 81 20 Ka^8t8arot 8e /cat (TKpi(3ovs /cat /ucu>8aTopes /3a<rtAtKot, 99 6 ol 8e /caz/5t5drot /cat ^avbdropes, axravrws /cat ot 0-/cpi'/3a>i/e?, 99 26 <TKpC(3a)V$ /cat These crKpifiwves can hardly fjiavbdropes /Sao-rafoz/re? ra fttpyia CLVT&V. be the regular officers of the divisions of the Excubiton (cp. 99 13), but they may have been under the control of the Dom. Exc. The candidati and mandatores associated with them were under the protospatharios r&v /3ao-iAt/c<3i>, and were at the emperor's disposal for special service. The scribones seem to have been employed in the same way. Scribones were regularly attached to the regiments of the 1 themes, as deputati to remove and look after the wounded in battle. They had the rank of stratores, Phil. 736 20 The ceremony of creating a scribon was performed in the hall of the Excubiti (Cer. 130-1), and is described along with that of a KG/XT;? rS>v a-\o\^v (132).
.

In the ceremony described in Cer.

part to that of the
(4)
/co/iTjres.

ii.

16 (599 16 ) they play a similar

The

TrptoTopavbdraip

(see above).

His rank was low

corresponded to the proximus of the Schools Both he and the scri(Phil. 73719 ).

bones are omitted in Takt. Usp.

(5) The SpaKovdpioi, seem to correspond on one hand with the domestic! of the Schools (see Cer. 599 15 , where they are associated with the scribones, as the domestici are associated with the comites),

but in rank they were lower, being inferior to the Tjyxm/cropes (Phil.

737 19 ), to

whom
The

they also seem to correspond, as bearers of insignia

in

the Excubiton corresponded to the eutychophoroi in the Schools (Phil. 737 23 ), the viyvofyopoi. to the
(6, 7, 8)
<r/ceuo$o'pot

Leo, Tact.

4.

15 SeTroraTot
s. v.

(sic leg.

pro

Seo-TroraVoi).

Cp.

ib. 4. 6.

Cp. Ducange,

60

PROCEEDINGS OF THE BRITISH ACADEMY

(i.

skeptrophoroi (Phil. 73^), the cm-aT-opf? matikoi (Phil. 738 3 ). See above, p. 56.
(9)

e.

signatores) to the axio-

navbdropts.

not mentioned here

Aeyaraptoi r&v

There were also Aeyara'piot in the Excubiton, though but see Phil. 738 10 ot (jiavbdTopes (see above) KOL ;

^KO
(3) 6 bpovyyapios TOV apid/jiov.

The
and
7}

third
3

tagma had two

(77

designations,, 6 dptfyio's
4
.

(also ot ap

(3iy\a

(Baa-iXiKr] /3tyAa)

The

earliest bpovyyapLos rrjs

mentioned in our sources seems to be Alexius (of spathar rank) in A.D. 791 (Theoph. 466 4 ). The designation /3tyA.a is more frequent than
apiOfjios in

the sources, and appears on two seals of drungarioi pub-

lished

5 The fiiyXa (vigiliae) and its commandant by Schlumberger. had special duties, which differentiated it from the other tagmata and are indicated by the name. On Imperial expeditions they had sentinel duty to perform, and the drungarios was responsible for the safety of the camp and received and conveyed ttue orders of the emperor (see the

The exceptional position of the drungarios is also reflected in the ceremony in the Hippodrome in Cer. 598-9, cp. 605 20 7 He had also duties connected with 8 prisoners of war, see Cer. 614 18 , Cont. Th. 303.
section
Trepi KepKe'reoz;

in Trepi raf.,

481

sqq.).

From

(1) their duties,

from

(2) the double

name

of the tagma,

and

(3) the title of the commander, it may be inferred that the fityXa existed before the tagmata were reorganized on a symmetrical plan. If it had only been instituted when the Scholae and Excubitors were

reorganized, the

Domesticus.

Now

commander would almost certainly have been entitled there is some evidence which suggests that the

In apiBfjios descends from a body which existed in the sixth century. the barbarian invasion of A. D. 559, the scholae, the protectores, KGU ot t, and all the senate, were set to defend the Theodosian Wall
1

c. g.

3 6

Phil.
Sig.

2 Takt. Usp. 115, 119. 715 10 , 718 6 Cer. 611 12 , &c. 4 &c. 713 23 , 728 Theoph. 491 see next note. 340-1 (1) Aerto) /3a0-iXiKo> Trpwroo-Tradapia) /ecu Spoy-yapia) rr)s fiiy\Tjs,

Phil.

(2)

Aeoi/ri /3acriAt/c(a>) <T7ra6api(<t>) KOI fipouyyapt(co) -n/fs ]

1

Both may be of the ninth century. the same as the patrician who was strategos of the East and in charge of Amorion when it was destroyed by Mamun (A. D. 838,, not, as Schl. says, A. D. 846). 6 The drungarios was one of the ministers who had the duty and privilege
of attending the emperor in his private yacht, De adm. imp. 234. 7 Cp. also Cer. 546 5 01 rot) ap. where the other tagmata are not associated. 8 Leo, 6 Ka^ovfievos KaraKaXos-, wbo was rfjs /3. dpovyydpios under Basil I (Niketas, Vit. Ign. , Mansi xvi. 288), seems to be the same as Katakalon who was dom. schol. under Leo VI. Others who held the post in tbe ninth century are

$eo0u(\aKTov) (3a(ri\iKr)s @[iy\rj]s. Schlumberger suggests that Aetios may be

Petronas, Coiistantine Maniakes and Joannes (George MOD.

842).

793, 822, 835,

THE IMPERIAL ADMINISTRATIVE SYSTEM

(Theoph. 233 18 ).
scholarians.
If

61

apiO^oi are clearly residential troops like the* observe that the dpifyxo? appears in the plural, T&V apid^&v, in Takt. Usp. (loc. cit.}, there is evidently a case for the The dptfyxot mentioned connexion of the later with the earlier body.

The

we

540 by Theophanes, who records that Bulgarian captives KCLTeTayrjaav, in Armenia tv rot? vovptpLOLs dptfyxoty (219 16 ), are numeti in the wide sense of the word, but there is some corruption in the phrase, and De Boor may be right in his conjecture kv rot? vov/ue/ootj (d/nfyxots being a gloss). Numeri meant generally the regiments, &c., of
in A. D.
1 army (cp. in numeris militant, frequent in the Not. Dig.). d/nfyxoy a translation of numerus, but was used (as numerus also) in a more restricted sense of certain troops stationed in the capital. It is tempt-

the

is

'ing to connect their origin with a regiment instituted by Arcadius. John Malalas, who has devoted only half a dozen lines to that em-

peror's reign, singles out for mention the institution of the Arcadiaci

These are, KCU Ibiov apiOpov oi>s ?KctA.rc9 'ApKabiaKovs. a vexillatio to be identified with the Comites Arcadiaci, doubtless,
(349 5 )
eTrotrjo-e

under the general command of the mag. mil. per Thracias There were two other associated vexilla(Not. Dig. Or. viii. 25). tiones palatinae, the Comites Honoriaci and the Equites Theodosiaci
palatina,

established evidently about the same time. conthat as from the vex. these troops, distinguished pal. under jecture the two magg. mil. in praesenti, had special garrison duties in the
iuniores
(ib.),

My

is

capital

and came to be designated as ot apid/xoi. I put it forward merely as a guess, founded on the probability that the special mention of the Arcadiaci by Malalas points to their having an exceptional
which Schlumberger
(Siff.

position, as well as the title comites. The title of bpovyydpios occurs on a seal

336) attributes to the sixth century

yapiov (sic).

Ev[ye]z>ia> aTroTrap\(*)v KCU

bpovy-

He plausibly identifies Eugenios with Evy. 6 OTTO titapyvv mentioned by Theophanes, A.D. 560 (235J. Now the Emperor in of his letter of which the text is given in the D. A. Heraclius, 628,
contemporary Chron. Pasch.
Siroes
(p.

731) relates that he sent to conduct

rbv
BapcroKa KOL It seems possible that
firiKXrjv

'HAiW

TOV

fvbo^oraTov

<jrpaTr]X6.TT]v

eo'Sorov roi; /u,yaAo7rpe7reo"rarou bpovyyapiov.

Theodotus was commander of the

dpifyiot,

and

if

so

it

would be natural

to suppose that Eugenios held the same post. But we have no material for a conclusion. do not know at what date bpovyyos, which

We

2 originally had a tactical meaning (=globus) , came to be used for 1 This is so familiar that it requires no illustration. Cp. C. I. 12. 35. 14. 2 In the sixth century [(Maurice), Strat.] it had a general meaning, and could be applied either to the polpa or the /-lepos (=3 polpat) or to other groups. Cp.

Kulakovski, Druny

drungarn,

6.

62

PROCEEDINGS OF THE BRITISH ACADEMY

officers

a definite subdivision of the army, or whether in A. D. 628 all the commanding subdivisions (/xot/cxu) of a particular size would

have been known as drungarioi. (1) Here, as in all the domesticates (except the Schools), the MS. has the false reading roTrorrjprjrai for TOTrorrjprjnjs (cp. Phil. 746 18 , 7349 ).

See Cer. 82 16
(2)

The x aP TOV ^<*P

Phil.

s>

rank,

737 7 , Takt. Usp. 129.

tne chief of the office, was below spathar seal of Nikolaos /3ao-iAiKo?

(nraOapoKavbioaTos KOL yapTvXdpios TOV apiB^ov (ninth or tenth century)

has been published by Panchenko date later than Philotheos.

(viii.

246)

the rank suggests a

(3) The aitoXovOos (Phil. 737 19 ) corresponds to the proximus of He is the Schools, and to the protomandator of the Excubiton.

He is omitted in mentioned in Ceremonies in Cer. 523 U , 442 6 no doubt Phil. 746 18 , where we should expect to find him In of the chief of later times title anoXovOos was the accidentally.
.

the Varangian guard.

(4, 5)

The

KOjuqre? of the

Ko/xryre? correspond in position in the officium to the Schools and the scribones of the Excubiton (Cer. 49420 ).
;

In Cer. 599 they and the KeVapxo? accompany the topoteretes Phil. 753^, 772 2 , they are also bracketed with the KtvrapxoL.
Takt. Usp. 129 6
KOJUTJS

in

In

In Cer. TOV apiB^ov is an error for ot Ko'/xTjrej. means TOV Ko'/ATjrej (not apiB^ov) afia)/u,ariKoi the af. of the Schools, but) the officials of the apiOpos superior in rank to the Ko'/utrjre?. These officers, like the Ko/zryres of the Theme,

230 22

(ol dfto>juariKol KOL

evidently commanded the banda of the Arithmos, and the divisions It of the bandon were commanded, as in the Theme, by K.tvTap\oi. is strange that in the list of precedence in Phil. 737 16 the /ceWa/>xot

superior

should have the rank of stratores, and the Akoluthos, to the KO'/XT/TCS in the officium, should have

who was
a

lower

rank (737 19 ).
(6, 7, 8, 9)

The fiavbo^opoi,

Aa/3ovpiVioi, on^eto^opoi,

and

bovKLvidropts

correspond (Phil. 737 22 -7384 ) to the drakonarioi, skeuophoroi, signoAa/3ap^(noL are phoroi, and sinatores of the Excubiton respectively.

mentioned in the sixth century (Peter Patr., Cer. 4044 ), when they seem to have been under the magister officiorum.
(10) The jutai;8arope9 appear Cer. 5789 /mera a-naQiuv Kat o-Kovra/nW. There were also Aeyara/noi (Phil. 738 U ), o-Kouraptoi 1 (Cer. 2369 ), i and Starpe'xopres (Phil. 746 20 ) attached to the Arithmos.

Pseudo-Symeon (719 17 ) has /ze'xP 1 rwi/ o-/courapicoj/, evidently a mistake for ft-Kov&irw, see the corresponding passage in George Mon. (ed. Bonn.) 875 2l
(ed.

Muralt,

p. 800),

Leo Gramm. 289 23

THE IMPERIAL ADMINISTRATIVE SYSTEM

(4)

63

6 8ojHe'0TtKOS
is

T&V

IKCLVCLTtoV.
till

The tagma
Nicephorus
I.

of the Hikanatoi
it

not mentioned in our sources

first

the ninth century, and

was said to have been

organized by

authority for this is a passage in the Vita Ignatii, ascribed to Niketas the Paphlagonian (in Mansi, xvi. 213)
:

Our

8e 7ipcoroi>

fJitv

Se/caer?] Trdirirov

Tvy^dvovTa

run? Aeyojue^coi' iKaz>ar&)i> Trapa

<acrl TOV
KdTacrTTJvaL.

Trpo/3e/3A.rj(T0ai,

6Y

ov tKelvo TO Trpay/ia

Nicephorus created his grandson Nicetas the Patriarch (afterwards Ignatius), domesticus of the Hikanatoi at the ten of on whose account that body (for -Trpay/xa read age years,
is,

That

The biographer does not commit ray/za) was first instituted. himself to either statement; he records both the appointment of Nicetas l and the institution of the tagma as resting on report ($ao-i).
It

would therefore be rash

is

Hikanatoi

certain.

to say that this date for the origin of the Schlumberger has published two seals (Siy.

2 351) which might belong to the eighth century, but he has not demonstrated that they could not belong to the ninth ; the chronology of the types is not at all clearly enough defined to justify his

observation

that the

type

of

these

seals

'vient

dementir

cette

hypothese' (namely, of the origin under Nicephorus I). very large number of seals which he has published he ascribes to the
6

eighth or ninth century

without being able to define the date more

precisely.

The Domestic of the Hikanatoi appears in Takt. Usp., with the rank of protospatharios (119). 3 In the Arabic list of Kudama
which, as we saw, represents roughly the same period as Takt. Usp. the fourth body of cavalry guarding the capital are termed fidaratiyin.
4 Uspenski holds that the Hikanatoi are meant, and apparently But it is clear that the suggests that the text should be amended.

writer

meant to say $ot6"eparoi. Now, as Gelzer points out, a body of <oi8eparot is mentioned in our sources as existing in the early years of the ninth century. Leo the Armenian (afterwards Leo V) was rewarded by Nicephorus I, for abandoning the cause of Bardanes, by
the post of

commander

of the ^cuSeparoi (Gen. 10 12

in A.D. 803.

Cont. Th. 9 18 ).

The
1 2

revolt of

Bardanes was
is

Gelzer does not notice that

.

This statement

borne out by Cont. Th. 205

/3(ao-iAuca>) a' (nr[a6]apia) <ai So/xe(rrifc(o)) ro)V [i]Kni>ar (a>v),

and

[.

.]

KOI

T(O>V)

[iKava\Ta>(v).

Is it possible that the first of these

might be

who was Dom. Hik. under Basil I (George Mon. 847i 6 ) ? Orestes, dom. T>V IK., present at the Council of Constantinople A.D. 869, was a protospathar, Mansi, xvi. 309.
loannes Krokoas
3
4

See above,

p. 48.

64

PROCEEDINGS OF THE BRITISH ACADEMY

ten years later, after the accession of Leo, A.D. 813, Thomas was made a captain of the (oi8eparoi Gen. 12 14 Tovp^apyjqv els <pot8eparou? TTo-Tr)crev, and he seems to have held this post at the time of Leo's
:

death (Cont. Th.

5.2).

Then,

in

Takt. Usp., we find

among

the

1 In view of this evidence spatharii (123) ot Tovppapyai T&V (pi/Sepeirooi;. we cannot hesitate to connect the foederati of Kudama with these

(/xndeparoi

who existed under that name as

late, at least, as

A.D.

81314.

possibility then might be entertained that the Hikanatoi are the foederati under a new name, and that Kudama's authority (AlGarmi) used an old notitia in which they were called by the old

The

Such a view, I think, must be rejected. For in the first there is no evidence whatever that the Hikanatoi were foreigners, place, as the $oi8eparoi certainly were. In the second place, as our only evidence for the origin of the Hikanatoi refers their creation to the
name.
reign of Nicephorus I, and as <oi8epcroi still existed three years after his death, a conversion of the one body into the other is excluded.

And that the

Thomas

<ot8eparoi in A.D. the Hikanatoi is proved by the

813-14 were
title
'

differently organized from turmarch of the foederati ' which

;

bore,

and which
I

is

guaranteed by the Takt. Usp.

the

Hikanatoi had no turmarchs.

In the reigns of Basil

service of the

Empire

find the foreign soldiers in the the as ercupeuu, under the ercupetapxai organized

and Leo VI we

or eraipeiapxrj? (in connexion with which post they will be considered below, p. 106). may therefore safely identify the $oi8eparot of

We

Kudama and the Takt. Usp. with the later craipetat, and conclude It is possible that the Hikanatoi are not mentioned by Kudama. that Al-Garmi used a notitia which was anterior to the creation of
the Hikanatoi.

The corps of Hikanatoi seems to be called 6 iKavaros in Trept raf. 484 15 (cp. TOV IKCLVCLTOV Cont. Th. 389 5 ) one would rather expect r6 LKavdrov, for 6 iKararos usually means the Domestic (Trept raf. 460 13 , 489 6 Cer. 598 19 ). The number of the Hikanatoi in the official document of A.D. 949 (Cer. 666 13 ) is given as 456, including officers (possibly eight banda of fifty men, and fifty-six officers).
:
1

All the

officials

of the

below spathar rank. The with that of the Arithmos, except that a protomandator corresponds to the akoluthos, and he is placed after, instead of before, the In Phil. 738 12 the mandatores are omitted accidentally.
1
2

Hikanatoi, except the topoteretes, are officium, as observed above, is identical

corruption appears in the MS. of Genesios, 10 12 , 12 14 a spathar in Takt. Usp. 124, where for ot r-ai read 6 Takt. Usp. 129 6 KO^S TWV IK., read 01

The same

He

is

THE IMPERIAL ADMINISTRATIVE SYSTEM

(5)
Iii

65

0/j(,'oTUOJ

T&V

mentioned as such

our literary sources, the troops known as TO. vovy.*pa are first It is at least in Takt. Usp. 119 and Kudama.

generally agreed (so Gelzer and Uspenski) that De Goeje's emendation of mwnrh to nwmrh numera, in Kudama^s text, is certain.

The importance

of this text

is

that

it

describes the

Numeri

as a

body

of infantry. 1 The Numeri and their Domestic are mentioned in other texts relating to the reign of Michael Nicetas, Vit. Jgnat.
:

Dom. Num.) 2 ; Cont. Th. apud Mansi, xvi. 233 (Leo Lalakon 3 17o 18 , 20 Both these passages mention the Numera, a barracks in the which was used as a prison (like the Chalke), and is frequently palace
.

referred to in the

Book of Ceremonies (cp. also Cont. Th. 430 16 ). The Domestic is often called, more Byzantine, 6 ixw/xepos (Cont. Th. 175 18 , Cer. 293 16 wepl raf 460 14 ).
,
.

We

seems to be

have, however, a piece of evidence for the Numeri which older, in the form of a seal which Schlumberger ascribes
:

to the seventh or eighth century 4 KCU bpovvyapito [ro]u

poujjuepov].

Nq/cTj^opeo /3(ao-iAiKo>) Kavbibarfo)

is here called by a' vov^pov and the officer is a drungarios. Now there were no drungarioi under the Domestic of the ninth century, and it is permissible to infer that in older times the commander bore the

The corps

collective singular TO

title

of Drungarios. The titles of some of the subordinate officers to a that these troops were not a comparatively new prove certainty

institution like the Hikanatoi.

The

survival of the

names

rpifiovvoi

a guarantee of antiquity (cp. also Troprdptot). Now fiiKcipLOL in the sixth-century document (probably from the Karaorao-is of

and

is

Peter the Patrician) describing the accession of Justin I, we have the following passage ^jjAoxrez; 8e /cat 6 rrjs Otias Arjfecoy 'lovo-rtro?
:

rot? orparitorcuy KCU rpifiovvois

(sic)

/ecu (3iKapiot.s cuTavTrjcrai.

KCU TOVS Trpcorov?

r&v

ef/cou/3tropco^ (Cer.

426).

Justin

was Comes Excubitorum.

This suggests that the tribuni and vicarii were officers of a numerus, which then was subordinate to the comes excubitorum, and from which
the later

tagma

of the

Numeri descends.

It

may

have been under

a drungarios in the seventh century, and perhaps still subordinate to the comes excubitorum : it was probably organized under a Domestic
1 Kudama says that it was 4,000 strong. But we have seen that we can attach no weight to these numbers. 2 Cp. Pseudo-Symeon 668 12 3 The Domesticus is mentioned in Cer. 109 n in a ceremony of which the description probably dates from the reign of Michael III.
.

Sig.

355.

Schlumberger confuses

(after

Reiske) the

Numeri with the

Arithmos.

66

PROCEEDINGS OF THE BRITISH ACADEMY

Observe that the Drungarios had only the In Takt. Usp. the Domestic is a protofirst

in the eighth century.

rank of a candidatus.

spathar (119). It is obvious that the

three items

in

TOTnmjprjTTJ?, (2) xaprovAaptoj, (3) rpifiovvoi,

and

the ofncium are (1) this correction of the

text

is

demonstrated by another passage in Philotheos (753 X ), rovs bvo KOL \CLpTOV\CLpLOVS T&V VOVfJifptoV KCLL T6l)(ea)Z>, TplfioVVOVS,
&C. 1

while (5) ftLKapioi

In 737 12 the tribuni precede the chartularius ; and may be stratores (737 17 ), the (4) irptoTonavbaTup is of
.

lower rank (738 8 ). The tribuni 2 and vicarii are commonly mentioned The tribuni together, Phil. 789 21 , Cer. 293 17 , 294 12 , U9 295 22
evidently correspond to the Ko/x^res of the other tagmata, the vicarii to the K^vrap^oi,. In the Procheiron, xi. 20, p. 21, we read TOI/S-

As Phil. \apTov\apLovs KCU XrjyaTapiovs KCU Tpifiovvovs TOV apiQ^ov. mentions no tribunes in the Arithmos, apiQ^ov is probably an error
for

The occurrence of Atyara/not here makes it probable vovfjitpov. that the Aeyarapioi mentioned immediately after the /3i*apioi in Phil.
753 2 were
\ey. T&V
OvpcapoL
(6) 6 6ojoicrrtK09

vovpepw

Kal

T&V retx^^

(6) juavdaropej.

(7)

r&v
as such, the

Although

entitled a Domestic,

and counted

Domestic

of the Optimati held the position of a strategos, as governor of a geographical circumscription, the 0e'jua T&V O7rrtjuara>^, and resided at

Nicomedia.
strategos, as

But these commanders occasionally adopted the

on a
(Sig. 244)
:

title

of

seal (not later than ninth century) published

/3(ao-tA.iKco) o-Ty^arrjya))
/cat

by
TOV

Schlumberger
O7m/xar(a>y).

8oju,(eo-rtK6o)

Their order of rank, considerably below that of all the strategoi, corresponds to the inferiority of the optimatoi as a branch of the army. 3 The observations of Constantine Porphyrogennetos
1 Takt. Usp. 124 (under the spatharioi) of TOTT. TO>V vovp. Phil, enumerates the items of the officium as six (so also in the case of the K6p.rjs T. rei^.) ; they are

really seven.
S. Mauricii num. 3 Tpi&ovvo? can find no trace of this document. It But the passage is irrelevant ; is not mentioned in his Index Auctorum. vovpepos is used in its wide sense. 3 The treatise Trept ra. furnishes information as to duties, connected with the
2

Ducange, sub

rpiftovvos,

cites

Martyrium
I

^pr)fia.Ticrfv cTrio^/iordrou j/ou/uepou.

baggage mules, to which Optimati were deputed, during imperial progresses through Asia Minor (476, 477, 487). But in the sixth century the Optimati had a privileged position, belonging to the select troops (eViXeKTa), among which they acted as a reserve. They were under a taxiarch. See (Maurice) Strat. i. 3, 28, cp. Aussaresses, op. cit. 16, who thinks they may have been about 2,000
strong.

THE IMPERIAL ADMINISTRATIVE SYSTEM

(

67

&c.

Them. 26) show how they were looked down upon by the scholarians, They were exclusively infantry, and Ibn Khurdadhbah says

that they

numbered 4,000

The Optimati were not

loc. cit.),

(Gelzer, 18). divided into

turms or drungoi (Them.,

and so there was no turmarch or drungary in the officium His officium was similar to that of the other Domestics, though he seems to have had no protomandator ; on the other hand, like the strategoi, he had a protocancellarius. The and the are enumerated the Phil. KO'/^TCS strators, chartulary among
of the Domestic.

In

Trept

raf.

477 12

15

we

find 5ta TOV

KO'JUTJTO?

T&V

O7m/x<ra)i>.

The

question therefore arises whether for

(7) 6
Kofjirjs

fco/mqre? in Philotheos is a mistake

T&V

reiyjitov.

This dignitary

is

called

by Philotheos

6 bo^a-rtKos

T&V retxeW twice

(715 22 , 772 12 ), but elsewhere KOJLHJS (714 2 , 728 4 , 731 21 , 752 20 ), which was evidently the official title. So Takt. Uspenski 119, Cer. 6 7 . He was also called briefly 6 -retxecorr/s, Cont. Th. 175, 398, Cer. 295 21,
7Tpl Taf.

460 14
is

The post

mentioned by Genesios
I.

(5),

the reign of Michael

But

it is

of

much

where the reference is to older date. In A. D.

718-19 we meet an
Patr.
1

(Theoph. 401, TZIX&V Niceph. question arises whether the Tei'xrj, with the care and defence of which he was charged, are the walls of the city, or the
56;,).

apx<*>v TOV Ttiyiov

The

The title would apply to either, though we might expect ^ctKpaw, but the singular TO reixtov, which comes no doubt from the common source of Theophanes and

Long Wall

of Anastasius.

in the latter case

The Long Wall was

(cp.

Nicephorus, would apply to the Long Wall, but not to the city walls. called both TO /xa*poz> Tet^os and TO. fxa/cpa Tet'xTj

De

Boor, Index to Theoph., p. 655).

The

walls of the city were

plural (including the T. 0eo8o<riaKoV or ^pa-alov and the TCI'XTJ irapaXta). Other considerations also point to the connexion of the KO/UU}? T. TeixeW with the Long Wall.

Among the troops stationed in the capital, include those of the Count of the Walls. But
he designates,

Kudama
among

does not

the themes,

district, including Constantinople, and extending to a wall, two days' march from Masudi in a parallel passage Constantinople (De Goeje 77).

under the name

of

Tafla,

(Gelzer, 86)
1

names the wall Makrun

Tihos.

Gelzer cites a passage

Anastasius has in his version of Theophanes comitem Titichei (ed. de Boor,

259).

52

68

PROCEEDINGS OF THE BRITISH ACADEMY

from the Acta of S. Demetrius (seventh century) to show that rtx<>? was used to denote the whole district between the Long Wall and Constantinople. 1 But he is undoubtedly wrong in his theory that both the military and civil administration of this district were in the hands of the Prefect of the City until the reign of Leo VI. For this there is no evidence. Uspenski has suggested that Kudama's
2 province of Tafla should be connected with the KO'JUUJ? r&v ret^coj'. But neither Uspenski nor Gelzer have noticed the important texts in

the laws of Justinian bearing on the subject.

In Nov. 16

(p.

114)

we meet an

official

named

6 /3iKa/nos TOV

Maxpov TCI^OVS (March A.D.

In Nov. 25 (published a couple of months later) we learn that 535). there were two /StKaptoi TOV JJL. T., one military, the other civil (p. 170).
Justinian, by this ordinance, combines the two offices in one, and paKTjs gives to the new governor the title of -rrpamop 'lovoriznauo? errt
(p. 171).

These texts permit us

to infer that the district

between

Long Wall and the capital had been segregated as a special circumscription by Anastasius when he built the Wall. The civil and
the
military governors whom he set over it were vicarii respectively of the Praet. Prefect of the East and the Mag. Mil. per Thracias. may

We

it, then, that the ap^cov TOV TCL^OV descends from the Justinianean praetor, who would certainly have been a comes primi ordinis. Though

take

Kudamais wrong in
the Themes, he
is

right in designating

co-ordinating the province of the Long Wall with it as a district distinct from

Thrace. 3

De Goeje's view (accepted by Gelzer) that Tafla should be It is to be corrected to Tafra 17 ra^poy is not very convincing.

noted that the Wall of Anastasius had no ditch. 4

We
Dom.

have no evidence to show whether the Count of the

W alls
r

It retained the civil powers entrusted to the praetor Justinianus. the is not inconceivable, for another of the of Domestics, group

of the Optimati,

had

civil

province.
spatharios.

In Takt.

Usp.

the Count of

powers, like the strategoi, in his the Walls is a proto-

The omcium T&V

vovfj,p(tiv,

Ttiyjiu>v

was modelled

precisely

on the officium

or vice versa.

Tei\ovs.
TT/S
2

SS. Oct. 8, iv. 179 C en p.r)V KOI GpaKTjs KCU TOV irpos Ev(avriov MaKpnv See also Theoph. 455 12 where, as Gelzer says (88), eV rols /ua/cpols re/^eo-t QpaKrjf means the district.
Op.
tit.

A A.

181.
texts seem to me to dispose of the doubts of Vasil'ev (in work, Viz. Vrem. 10, 201 (1903)), as to the existence of the
Instituts, 16,

The Justinianean

his review of Gelzer's

circumscription.
4

Cp. Schuchhardt, in the Jahrbuch des deutschen arch.

107

sqq.,

1901.

THE IMPERIAL ADMINISTRATIVE SYSTEM

III.
(1)

69

KpiraL

6 e7T<>p)(OS T7JS TToAeO)?.

Prefect of the City 1 is one of the few high officials of the Empire who retained both his name and, for the most part, his functions

The

unchanged throughout successive ages. In the capital his authority was supreme, next to the Emperor's. 2 His functions were both

He was the head of the police adminisand was responsible for preserving order in the City ; and all the trades were organized in colleges under his control. Cp. the which is supposed to date Bi/3Aioz> (see Bibliography), 'Enapxi-Kov from the reign of Leo VI. For his judicial functions see Zacharia His official quarters were von Lingenthal, Griech.-rom. Recht 366. the Praetorium (in the Mese, between the Augusteum and the Forum
administrative and judicial.
tration

'

of Constantine),

where was the chief prison of the

city.

In Takt. Usp. (115) the Prefect ranks after all the strategoi and immediately before the Domestic of the Excubitors. In Philotheos
the strategoi of the western Themes, but on the other hand the Domestic of the Excubitors is placed immediately before him. This change in precedence was
his place is higher.

He

ranks above

all

probably due to Basil

investiture
rr/s TToAea)?

or

Leo VI.
i.

The ceremony

of the Prefect's

is

described in Cer.

52.

He was

officially

termed

irarr/p

Cont. Th. 461), and his the few which could not be held by a eunuch.
(ib.

264 12 528 2
,

office

was one

of

It has

been held by Zacharia

(op. cit.

365) that on the abolition

of the Praetorian Prefect

some

of that minister's functions were

Zacharia puts it much too transferred to the Prefect of the City. ' when he that die letztere Dignitat [Praef. Praet.] in strongly says mit Zeit der ersteren damaliger [Praef. Urbi] verschmolzen war/

The

fact that both offices are treated together in Bas. vi.

this.
xi.

4 does not

prove

The only evidence we have is Epan. 9, where the 7rapxos is named as a judge of appeal; but it is not quite clear from this that appeals from provincial courts could come before his court,
and the comparison of Bas.
prove
It
1

ix. 2. 7, to

which Zacharia
4

refers,

does not

it.

The

question must be

left

open.
office

seems probable, however, that another

was transferred

to

Philotheos
2
:{

first list of cTrapxos in the lawbooks, in the 'E-rrapxiicbv Rij3\iov, and in. the Takt. in and in Philotheos elsewhere ; Usp. vnapx^s

Cp. Epan. iv. 11. Cp. Chron. Pusch. ad ann. 532.

is

The

principal

modern study of the functions

It is

of the Prefect

Uspeuski's KonstanHnopoP sldi Eparkh (see Bibliography).

probably he who is designated by Ibn Khurdadhbah as Great Judge (p. 84). 4 Uspenski accepts Zachariu's view without discussion, op. cit., 80, cp. 88.

70

PROCEEDINGS OF THE BRITISH ACADEMY

the Prefect of the City. Justinian (A.D. 535) abolished the old Praefectus vigilum or vvKTCTrapxos, who was subordinate to the Praef.
1 Urbis, and instituted instead the Praetor plebis or irpaiYcop 8rj/xcoi> (Nov. 38) who had a court, an assessor, twenty soldiers, and thirty 3 firemen (^ar/oiKa/not) 2 under him (ib. One of his most e').

important duties was to put out fires. This Novel is reproduced in Bas. vi. 5, and Zacharia (op. cit. 372) infers that the office existed in the ninth century, notwithstanding the fact that it is not mentioned
in the
4 But the silence of the Taktikoii Epanagoge, or the Peira. and Philotheos seems to be decisive against this supposition. Uspenski It is not conceivable that such an important official could have been

passed over in these notitiae if he had existed ; and there is no reference to him in the Ceremonial Book of Constantine. must infer that

We

the Basilica has, like so many in that compilation, only antiquarian significance; that the praetor plebis and his court had been abolished, and that his duties devolved upon the Prefect and his
title in

the

officium.

The o-vfji-novos and the AoyofleY?/? TOV -npair^piov were co-equal rank (Cer. 274 3 ). In Takt. Usp. 127-8 they precede the chartularii of the military themes and domesticates, but are below spathar rank.
(1, 2)

in

In Phil. 735 10 they are included among the possible spathars. They The proappear together at court ceremonials 750 4 , 752 4 , 772 14
.

cedure of their investiture

is

described in Cer.

i.

c.

57.

Both

officials
.

are described as O-V^TTOVOL in Cont. Th. 470.

Cp. also Cer. 13 6

The
1

title

(rvpTtovos is

equated with assessor in the Glosses to the

of praetores plebis in the plural. But it also Only one praetor seems to be contemplated.

*"*

The Novel speaks throughout

refers to vvKTenapxoi in the plural.

See Procopius, H. A. 20, p. 125 npaiTapa drjpav. 1336.

2

Cp. Zacharia, op.

cit.,

372, n.

This seems to be the meaning of parpiKaptoi, cp. Ducange, s. v. Fire-engines are mentioned in the older Vita Theodori Stud. (Migne, 99, 312), rfjv TO>V <r
Cp. also Nov. 98, p. 10. Zacharia refers to the fact that the office is mentioned by Codinus, De off., He also refers to Cantap. 60, but the list of Codinus is full of obsolete titles. cuzenus, iv. 9, p. 53 Siyrjpbv TOV Trpaircopa 8r fj,ov (selected as an envoy to the Pope). I suspect that the office which Leo Sigeros held was that of Prefect of the City.
4
t

Diaconus, there can be little doubt, used npairap in this sense, 65 6 , 95 22 latter passage runs rais pcyurrais rrjs TroXireias ap^ai? oiKelovs avftpas dT
7rpaiVa>pa

The

There was no

KQI roC TrXcot'juou dpovyydpiov rrjs re fBly\r)s KCU ov KaAovcri distinct great officer entitled wKTfTrapxos. must

We

read

rfjs

re (SiyXrjs ov Ka\ovat vvKTeirapxov,

'

the drungarios of the Vigla

who

is

known

as

vvKTeirapxos', viz. emperor's tent.

on account of his sentinel duties in keeping watch over the

THE IMPERIAL ADMINISTRATIVE SYSTEM

71

It seems impossible to identify this official with any of Basilica. the subordinates of the Praefectus Urbis, who appear in Not. Dig. Occ. may conjecture that he was the successor of the consiliarius

We

or adsessor of the Prefect, who is found in a constitution of Theodosius II A.D. 444 (C. I. i. 51. 11), f non parum adsessoribus

magistratuum maiorum ideoque consiliarios virorum illustrium praefectorum tarn praetorio quam huius inclitae urbis/ &c. This may perhaps be borne out by a constitution of Zeno, in which such
. . .

coadjutors (consiliarii, adsessores) are described by the term Bas. 6. 1. 71) , though it is possible that (C. I. i. 51. 13

may have been substituted for some other word by the compilers of the Basilica. We learn something about one branch of his duties
from the
in
^irap-^LKov /3i/3Aiov,

overseeing
xviii.

where he appears as acting for the Prefect the guilds of the Acoporo/xot, apToiroioi and KaTnyAot.
irpocrtpyjicrOtocrav
TTJJJ

Thus

rw

Trap^(a),

tva bia TOV CTV^TTOVOV oi

2, xix.
1.

(TTaOfjiol

T&V
is

aprcav irpos

efcoz/rjo-iy

yivtovrai, also xiv.

90) in supposing that the corporations, or most of them, had each a O-V/^TTOI>OS of its own. It is quite clear that in all three texts the reference is to the <n>u.7rovos of the Prefect. 1

Nicole

quite in error

(p.

no direct evidence for the functions of the logothete of the praetorium. His equality with the a-vfj.irovos makes it virtually certain that the sphere of the Prefect's administrative functions was divided] into two complex departments, in one of which he was represented \ and assisted by the crvunovos, in the other by the logothete. In the
There
is

'

former was included the administration of the guilds; while from the title of the latter (associating him with the Praetorium, which was the Prefect's courthouse, and the chief prison of the city) we may
infer that his functions

tion of justice.

an

were specially connected with the administraXoyoOtrrjs points to the descent of this official from accountant in the Prefect's bureau, possibly from the chief of the

numerarii (Not. Dig. Occ. iv. 24). of the (3) The Kptral T&V pcyc&vvv (who were, in the phraseology See Notitia Dignitatum, sub dispositione but not in officio praefecti)
.

Lingenthal, Gr.-Rom. Recht, 373. (He thinks that they to the old curatores regionum of the Descr. Urbis Cplanae. correspond I would rather identify the latter with the ytiroviapyai, see below.) 2 They might have the rank of protospathars, Phil. 732 18

Zacharia

v.

It

may be doubted whether the

o-vfirrovoi

34o, and Schlumberger, Sig. 598, belong here.

of seals published by Panchenko, ix. For a seal of a Xoy. TOV irpa(.T.

see Konstantopulos, no. 407 ft. 2 For a seal with the inscription IIoAuSwpa) peyewraptw Schlumberger, Mel. , 210.

(6th-7th cent.) see

72

PROCEEDINGS OF THE BRITISH ACADEMY

7rt<rK7rn/rai or inspectors we have no evidence to (4) For the distinguish their functions from those of the similarly named Mirrai. (5) There were two TrpeoroKay/ccAAa/not, or chiefs of the bureau

officium

This exceptional arrangement suggests that a second some time or other combined with the officium proper of the Prefect, and that the TrpooroKayKeAAa/noi or principes of both were retained in the amalgamated office. saw above that the
(Phil.

772 19 ).

was

at

We

praefectus vigilum,
City,

who used

to be subordinate to the Prefect of the

was replaced by the Trpairu>p T&V SYHJLUV under Justinian. This praetor existed under Maurice (Theoph. Sim. 6. 10. 6), but afterwards disappears. I conjecture that his functions were handed over to the Prefect, and the second TrpcoroKayKeAAa/jtos descends from the princeps of the praetor. In Cont. Th. 442 only one protocancellarius
seems to be contemplated.
(6)

The name

ancient.

We may

of the KtvTvpiav points to the office being relatively conjecture that he commanded the crrpan5>rai who

were under the Prefect.

KCU
7Tt

See Epan.
TO, TtGLVTCL\QV

iv.

e'x et

or/ocmwraj CTU
in

TTJ

dpr\vy

TO aVCL(f)plV COTO)

KLVOVjJLVa.

(7)

The The

eTTOTjrai

rfjs

TroOuw? (Phil.

750 7 ) were four

In the eirapxiKov

number

(Phil.
(8)

772 19 ).
efapxot were heads of guilds. eapx? of the irpavbioTrpdrai. (v.
(3i(3\iov

we

find

an

/merao7rparai.

1, 3), and ap\oi of the The presidents of other guilds were Tr/oocrrarai (men-

tioned below). The Book of the Prefect does not refer to the heads of all the guilds ; some of them it describes by the general term 6 Tr/ooeoTwj. Probably in these cases the president was either an
ea/>xo? (Nicole thinks in the case of the most important) or a
orarrjj.
(9)
irpo-

The

twelve

yemmapxat

(Phil.

772 10 ) correspond to the curatores

regionum of the Descriptio Urb. Const., who however were thirteen (p. 243 in Seeck's ed. of Not. Dig.}, the fourteenth region having none.

Uspenski (op. cit. 100) would identify them with the old Vicomagistri, but these were far more numerous, sixty-five in all (Descr. ib.}. l (cp. Cer. 12. 4) see (10) For the college of the VO^LKOL or notaries
the t-napxi-Kov pp. 82 sqq.,
fiifikiov
i.

(-n^pt

Taf3ovX\apLa>v) ,

13, 15,

16; cp. Nicole,

rr/?

who

has not noticed the Glossa nomica cited by Zacharia

is,

(Gr.-Rom. Recht, 297, n. 99) ra/3eAAiW (that

tabularius) 6 ra

ypafyuv 0-uju/3o'\cua, 6 irapa rots -rroAAotj vofJUKns Aeyo'/xero?, a T&V TTO\LT&V ypa/xjuareta, tKacTTov avT&v OLKCLOVS t

p.

The yfpuv vofjuKos tls 350) was one of these.

TO.

2^opai'ou in Scr. Incert. (Leo

Gramm.^

ed.

Bonn,

THE IMPERIAL ADMINISTRATIVE SYSTEM

(11)

73

The duty

of the /SovAAcorcu

was

to

mark with

the bull or seal

of the Prefect the weights, scales, measures, and sometimes the goods of the merchants and tradesmen. 3. See ^ap^aCov /36/3AtW, viii.

From

(12) Trpoorarai, heads of trade corporations; cp. above under (8). the enapx^ov fiifi\iov we learn that the presidents of the
pyo\d(3oi y &c.,

o-aTT&woTrparcu, \topoTOjJLOt, \oLp^iropoL y l^Ovon parcu,

had

this title.

(13) KayK\\dpioL.
(14)

See above under

(5).

whose name connects his duties with the policing of the seashore, see Peira, li. 29 (ot Se irAeowi r^v OaXaaaav KCU viroKcivrat, TU> His position here argues that in irapaQaXaa-cjLrrj). the time of Philotheos he was not an important official; but half a century later Liutprand (Ant. 3. 7) speaks of him as if he were one of the high dignitaries of the court. He is mentioned in irept raf. 461 4 On the occasion of the Cretan expedition A.D. 902 he was
TrapaflaAao-o-mjs,
.

For the

Uspenski compares the comes 2 riparum and the comes portus who were under the Prefect of Rome. Another member of the officium, not included in this list, is
directed to
(Cer. GGOg).

arm 1,200 men

mentioned by Philotheos 750 8

TOV Trpcurcopiof .

The

and explains his merchants and inspecting

6 Xtyarapios this of functionary ti:apyj.Mv fiifiXiov, c. xx, treats duties, which consisted in supervising foreign

(as a

guest in the Palace)

their merchandise. 3
6 KvaioTo>p.

(2)

sacri palatii survived the changes of time, but the of his functions was altered and his official rank was lowered. range

The Quaestor

In early times his chief duties were leges dictandae and preces. He had to draft the Imperial laws and deal with the petitions addressed to the Emperor. He was the chief legal authority in the state and
the legal adviser of the government. Cp. Cass. Var. vi. 5 (formula 4 The ninth of the quaesturae) quaestor century had a court of his
.

own and
1 2

extensive judicial functions.

rwv
avrwi/,

OTTO avvdocreus

Reiske

ntrrcoi>,

from a contribution by the

7.)

citizens.

Op.
also

cit.

100.
17

(See Not. Dig. Occ.,

iv. 6,

M. Goudas, KciTu/jLeTprjais rS>v (fjLjropiKwv In the twelfth century there was a o-tKperov rrjs Ba\a(r<rrjs, and two parathalassitai are mentioned along with the notaries of this bureau, Miklosich-Muller Acta et Dip', vi. 3, 124. (In Manuel Comnenus, Nov. 54, p. 537 eparcho parathalassite , should we not read eparchi ?) Was Addaeus in Proc. H. A. c. 25 a parathalassites ? 3 There is no reason whatever for the suggestions Cp. Uspenski, op. cit. 97. that the Xeyarapios is identical with the (TV/J.TTOVOS (Nicole) or with the \oy. TOO
Trpair.
4

See Cp. Zacharia, op. cit. 373. nXoiav, ill Bvfavris, I. 35 sqq. 1909.

er (Vogt, Basile I 142). used to assist in the appeal court of the Praetorian Prefect. tinian, Nov. 46.
',

He

Cp. Jus-

74

PROCEEDINGS OF THE BRITISH ACADEMY

This change arose from the fact that the Quaestor of the Sacred

new quaestor or quaesitor had been who created Justinian. The law which (epewTjrrJs) by created the new office is Nov. 99. 1 Here the official is called
Palace had taken over the duties of the
quaestor, but Procopius,
call

>

H. A. 20

(p.

125), and Lydus, 2. 29 (p. 85),

(/cvcno-tYco/)) ; Lydus however also speaks of him and the Quaestor together as ol a/uuo> Kuaia-ropes (3. 20, p. 109). In Bas. vi. 6 they are treated as the same office ; the compilers evidently did not realize that they were originally two. The section of the Epana-

him quaesitor

goge
it

But (5) on the quaestor merely reproduces Justinian^s Novel. would be erroneous to draw the conclusion that the later Quaestor

simply the Quaesitor and that this old Quaestor was abolished. This is disproved by the Quaestor's officium, in which we find the
is

avTiypa$ri<$, that is the old magistri s. scriniorum (see below), whose functions were closely associated with those of the Quaestor of the Sacred Palace. This proves the continuity, which is borne out by the

fact that a

eunuch could not hold the post of Quaestor, a circumstance

pointing to its ancient associations and prestige. For the functions of the Quaestor, derived
Quaesitor, see Zacharia v. Lingenthal, op. an administrative as well as judicial order
cit.
:

368.

from those of the They were of

supervision of travellers supervision of beggars ; decision in the case of complaints of coloni or tenants against their landlords who resided in the capital ; duty of punishing injustice in such cases ;

and provincials

visiting the capital

duty of reporting misconduct of magistrates to the Emperor ; judging all cases of Besides these duties (imposed on the Quaesitor forgery. the Quaestor had others connected with wills and inby Justinian)
heritances.
2

All wills were

presence
wills,

sealed with his seal and opened in his he had powers of supervision over the execution of
especially

and

over the administration of the property of

after

minors. 3

The Quaestor ranks

1

the General

Logothete both in the

It is entitled irepl rat-fas KaiaicrTapos KOL ra>v j3or/$a>j> avrov /cat rwv dvTiypa(p6a>v. This title is obviously late. The law has nothing- to do with the dvTiypcKprjs, who are not mentioned in the text.

These formalities formerly devolved on the magister census (for whom see See Nov. 44 of Leo VI (cp. Peira, xiv. 11), Nov. 7 of Booking, Occ. 193-4). Constan tine VII (at ftiadfJKdi Trapa TQ> Koiatorcopi dvoiyovrai, p. 258). The motive of transferring the duty to the quaestor (or quaesitor), after Justinian, may have been the competence of this minister in cases of forgery. See Zacharia, op. cit. For the /xdyioTpoy T&V KJJIXTGJI/ (in connexion with orphans) cp. Justinian, 157. Nov. 151, p. 275.
3

Cp. Peira, xvi.

5. 13.

THE IMPERIAL ADMINISTRATIVE SYSTEM

Taktikon Uspenski and
creation see Cer.
(1)
i.

75
his

in Philotheos.

For the ceremony of

54.

Usp.

^ &vTiypa^rjs (spathars, Phil. 752 4 ; of inferior rank, Takt. 127, 128; in both texts, precede the Q-V/UTJWOS and Aoy. Trpatr.) are

The

the old magistri scriniorum. 2

xi

In the

fifth

number (memoriae, epistolarum,

and
xix).

libellorum,

century they were four inj graecarum : Not. Dig. Or._

3 Their scrinia were sub dispositions of the Master of the not of the Quaestor, but the quaestor who had in former times Offices, no officium of his own made use of adiutores from the bureaux of

the magistri (Not. Or. xii). In John Malalas 494 8 the cbnypa^rjs 4 Their transference to the are mentioned along with the quaestor. officium of the quaestor was probably connected with the abolition of

the post of magister officiorum.

In the Proem to the Ecloga of Leo III

they are associated
ed.

(TOVS h'booTa.Tovs VTTCLTOVS Kal avriypafyds, p. 3)

with the quaestor [A.D. 740].

Cp.

also

George Mon.

Bonn.
form

749 9

The magister memoriae

of annotationes

dealt with decisions

made

in the

by the emperor on the margins or backs of documents

;

presented to him

he also replied to petitions (preces). The magister

epistolarum drew up the answers to communications from foreign powers and from the civitates of the empire; examined the questions propounded by officials (consult ationes) ; and dealt with such petitions
as were connected with his other duties.
dealt with the

The magister

libellorum

emperor from lower courts and with petitions from parties to suits in such courts. The magister
appeals
to

the

' epistolarum Graecarum eas epistolas quae graece solent emitti aut ipse dictat aut latine dictatas transfert in graecum* (Not. Dig. Or.,

xix. 13). 5 It is clear that the duties of the magistri epistolarum connected them more closely with the magister officiorum, while those of the

'

two other magistri associated them with the quaestor.

1

All four had

\

the right of direct access to the emperor, but the functions of the

He comes

last

among the
A. D.

officials

who have
xi.

6th General Council,

2

680, Mansi,
fr.

Patrician rank in the Acta of the 209 'ladvvov TOV evdo^ordrov dno vTrdruv

irarpiKiov Kal KoiauTTtopo?.

Mommsen,

482.

Peter Patr.

14

dvriypa(j)fvs rfjs pvrjurjs.

Suidas sub
;

'Adpiavos, dvr. ru>v f7no"roXa>i/ (see also Procop., B. P. 2. 23,

H.A. 14

Justinian,

Nov. 10, 113, 124, 133, 1). Cp. Bury, Magistri scriniorum (see Bibliography). 3 I do not include the comes dispositionum who was under the Master of Offices ; he was not one of the magistri scriniorum. He superintended the programme of the emperor's daily movements. 4 We meet an dvriypafavs in Chron. Pasch., s. a. 605, p. 973. Cp. also Menander, fr. 6, p. 248 els TWV ftcuriXtioav diaiTrjTwv ovs drj dvriypafaas d B For fuller explanation see Karlowa, i. 834 sq.

76

PROCEEDINGS OF THE BRITISH ACADEMY

magister memoriae would naturally bring him into most frequent contact with the sovran.

As Greek became

of a second magister epistolarum

the official language of the empire, the necessity was less cogent, though so long as

Africa (throughout the seventh century) and the Exarchate of Italy (till the middle of the eighth) were held, there must have been some
provision for Latin. The abolition of the Master of Offices involved a change in the position of the scrinia. What seems to have happened was this. The

magister memoriae remained an independent minister under the Greek name 6 rl rS>v berfo-twv (see below), while the magister libellorum and thej

magister epistolarum (now Greek) along with their scrinia were subordinated to the quaestor. That one of the quaestor's avTiypatyrjs was the mag. lib. is supported by the occurrence of the A.t/3e\urios (see
below) in his officium. That there were two avTLypatyijs in the ninth and tenth centuries seems a probable inference from a passage in the

ceremony of
(2)

their investiture, Cer.

The

o-Kpifias

274 14 KCLV re ts eon K&V re bvo. 1 of the quaestor is mentioned in a constitution of

Constantine VII (Nov. vii, p. 259). may conjecture that he descends from the scriba of the magister census, who in the fifth century was subordinate to the Prefect of the City (Not. Dig. Occ. iv). This
official,

We

whom Lydus

describes as apyovra T&V apxtTvnuv

scriba, instead of a notarius, in his scrinium (a-Kplfiav /uev avrl TOV viToypcKpta uTnjpereurtfai, Lydus, 2. 30). This identification

had a

is

borne out by the circumstance that the functions of the magister census in connexion with the sealing and opening of wills were transferred to the quaestor (see above), and we know the o-Kptpas represented the quaestor in looking after the interests of minors (Nov. 7, c. 3, of

Constantine,
(3)

vii, p.

259).

The
2

o-KeVrco/o,

eocceptores
(1)

evidently of the sacra scrinia.

exceptor, must descend from the In these scrinia the officials were

(2) melloproximus, (3) exceptores, (4) memoriales or or libellenses The o-KeWcop had doubtless a epistolares (respectively). number of clerks under him who performed duties similar to those of

proximus,

the exceptores, copying documents and writing from dictation. In Const. Porph,, Nov. vii, c. 2 the quaestor is said to have two vordpioi 3 Zacharia (op. cit. 368) suggests that they are the vKeirTwp and
:

\lj3t\LOTLOS.
1 2
3

In Vita Steph. iun. Migne P. G. 100, 1140 we meet Koju/3o*:oi/a>i>a rbv avnypafa'a. Cp. Grenfell and Hunt, Oxyrhynchus Papyri, i,p. 91 (A.D. 295) eWKeV(ropo-i).
Peira, xiv.

11

ol

ror<f/jtot

ToO

KoiaHrrwpiov,

li.

21 TOV vorapiov

UVTOV

(sc.

quaestoria}.

THE IMPERIAL ADMINISTRATIVE SYSTEM

(4)

77

The

Ai/3eAio-tos

descends from the libellenses of the scrinium

libellorum as the oWTrrcop from the exceptores (cp. Justinian, Nov. 46,
c. 9, p.

286).
.

The TrpcoroKayKeAAa'pio? was under spathar rank, Phil. 73P 7 The KayK\\dpLoi are mentioned in the above-cited Novel of Con(5, 6)

stantine VII, where, as in Cer. 269 3 (rovs avnypafytas /cat Kay/ceAAaptous), the TrpcoroKay/ceAAapio? is obviously included. The domesticus of the The cancellarii quaestor's cancellarii is once mentioned, Cer. 11 25
.

used to recite Latin chants at the procession of the emperors to St. Sophia (ib. and c. 74, p. 369), perhaps because they were supposed to have some acquaintance with Latin.

Schlumberger, Sig. 578, of a chartularius and protonotarius of the quaestorium is of later date than our period.

The

seal in

(3)

6 ITU rS>v

The functionary known

as

irl

T&V

berfcrfw, of

which the Latin

would be a precibus, must be regarded as the successor of the magister memoriae, one of whose functions was precibus respondere (Not. Dig., It is true that on the magister libellorum and the Or. xix. 7). but magister epistolarum it also devolved preces tractare (ib. 9. 11)
;

the scrinium memoriae was the chief of the sacra scrinia

(it is

always

and was therefore the most likely to have been made an independent office, and we have seen that there is reason for thinking that the magister libellorum was one of the avTiypatyrjs subordinated
mentioned
first),

to the quaestor.

The mag.

epist.

need hardly be considered, as preces

tractare can only have been a minor and incidental part of his While the airo Serjo-ecozj belonged to the judicial class, it business.

does not appear that he had a court of his own he seems to have only examined and prepared petitions to be presented to the Emperor.
;

3 Cp. Zacharia, Gr.-rb'm. Recht, 356. In Takt. Usp. 123 he is of spathar rank ; in Phil. 729, 732 he 1 may be avOviraroSy TrarptKio? or Trpwroo-Traflapios. It was obligatory for him (Kara TVTJW) to accompany the Emperor when he made excur-

sions

by sea
.

in

the

neighbourhood of Constantinople

(De adm.

.imp. 234)
It

only be an accident, whether of his own or of a copyist, that the officium of the eni r&v ber/crew is omitted in the list of

may

Philotheos
If

but

it

may well be

that he had no officium (except clerks) .

he had one, we have no materials for reconstructing it. Philotheos twice mentions an official whose name appears in the MS. as
1

Cp. Nicephorus Phocas, Nov. 22,

p.

299

6 Trpcoroo-zra^aptos Bacrt'Aeios 6 eVi TOJV

78

PROCEEDINGS OF THE BRITISH ACADEMY

o),

btri<roypd<p(*).

758 20 , and 8eK0-a)ypa<o>, 774 4 Reiske proposed to read This form seems impossible ; we should have to go
.

further and write

But even if an emendation of this 8rj<riypa</>a>. kind were accepted, it is not probable that the official in question was connected with the tm r&v 8e?jo-eG>z/. He is quite mysterious.
In both passages he
irapao-TCLTai.
is

named next

the aktuarios and

ot

rov fj\iaKov

In the provinces there were

petitions.

officials

subordinate to the minister for

Schlumberger (Sig. 493) has published the seal (eighth or ninth century) of an r&v ^rja-f^v SiKeAia?. There are some other seals which probably belong to the minister himself. Schlumberger, Mel. 265 (eighth or ninth century), of Basil, /3ao-. o-iraO. and MT&V

8erj<reW (cp. also Mel. 269)

Panchenko,

8.

220 (tenth or ninth cen-

tury) Kcozxrfrai/jriVw
9.

[/3(ao-iAt/ca>)] a'[o"7r]a0api(i> /cat [en-]! r(a>)y o"e?j[o-e]coz;,

394 (ninth or eighth century) Bao-tA?7a> T&V o"e?7(rea>(j;) K(f)., where Panchenko proposes /ce^aArj but we should obviously read Ke^aXa ;
;

Basileios Kephalas

was the name of the person.

IV.
(TeKperiKOl.

As

all

the officials of

this section, except the

(7),

Logothete of the

Course

(4)

and the Chief Secretary

it

are connected with financial

administration,

will

be convenient to discuss here as a whole the

troublesome but important question of the origin and nature of the financial bureaux which existed in the ninth One of our century.
greatest difficulties in understanding
later

and estimating the policy

of the

Roman Emperors
and
briefly,

lies in

financial administration.

our ignorance of the machinery of the The chroniclers notice financial measures

but do not explain the details in such a way as to they operated and how they were carried out. Official documents are few. Even for the earlier period, from Constantine to
rarely
let

us see

how

Justinian, though we have much information about the raising of the revenue and the methods of taxation, we have very little about the expenditure and how it was divided among the several treasuries.
of Constantine there were two great financial unconnected and independent. These were the fisc, under ministries, the comes sacrarum largitionum (Ko'jur?? T&V Otlav Oya-avp&v), and the res privata under the comes rei privatae (K. T&V 0eio>z> 7rpi/3arcoz> or TOV 0iov rafjiiov). Besides these two principal and independent treasuries

Under the system

there were also the chests of the Praetorian Prefects, to which part of the fiscal revenue was diverted and from which the army was paid. 1
1

For the praefectoria area in the

fifth

century cp. C. Th., 11.

9.

is

distinguished from utrumque nostrum aerarium

= s,

iarg.

and

respriv.).

17 (where it For the

THE IMPERIAL ADMINISTRATIVE SYSTEM

In the sixth century,
if

79

not

earlier, the

had two

distinct chests, or at least

two

Praetorian Prefect of the East distinct accounts, which are

designated as the yvi<r\ and the IO"IKTJ rpaTrefa in laws of Justinian and do not know the nature of the distinction. Justin II. 1

We

Besides the res privata there was another administration of the same kind, the divina domus per Cappadociam, which was under the

was administered through comes domorum per Cappadociam 2 (KOjurj? We meet in Novels of Justinian 3 rG>v OLKL&V, Justinian, Nov. 46. 2). 6 0eio? OLK.OS distinguished from ra Oela Trpt/Bdra and TO Otiov Trar/oi/xwznoy, and as these laws do not refer to Cappadocia but to the provinces of Arabia and Phoenicia Libanensis, it would seem that the domus divinae, which were under the comes r. priv. (Not. Dig., Or. xiv. 3), had been detached from the res privata and joined with the dom. div. per Capp. as a separate administration. Now in A. D. 566 we find,
control of the praepositus sacri cubiculi, and
his subordinate, entitled

instead

of

the

7re/)t/3Ae7rTo?

KO/^ITJ?

r&v

otKi&v, a

jueyaXoTrpeTreararos

4 This is more than a change of name. can Kovparap T&V oiKi<Sz;. infer that the div. dom. per Capp. has been withdrawn from the praepositus (otherwise he must have been mentioned in the context,

We

in

which

all

the ministers

who had

financial charges are enumerated)

'

and, with the other domus divinae, placed under a Curator. Another financial administration, named the sacrum patrimonium
(TO delov TraTpijjiuviov),

was

instituted

the fifth century. 5

in principle
T;

We

may

by Anastasius I about the end of doubt whether there was any distinction
.

between

this

i8uTj

KTTyo-i?,

and

the res

sacrum patrimonium, which was called privata, which was called rj 181*1)

KTTJO-LS (not KTTjjuiaTa) might suggest that the res privata had become so large, through landed property falling to the state, that Anastasius placed under the control of a new

Ticpiovcria.

The word

minister recent acquisitions and all that should be acquired in the It is doubtful whether the expressions of Lydus really future.
signalize
offices.
6

It is to

an important principle of distinction between the two be observed that the organization of the office of

chest of the Pref.

Nov. I, p.

4.

The
ib.

officials

of Illyricum cp. Justinian, Nov. 163, p. 351 ; Justin II, of the Prefect's area are called dpxapioi, Justinian,
p. 353.

#.,96,
fls

p.

542; 163,

Justinian,

96. 9, p.

536

-rrpovoeiv TI)S etorrpa^fcos

T>V

drjfjLOffimv

<fjopa>v

T>V

eKarepav rpdnf^nv elcrffoepOfAevav rrjs o~rjS VTrcpo^rjs, rfj rf re ycvuqj, also 11, 12, &c. Justin II, Nov. 1, p. 4. Cp. Lydus, 3. 36.
2 8

TOV 8iKao~Tr]piov

IdiKrj 17;

C. /., 12. 24.

3. 26.

11

12. 5. 2.

53, p. 357
C.I.,

55, pp. 366-7.

1, p. 4.

Also

17

17/zere'pa

oma,

158. 2.

4
5 6

Justin II, Nov.

1. 34. 1
;

Lydus,

2. 27.

Ib.

Ko/itTa 7rp(/3aTa>i> dvrl

TOV T&V Idia TTWS

rot's-

(3a<rt\ev<ri Trpoa-rjKovT&v,

and

80

PROCEEDINGS OF THE BRITISH ACADEMY

the Patrimony was an exact copy of the office of the res privata avrrjv SIOIKCOZ;, C. /., 1. 34. 1, where it is also enacted (Kara piprio-iv
that the officials of both shall have the

same

privileges).

In the sixth century, then, there were (omitting Africa and Italy

from
East

consideration) seven independent treasuries. (1) The fisc two TpciTrefai of the Praetorian Prefect of the (largitiones) ; (2) the
;

\
j

must and Scythia (Justin II, Nov. 1, p. 4). These four coffers were (5) Res privata replenished by the general taxation of the Empire. sacrum domus divinae three treasuries patrimonium ; deriving (6) (7) their revenue from the Imperial estates. When we come down to the ninth century we find a variety of bureaux with a new nomenclature the yew/coV, o-aKe'AAto*;, o-rparicoriKoV,
; ;
:

the chest of the Praetorian Prefect of Illyricum ; to which be added (4) the chest of the Justinianean quaestor of Moesia
(3)

/3earia'pioi>, juteyaA?7 Kouparcopeta, dye'Aai, ora/3AozJ, et5t/coV.

Of

these the

The orpartcortKo^ fulfils ytvimov corresponds to the sacrae largitiones. the functions of the arcae of the Praet. Prefects so far as military
finance
is

concerned.

The

jue'yas

/couparcop is

the descendant of the

The /Scoriapior is the old Kovpdrcop T&V OLKI&V of the sixth century. vestiarium sacrum which used to be under the control of the comes
and has become an independent office. and crrdftXov are the greges and stabula which used to be under the comes r. priv. The ei8i/coV is concerned with the statefactories which used to be under the magister officiorum and the comes s. larg. All these offices will be discussed in detail below.
s.

larg. (Not. Dig., Or. xiii. 28),

dye'Aat

The

More may be
change
is

said here about the aaKt\\iov, because an important

o-a/ceAAa or a-aKeAAtoi/ means purse, and ora/ceAAapto? of a The Patriarch had a sakellarios (cp. e.g. Chron. keeper purse. Pasch. 697, sub A. D. 607), and we hear of the sakellarios of a ' ( l strategos of Numidia (Ada Maximi, Migne, P. G., 90. 1 12).

involved.

Now

the

Emperors, manifestly, must always have had a private purse (apart from the treasuries of the res privata and s. largitiones), and
official in

an

charge of

it.

Such an
TIJS

official, if

he were mentioned in

airl TOV

<uAa

tdiq TTQ>S avrjKoio-rjs rc5 /SaaiXei K

The last clause does suggest a distinction, n-poyovoav irepiovo-ias. the use of rots /Sao-iAeicn in one case, and ro> /Sao-iXet in the other.

and

also perhaps

Menander, fr. 8 (A. D., 561) Trpotorcora rrjs auroO /3a(7iAeajs sumably com. r. priv. 1 A o-aKK(\\dpios is mentioned in a papyrus of seventh century, published in Wessely's Griechische Papyrusurkunden kleineren Formats,, no. 992, p. 174 (1908) and in the early Arab period craKfXAa is used apparently for the central treasury of that province e. g. Pap. Brit. Mus. iv, no. 1336 (A. D. 709) ano TTJS a., 110.
;

Pamphronios in irepiovo'ias, was pre-

1412

(A. D.

710)

els rr,v a:

THE IMPERIAL ADMINISTRATIVE SYSTEM

81

the Notitia Dignitatum at all, would have appeared in the officium of the Praepositus where there is an unfortunate lacuna in our texts.

The

Sakellarios

first

appears as a prominent

official,

under

this

name,

at the beginning of the seventh century ; but he seems to be mentioned in the sixth under the periphrasis ra/xtas r&v J3a(ri\iKu>v \pf]^ar^v (see

below under

(ra/ceAAapios).

infer that

the

o-axe \\iov

and

0-aKeAA.apio?

had

long existed, but that in the sixth and seventh

centuries they begin to emerge administrative importance.

from vomparative obscurity into

Now

it is is

Sakellarios

to be observed that in the seventh century, while the ascending in rank and prominence, we cease to hear of

In the ninth century we find no single department which can be pointed to as simply the old res privata with a new name. The management of the res priv. and the 0euu oucoi seems to be divided between two departments, that of the o-a/ce'AAioz; and that of the Great Curator the general administration
the comes rei privatae.
of the estates being presumably under the latter, and the revenue being dealt with by the cra.K\\iov. may conjecture that this new

We

arrangement, which led to the disappearance of the comes r. p., and also of the comes s. patrimonii, came about in the seventh century. The administrative importance which the Sakellarios possessed in the reign of Justinian II, when he must have had a bureau of officials under him, points to this conclusion. The imperial estates res priv.,
s.

pair.,

larios

and 0eioi ot/cot were placed under the control of the Sakeland the Curator (Kou/>dro>p T&V olKi&v), the former acting as\

Receiver, the latter as

High Steward.

We

may

suspect that this

change

may

have been partly due to the loss of the Imperial estates

in Syria

and Egypt. This development was an intelligible consequence of the connexion which we may reasonably assume to have existed between the and the revenue of the Imperial
estates in the fifth

sakellion
centuries.

and sixth

was the receptacle of may the net profit arising from the Imperial estates. The treasuries of the s. largitiones and the Praetorian Prefects provided for the standing
take
it

We

that the sakellion

expenses of the government

army,

civil

service, &c.

and

it

is

highly improbable that any money was diverted from these sources into the Emperor's sakellion. may assume that, when the

We

treasuries of the Private Estate, the Patrimony, and the Divine Houses had paid the expenses of administration, and perhaps certain standing charges which were allocated to them, the net annual profits were

deposited in the sakellion, which not only supplied the

Emperor with

money

for his personal expenses, but also provided for extraordinary

82

PROCEEDINGS OF THE BRITISH ACADEMY

and irregular outlay, such as on wars, buildings, &c. The large accumulations which were made by the parsimony of Anastasius I were doubtless stored in the sakellion.
It is to

be noticed that the resprivata was

ment.

Its expenditure

was known

itself a spending depart-, as the largitiones privatae, for

which there was a special scrinium. 1

incorporated in the
century.

This bureau must have been

new

organization of the Sakellion in the seventh

Another change of great importance was subsequently made in the In the ninth century the head of the administration. Sakellion is no longer the Sakellarios, but the x a P TOV ^P ws T v <rafccAAfou. It is evident that this functionary was originally one of the chief subordinates of the Sakellarios, but he has become the
financial

minister in charge of the department. The Sakellarios himself has not disappeared ; he has been exalted to a new position. He has no special officium of his own, but he exercises a general control over all
is superior to all the financial ministers. In the words of Philotheos, e he supervises what is done in each bureau This is a fact (a^Kptrov) by the written reports of his own notary/ of the highest importance, which has escaped notice. It places the

the financial bureaux and

later financial system in a new light. There was in the ninth century a general and methodical control exercised over all the offices which dealt with finance or administered the sources of revenue, and this

control,

which was not only a check on malversation but helped

to
j

mitigate the disadvantage of not having a single central exchequer, was an innovation and improvement on the Constantinian system.

We

cannot determine whether this arrangement was due to the Heraclians or to the Isaurians. Under the Heraclians, considerable

changes were made in financial administration.

first

The

Sakellarios

becomes prominent in the reign of Heraclius himself. Under his dynasty the comes s. larg. disappears and his place is taken by the Logothete of the Genikon. The Logothete of the Stratiotikon Constantine under and was probably created either by IV, appears Heraclius or by Constantine II. But it seems not unlikely that the Sakellarios under the Heraclians remained simply the minister of the Sakellion, and that his later office, as General Comptroller, was an
innovation of
the Isaurian period

when
in

the various administrative

previous century were be added that on general

changes which had come about It systematized and developed.

the

may

grounds

it

seems probable that the Sakellion, as a treasury, not as

a department,

was

in the keeping of the Sakellarios.

1

Not. Dig., Occ.

xii. 4.

THE IMPERIAL ADMINISTRATIVE SYSTEM

The heads
of

83

most of the

later financial
Aoyofo'rrjs-

bureaux were entitled

logothetes, or chartularies.

is

the

word which

in early

times was used to render rationalis, and in the Constantinian system the rationales were all financial subordinates of the great financial The chartularies were much lower in the scale ; they were ministers. 1
clerks in the various scrinia,

and so we hear

little

about them.

The

Notitia Dignitatum does not enumerate the members of the scrinia. At that time, however, the head of a scrinium under the Castrensis

bore the

title

of Chartularius (Not. Dig., Or. xvii.

10

Occ. xv. 11).

The

rise of the chartularii to

importance

is

a subject which deserves

a special investigation, but it lies outside my present scope. I will only note the schola chartulariorum in the officium of the Praetorian
Prefect of Africa, as organized by Justinian (C. 1. 1. 27. 1) 2 ; the importance of the three Chartularies of the Cubiculum (Justinian, Nov. 16) 3 ; the distinction drawn between frp-^ovrcs \apTov\apiKoi and 0Tpcma>riicoi
4 by Peter the Patrician (Cer. 92, p. 418) ; the evidence of Lydus (iii. and the Italian material in the letters of Gregory 17, 18, 20, 27) ; the Great and the Liber Pontificalis (reviewed by Diehl). 5 The

original function of

name, was probably to keep and

the chartularii, from which they derived their receipts, dockets, register chart ae

&c., connected with the financial business of the bureau to which they belonged. The registers, e.g. containing the debts to the fisc were
called chartae, cp. C. Th. 11. 28.

2; 6 (chartis quibus debita publica

continentur), 12, &c.

word may be

said about the term (rtKperov

secretum (the long

vowels are preserved in aorTjKpfjn?). Kovo-HTTtopLov, and in C. Th. 6. 35. 7,

of notaries.

Hesychius

we

explains it as find intra consistorii secreta

(s. v.)

Also in

Cp. Cass. Var. 6, 16 principis secretum et consilium. Theoph. Sim. 8, 8, 9, the Emperor Maurice, having given an
//.eflt'orarai

audience to Germanos,
It appears

rov Trapa'Pco/uatois AeyojueWv o-eupcTOv.

from these passages that originally crtKpcrov meant the Consistorium or Council, and the precincts in which it met. Imperial
1

Andreas, 6
.

OTTO XoyoQeratv,

became Prefect of the City

in A. D. 563,

Theoph.

239 8

3 Cp. also the chartularii numerorum militarium, C. I. 12. 37. 19. Cp. too Justinian, Nov. 141, p. 221. 8 Cp. also ib., p. 404 15 , rovs #. r&v ftappdpav, and 405 18 . For chart, in the

serin fabr. of the

.

mag. off. see Justinian, Nov. 108, p. 61. L'exarchat de Ravenne, 154-5. Cp. also the chartarii in Cass. Var. (apparently of the comes patrimonii, cp. 8. 23).
*

7.

43

larii.

Cp. Chron. Pasch. 703, sub A. D. 612 : Philaretos was one of these chartuFor a seal of a <nraddptos KOI ^aprovXaptoff, seventh or eighth century, see
8.

Panchenko,

225.

62

84

PROCEEDINGS OF THE BRITISH ACADEMY

Not. Dig., Or.

in

In these precincts the notarii (who were under the primicerius not., This early meaning of xvii) discharged their duties.

the term explains the usage in the Ceremonial describing some of the court solemnities

Book
:

of Constantine, Cer.

e.g.

218 10

KOI

KaQtvOivrav

TU>V

eo-7ror<Szj, 6e'xoz/rcu

TO creKperov, viz. magistri, patricians,

When the reception is over &c., successively according to rank. ercu T the eepx v^KpcTov, except patricians who toraz>rai Koixrio-Ttopiou.
since the Con(This latter phrase is frequent in the ceremonies sistorium had coalesced with the Synkletos, Koro-iorcopioi/ ceased to be
:

used except in a ceremonial sense

dance*.)
TO"
<r.

with

'

torao-dat,
a.

stand in atten-

Again 226 12 TO
(TvyK\t]Ti.K&v
.

o-e/cpeToy oAoz>,

212 6 TO

T&V ^Tremor, 616 10

received

T&V

(and 618 18 of

official ladies

by the

Empress)

In C. Th.

6. 35. 7, the officials of the scrinia (sacra), of the finance

bureaux, of the castrensis, &c., are distinguished from the notaries of the secreta. But the term o-cKptrov in time became extended to all
or most of the bureaux in which the

work was

chiefly secretarial
o-eKpeTiKoi.

and
also

were called clerical, confines the term to a certain number of such

all

and

their officials

Philotheos
it

offices,

but

was

used in a wider sense, covering most of the

offices in classes III,

V-VII,
is

as appears

distinctly classed as a o-eKpeTuo'y.

from Cer. 527, cp. esp. 1. 21, where the virap\o$ (Compare also 575 10 , 12 , 608 ]0 ,
the creKpeTiKot in the restricted meaning

698 I8 , 524 U .)

The
were

offices ((reKptra) of

in the Palace.

(1)

6 (raKcAAapios.

In the reign of Heraclius

we meet Theodore, a
by Theophanes

termed 338 3 ).

/3ao-iAuos

o-aKeAAaptos

financial functionary (A. D. 635 ; 337 23 ,

In the reign of Constans II a sakellarios conducted the examination of the Abbot Maximus (TO> 0-aKeAAapuo TrpcoTw TTJV aftW

Justinian II the office

Maximi, Migne, P. G. 90, 88, 112, 113) was held by the notorious and Stephen (Theoph. 367 15 ).
Tvy%dvovTi,

Ada

2
.

Under

influential

This functionary also appears in our records under another descripT&V j3a(n\iK&v xp^^circor. The equation of this expression with o-a/ceAAaptos results from three data. Nicephorus in his Chronicle
tion, Tdjuua?
1
2

Also, of course, TO peya

The Abbot Maximus addressed

Xdptoi/

a hall in the palace. a letter (c. A.D. 629) Trpo? Kcoyorni/Tti/oj' cra*fX(Ep. 24, Migne, 91, G08), but he may have been an ecclesiastical, or a
*.,

local, sakellarios.

THE IMPERIAL ADMINISTRATIVE SYSTEM

applies
it (1)

85

to

Theodore (23 12) and

we have
applies

seen,

Theophanes
(5 6 ,

it

to Leontios

Stephen (37 13 ), whom, as He also (3) as sakellarioi. designates A.D. 609), who is described as 6 dud
(2) to

Hence we can craK\\apLO)v in Chron. Pasch. 701, sub A.D. 610. infer that Philagrios, to whom he applies the same title (28 12 ), was Sakellarios in A.D. 640.

The equation

also enables us to trace the Sakellarios in the sixth

(3. 2, p.

century. sent by Justinian with

For Agathias

140) designates Rusticus (who was

money

to the

army

in Lazica) as ra/uas

T&V

K TT y and explains ov IM]V T&V he ciAAa was not comes s. r<3z> ova (i.e. larg.), Rusticus was Sakellarios. 6r)(ravpG>v cTreTro/u^ei.

ec

T&V

meagre records enable first he was simply it, the keeper of the Emperor's sakellion or treasury which received the surplus derived from the Imperial estates. In the seventh century, he took over the more specially financial functions of the ministers who managed the estates, and the Sakellion became an important As a treasury it was no longer merely the receptacle of ministry. a reserve fund for extraordinary expenses, but bore some of the
us to discern

The

history of the Sakellarios, so far as our

has been traced above.

At

The Proem to the Ecloga of Leo III orders regular state expenses. to TOV be made CK eixrefiovs fjn&v aa.KK\\iov to the quaestor, payments the avTLypcKfrrjsy &c. The third stage is reached when, probably in
the eighth century, the Sakellarios (doubtless retaining the charge of the treasury) becomes a sort of Comptroller, with authority over all the financial ministries, while his place as head of the bureau of the Sakellion

taken by the -^aprovXapLos TOV o-aKeAAiov. 1 The Taktikon Uspenski (p. Ill) attests the importance
is

of the

office of Sakellarios in

the head of

all

the military. order of rank of the

in

the reign of Michael III by placing him at the officials of the Empire, not only the civil but also But this position in the hierarchy depended on the

man who held it, and the Sakellarios appears document again immediately after the Domestic of the In the list of Excubitors and before the General Logothete. after the he comes Philotheos, strategoi of the western immediately themes and before the General Logothete. However his place might
this

vary in the scale as a whole, he had precedence over

1
2

all

the other

In George Mon. 842 22 (ed. Bonn), TOV craKfX\iov doubtless means x n P T T v <raK Leo, who was sakellarios with Patrician rank under Michael II, was employed hy him to negotiate with Theodore of Studion and the Image worshippers
' '

in A.

824, Theod. Stud. Ep. ii. 129 (Migne, P. G. 99). chosen because he was on friendly terms with Theodore.
.

He may

have been

86

PROCEEDINGS OF THE BRITISH ACADEMY

(o-e/cperiKoi)
.

cabinet officials

Under

Basil I the office

l

was held by

Baanes, patrician and praepositus

(irepl

raf. 503)

of the Sakellarios as General Comptroller of the bureaux dealing with finance has been emphasized already (p. 82). The expression of Philotheos vTroreraxrat ra d</><iKia is perhaps to

The importance

be confined to the financial

offices

it

may

not have extended

e.

g.

to the o-fKptTov of the protoasecretis.

Philotheos mentions his notary,

which obviously implies notaries/ and he had also mandatores at his 3 special disposal (Cer. 698 18 ). See further Cer. 525, 572, 606, irepl raf. 471 (where he acts with
the elbiKos). On the few extant seals of Sakellarioi, the office is generally combined with the rank of protospatharios. See Panchenko, 9. 385

(No. 269

ninth-tenth century)
(2)

4 Schlumberger, Sig. 580.

6 \oyoO&rjs TOV yeviKOV.

comes sacrarum largitionum vanishes in the seventh latest ministers whom we meet bearing the title are century. under Tiberius II (Menander, fr. 46), Athanasius in Theodore, 605 A.D. (Chr. Pasch. 973), Anastasius in A.D. 608-9 (Theoph. The title AoyofleVrjs TOV yeviKov (often briefly designated 297 20 ).
title

The

The

6 yvi*6s) first

occurs in the reign of Justinian II (Theodotos, Niceph.

is possible, how626 (Chr. Pasch.

It Sergius, Theoph. 365 24 , A.D. 692). ever, that it had come in long before, for in A.D.

Patr.

37 19

721)

a high post). 6
1

we meet Theodosius 6 ey8ofo'raTos TraT/ouaos KOL \oyoOfrrjs (evidently The ycvucov \oyo6e<nov had generally the same functions

6 Av8os o-ttK.in Niketas, Vit. Ign., Mansi, xvi. 281, was sac. of the Patriarch. In a charter of A. D. 1088 (Miklosich-Muller, Acta et Dipt., vi. 57), we meet

a &aort\iKbs vordpios TOV <Tf*pcTov TOV aaKeXXupi'ou, KptTrjS xal dvaypafavs TO>V Ku/eXudw vr)0-Q>v. Cp. ib. 120 (A. D. 1186) ToartitpeTOV TOV /zeyaXou (ra/ceXXapi'ou. 3 In later times (twelfth century) the Sakellarios was called 6 p.tyas <r. Miklosich-Muller, Acta et diplomata, vi. 120 (A. D. 1186), TO acKpeTov TOV /xeyaXou Tliis volume of a: Cp. 57 (A. D. 1088) /Sao-iXtKos vordptos TOV vcKpeTov TOV O-O.K.
:

Miklosich-Muller contains important material for the financial offices in the eleventh and twelfth centuries. 4 A seal of loannes rrpaToo-iraBapia* cirl TOV 8fo<f)v\dKTov KOIT&VOS Kal /3a0-iXi* ? He ascribes it to the time crafXXapi'a) is published by Schlumberger, Sig. 526. of the Comneni, and at the same time attributes it to loannes, a eunuch who was sakellarios under Irene in the eighth century. 6 The patrician Constantino Lardys is described as Xo-yotfeVqr, and ex-Praetorian-Prefect in Chron. Pasch. 694 (A. D. 602). Theophylactus Simocatta (8. 9. 6) TTJV f)yfp.oviav T>V <f>6pa>v Trjs earns npo TWOS Kaipov imb TOV avTOKparopos dncLsays But for the statement in X?7<^i, bv fTrap\ov npaiTwpiuv tla)6ao-iv OVOUM^IV 'Ptopicuoi. Chron, Pasch. , these words would naturally be taken to mean that he was still Fraet. Pref. It looks as if \oyo&irr}s must mean here com. s. larg.
(

THE IMPERIAL ADMINISTRATIVE SYSTEM

87

as the ministry of the sacrae largitiones ; it surveyed and collected the taxation of the Empire. Some departments indeed were with-

drawn from the Logothete^s control, especially the vestiarium which became an independent bureau. For early seals of XoyoOirai ytvLKoi see 1 Schlumberger, Sig. 530 No. 1, 531 No. 10.
(1) The \apTov\apioi ptyaXoi TOV (reKptrov (below spathar rank Takt. Usp. 127; spathars Phil. 735 13 ) probably were the heads of a number of different departments or scrinia. Many of the same

scrinia

which existed
xiii

in the officium of the

have continued down to later times.

Not. Dig., Or. then called primicerii. 2
(2)

comes largitionum must They are enumerated in the

Their chiefs were

(canonum, aureae massae, &c.).

yfViKov (Cer.

\apTov\apioL T&V apK\&v, also called ol eo> \apTov\dpLoi TOV 694 18 ), where !co shows that they functioned in the

provinces. T&V apK\uv suggests that they may have taken the place of the praepositi thesaurorum of the Notitia. This, however, is by no

means
tion of

certain.

But they cannot be

officiis

identified with the chartularii

de cohortalibus

Leo

I (C. I. 10. 23. 3,

uniusque provinciae, mentioned in a constituA.D. 468) as revising taxes, for these

are evidently

mere

clerks.

There

period, tenth-eleventh century) in spatharocandidatus, who was (at the

rot;

an interesting seal (of a later Panchenko, 13, 129, of Eustathios,

is

yeviKov \oyo6eo-iov xapTov\dpio$

same time, apparently) /3a<nAt/c6s and irpcoro^oraptos T&V 'AparoAt/coSz;.

to the Chartulary of the

In the latter capacity he Sakellion (see below).

(3)

was subordinate

The

eTroVrcH T&V

0e/xdira)i>

were the provincial tax-controllers.

The efi<ra>rcu seem Cp. Cont. Th. 346, Schlumberger, Sig. 513. to have been different from the eTroVrcu. The two names are closely
associated in Cont. Th., loc.
in Alexius
cit.,

Comn., Nov. 30 (Zach.,

efio-corTjs rrjs

but they are enumerated distinctly p. 374). [The seal of Michael

is

Kamateros,

AiVecos (end of twelfth century, Sig. 516)

Ko'/oujres vSdrcoi;

hardly relevant.] (4) The functions of the

must have been connected

with the aqueducts, probably not in Constantinople but in all parts of the Empire. Cp. the comes formarum, under the Prefect of Rome
in
1

Not. Dig., Occ.

iv.

4.

The

on.

He

ascribes

curious seal, published by Panchenko 13. 124, is too uncertain to build it to the first half of the seventh century, and restores ['ijuayi/nv

v8o^o[r(aTov) ? a7r]o VTr(aTO)i') irarpi<(L)\ov Ao]yo0e'(Tou) /3acriX(iKa)i>) [a ?]/?fcu[pt'a>]i'. If dpKapictv is right, J. was a rationalis under the Praetorian Prefect. 2 For the creKperov of the Log. Gen. in the eleventh century see MiklosichMiiller, op.
cit.

vi.

50, 54-5,

mentioned

cp. his Xoyapiaa-rrjs

where peyaXot ^aprovXdpioi and \oyapiao-rai are and voidpioi in Alex. Comn. Nov. 34, p. 398.

88
(5)

PROCEEDINGS OF THE BRITISH ACADEMY

6
ouacrriKo's.

The name

of this official

is

rightly given

in
.

789 2 , but appears as 6 KHTUKO? in the list of officia and in 736 7 The true form is shown by two seals of the Comnenian period
Phil.
(Siff.

559)

(1) laavvr) /3(ao-iAiKa>) cr7ra#(apia>)

K.CLI

\apTovXapia TOV

OLKL-

; AautS] [a']j;orapta> TOV OIKIOTIKOU ; also a seal (2) No. 435 a VOT. TOV OLKKTTLKOV. It is impossible to in Konstantopulos, (3) admit Panchenko's theory that ofcioruco? is a mistake for TUCTTIKOS

CTTLVOV (sic)

Ado

= [

(xiii.

116).

The

/3ao-iAi/cdj TTIOTIKOS

of the three seals which he has

1 published and who, as he has shown (ib. vii. 40 sqq.), had functions connected with maritime commerce, must be accepted ; but there can be no doubt that OIKIOTIKO? was also an official title. Besides the

seals

cited above, cp. OLKLO-TLK&V in the

Donation of Alex. Comn.

A.D. 1087, Miklosich-Muller,

quite obscure.
(6)

Ada

et Dipl. vi. 28.

The meaning

is

The

KovpepKiaptoL

were the

officers

who

collected duties

and

customs throughout the Empire. They represent the comites commerciorum of Not. Dig*, Or. xiii. 6, and are thus evidence of the
continuity between the spheres of the comes
s.

larg.

and the General

Logothete.

The term

Koju//epKiapios

is

officially

used in the sixth

Schlumberger publishes a seal (Mel. 237, KO^ Tvpov) century. which he ascribes to that period, and another dates from the reign of Justin II (Siff. 317). In Chron. Pasch. 721 (A.D. 626) we meet 2 0eo'5ft>po? 6 vbooTaTos KOfi/xep/adpios o TT\V IO-CLTIV (?), evidently a comes commerciorum.

A
I

seal [ro)V /3]curiAiK<Sz>

K0juficpjcla>]>

oTpcmyias 'EAAaSojY]

is

dated

to A.D.

708 (Mel. 221, and cp. 200). Early seals of nowtpKidpioi are Panchenko, viii. 18 sqq. comparatively numerous, cp. Siff. 471 sqq.
;

may

note those of Constantine

(Siff.

165) aTTotTTdpxwv

/cat

ytviKov

KO(jip,pKtapLov airoOYiKrjs 'EAAafios

(airoOrjKrj

customs depot), and of

^Tro^TJKrjs

Kosmas (Panchenko,

xiii.

115)

Ko/xjuepKiapioi

'AyKi;pas (?),

both belonging to the reign of Constans II, and the latter dated apparently to A.D. 644. These officials might have the rank of hypatos or spathar : cp. Panchenko, ib. 147 No. 489, 149 No. 495.
(7) 6 T^y Kovparcoptaj, fuller title

736 2

6(o-7ra0. /cat)

cm

TTJS

Kovparoopta?

T&V

This functionary presided over a special department dealing with the fiscal revenue derived from the taxation of the
fiao-LkiK&v olK<av.

I believe that this was the function Imperial estates (res privata). of the magistri privatae who are under the com. s. larg. in Not. Dig. For we find that before Justinian's innovation in the (Or. xiii. 15).
1

erL Gelzer, xxvii, xxviii

2

Cp. Ashbnrner, The Rhodian Sealaw (1909), cxxxii. 93 ; Leontios, Vita lohannis, Pap. Brit. Mus. iv. No. 1341, p. 13. .Rendered in the Latin version of Ducange, commerciarius Glatsti.
;

THE IMPERIAL ADMINISTRATIVE SYSTEM

government of Cappadocia

89

in A. D. 536, the collection of the fiscal revenue in the Imperial estates was in the hands of /xayiVrepe?

(Nov. 44. 2, 4, p. 266), who are evidently the magistri privatae. Justinian replaced them, for Cappadocia, by TrpaKropey. At some subsequent period, these irpaKTopes were either replaced by, or placed This title is exunder, a single controller 6 CTrt TTJS KovpaTutpias.
plained by the concrete use of Kovpar^pia = res privata. Cp. Theoph. 487 2 TO. 5e Kpeirrova T&V KTTj/xarooy ts TJ\V pa<rt\LKT)V KovpaTopiav (upcr0ai.
It may be conjectured with probability that 6 KO'JUUJS TTJS Aajiuas see ad had to do with bullion and mines, lamna, (cp. Reiske, loc.) and it is tempting to identify him with the comes metallorum per
(8)

Illyricum who appears under the comes s. larg., in the Not. Dig., Or. xiii. 11. For a seal of a K. rijs A. see Konstantopulos, No. 206. The (9) btoLKrjTdL were the officers who presided over the collection
of taxes.
br]fj.oa-i(>)v

(Cp. Leo VI, Nov. 61, p. (fdpMV KafliorajuieVovj, StouriTa?

.)

157 rov?
8'

em
f)

o-vX\o-yi]v

r&v

avrov?

o-w??0a>s

ojuuAia

Paulos

in the

6 erdofoYaro? airo vTrarw KOL SIOIKTJT^S T&V avaroXiKutv Acts of the Sixth Ecum. Council A. D. 680 (Mansi,

e 209) probably represents the comes largitionum per dioecesim ' Asianam (Not. Dig. Or. xiii. 5) The abolition of the diocesan divisions

xi. p.

' led to the replacement of the e comites largitionum per omnes dioceses by bioLKrjTai of themes and districts. See the seals of Stot/crjrat in

Siff.
xiii.

496-7
131

(cp.

Mel. 205

Stot/cr^rf)

rrjs

A^8pov, saec. ix)

;

8101*77x7} 2ajutou Kat TTJS Xtou, saec. viii-ix

1 quod Latine dispositor Siciliae dicitur}. General Logothete for the fiscal revenue from their districts, and liable to punishment if it fell short (cp. Theoph. 367 27 , from which it appears that Theodotos, the Logothete under Justinian II, was unreasonably strict in calling the 8totK?;rat to It appears from account). Theoph. 412 18 that there were 8iour]rcu

dioecete

; Panchenko, Mansi, xii. 837 They were respon-

sible to the

at Constantinople as well as in the The TrpaKropes, who provinces. are often mentioned in our sources, must not be confounded with

the 8iotK7?rat. The TrpaKropes were the officials who actually went round and collected the taxes (^opoAoyot), and every StotKrjrrjs must have had a number of npaKTopes under him.
(10)
KOjutei/rtaros

(KofavTiavos

vos

from

icofA/3eWos

seems to be equivalent to K0ju/3ez>naconventus (e. g. Chron. Pasch. 596 20 , John Mai.

?)

438 23 , 494 12 ),
1

cp. Cer.
8.

422 n , 433 5 <nAeWoz>

xiii.

Kat KO
seal (saec.

The
The

office

of

might be united with that of Ko^epKiapioSf cp. the

87.
(3

viii-ix)
8

published by Panchenko,
letters
/A

and

were easily confused.

90

PROCEEDLNGS OF THE BRITISH ACADEMY

is

but the meaning market dues?

obscure.

Can

it

have anything to do with

(11, 12) TTpcoroKayKeAAapioy, /cayKeAAaptot.

(3)

6 AoyofoYrjs TOV

crrpcmamKou.

In the

fifth

of the area of the Praetorian Prefect

and sixth centuries one of the most important functions was to furnish the pay of the

army

(cp. C. I. 12. 37). Difficulty has been felt as to the duties of the schola chartulariorum in the officium of the Pr. Pr. of Africa

27. 1 (38)). 1 I conjecture that some of their duties were connected with the annonae militares. In the Prefecture of the East

(C.I.

1.

we

((TrpaTitoTiKa

find scriniarii of the Pr. Pr. administering military expenditure o"toiKeu>), and in Egypt such a scriniarius was called
;

orparimro's

see Justinian, Nov. 96. 13, p. 544.

\

In the seventh century we find that a separate military chest, called TO crrpariamKoV, has been formed, at least for the eastern
portion of the Empire, and removed from the control of the Praetorian Prefect. In A. D. 680 we meet Julian 6 ei;8ofo'raro? ^TTO inraTuv
/cat orpartamKoO Aoyo0err;y, as one of the ministers who, with the along Emperor, are present at the Sixth General Council (Mansi, xi. 209). Schlumberger has published (Mel. 242) a seal

Trarpi/aos

EvaraOlov
2

STRAT LOGOTHETOY which seem to belong

to the seventh

century.

Under Irene we meet loannes XoyoQ ir^s

holding the rank of
(/Sao-iAi/co?)

TOV orpcmcortKou Aoyo0(Tiou, oVrtaptoj (therefore a eunuch) in

A.D. 787 (Mansi, xii. 999, 1051) and attending the sessions of the Seventh Council; two years later he is Sakellarios as well as Aoy.
orpar.
(1)

127
Siff.

(6 x<*pr.

xaprovAaptot TOV tre/cpe'rov. Takt. Usp. ot \apT. TOV orpari&oriKov 129) ; Cer. 524 15 , 694 19 , Phil. 752 3 (TOV <rrp. Aoyotfe'rov);
seal of

353

Constantine

'

/3'

o-7ra#apoKaz;8idara) KCU

x a P T>

r orpaTTjor'

(eighth-ninth century) and of

John

UTrarw /meya\a> x.^ 70

^^^

Tov

<rrpem&>riKou Aoyofleoriou (perhaps tenth century). (2, 3) \apTovX&pioi T&V ^e/uaro)V and T&V rayjutarcoz;.

The

chartularius

of a

theme or a tagma was subordinate

to the

Log.

Strat. as well as

to the Strategos or Domestic. He performed similar duties to those which used to be performed by scriniarii (orpcmwros, &c.^ see above) of the Praetorian Prefect.
1

Cp. Karlowa, i. 887. For other seals see *%. 352.

Panchenko,

ix.

372

'\.u>(dvvii) \>Tr(arw)

[X]oyo^[tV]t

[(j]Tp[aJno[r]tK[oD] (eighth-ninth century).

THE IMPERIAL ADMINISTRATIVE SYSTEM

(4)

91

We

met

Aeyara/uoi also in the office of the Excubiton

and

the Arithmos.
(5)

oKTLovts, the officers

who
i.

oiTTLoves

T&V

Tay^cLTtov Phil.

738 6 ).

distributed pay to the soldiers (ot This was their function in the
17,
ii.

sixth century, Procopius, B. V.

p.

262.
(6)
(7)

; Justinian^ Nov. 150. 1, (Cp. Nov. 141. 11, p. 221 in case of foederati.)

20

7rp(DTOKayK\\apioSy implying KayKeAAa/uot.

pavba-Topes.
voTa.pt.oL

The
Cer.

694 20 (they received

TOV arpartwrtKoC, not mentioned in this list, appear in half the honorarium of the chartularii).

(4)

6 Xoyodlrqs TOV bp6fj.ov.

This

title

was no such

should correspond to rationalis cursus publici. There official, and we may conclude that the Logothete of the

Course descends from the Curiosus cursus publici praesentalis

who

was
cp.

in the officium of the magister officiorum (Not. Dig., Or. xi. 50,

Lydus,

2. 10).

traced in the seventh century In the reign of Heraclius the post was held by Bonus (Chron. Pasch. 718, 726), by Anianus and Theodorus (Niceph. Patr. 24 6 , 25 ]8 ). 1 In A.D. 680 it was held Niketas and vTiaTtov by (TOV e^So^ordrov iiarpiKiov KOL juayurrpou raw
to the reign of Constantine IV.
d</>4>t/ua>2'j Acta Cone. Const. Ill, Mansi, xi. 209, 217). For the break-up of the office and for the jua'ytorpoi of the eighth

The magister

officiorum can be

(3a(n\iK&v

century see above

(14) p. 29.

The magister had performed multifarious duties, and he was the functionary who most nearly corresponded to a minister of foreign affairs. This important part of his work was transferred to the curiosus who presided over the state post. It seems not unlikely that before the time of Leo III the magister had been deprived of some of his functions, and, for instance, that the state post may have
In any case the office. from the state post and was named TOV bpofjiov, a name which does not appear till the eighth took over also from the mag. off. the duties connected with century, diplomacy, correspondence with foreign powers, and the reception of
official

been raised to a separate and independent

who

derived his

title

ambassadors.

When AoyofleVrjs
1

is

the Logothete of the Course

In
Chron. Pasch. 696,

used without qualification, in Byzantine writers, is generally meant (e.g. Cont. Th. 122 , 3
A.D.
605,

'

the

subadiuva

of

the

magister

is

mentioned.

92
198 16

PROCEEDINGS OF THE BRITISH ACADEMY

1

The office was sometimes united with others, Cer. 520.3). , in e. g. the reign of Theophilus, Theoktistos was Logothete and also This must also, I think, have been CTTI TOV KavLK\fiov (Gen. 83 17 ).
the case with Gregory Bardas under Leo IV, of has published a seal (Sig. 528) which he reads
KCU XoyoQtr (rf)

whom

Schlumberger

[/3a<ri]A.iK(co) ao-iK/nr'

ao-iKpir*

suspect that CKTLKPLT is intended for of course possible that an TrpwToao-rjKpTJr^, though it is on becoming logothete might retain his position in the
TOV bpopov.
I

The

logothete
(Cer.

was received
520)

in

audience every morning by the

It

Emperor

in the Chrysotriklinos.

was

his duty to

present ministers and officers (strategoi, domestici, &c.) to be invested by the Emperor (ib. 525 sqq.). At the silention in the Magnaura,

which the Emperor makes a public speech, the logothete is associated with the protoasecretes and the chief of the Imperial notaries (ib. 546 9 ). He naturally played the most important part
at
at the reception of foreign envoys or potentates (ib. 568, 138) ; also at the exhibition of captives (610 7 , 15 ). 735 5 , and Takt. (1) The TrptoTovoTapios TOV opopov (spathar Phil.
inferior ib. 127) appears in some of the ceremonies (conducting captives at a triumph, Cer. 609 21 , 613 3 ; bearing the He is mentioned in sportula of the archon of Taro, 138 22 , 569 5).

Usp. 124, or

Cont. Th. 198 19 .

(2) xaprovAapioi TOV bpopov

(spathars Takt.

Usp. 125

omitted

accidentally in the list of spathars in Phil.), in full ot x- TOV ofe'ou opo^ov Phil. 788 22 , and so De adm. imp. 184 (Sinartes, a eunuch) x- T o4os o.
-

are probably to be identified partly with the curiosi per omnes 3 provincias (Not. Dig., Or. xi. 51), and partly with the xaprouAapiot T&V fiapfidpaiv who play a part in the reception of the Persian ambassador,

They

as described by Peter the Patrician (Cer. 404 15 , 405 14 ) and belonged For vordpioi in the scrinium to the scrinium barbarorum (see below). of the (provincial ?) yapTovXapios we have the evidence of a seal (tenth
'

or eleventh century)
1

Aeoy(n) VQT TOV x a P 7 TOV fyop (Mel. 240).

We

may,

De
2

Boor)

16. 9,

think, assume that Thomas the logothete, in Vita Euthymii (ed. was Log. of the Course. Probably Xuaravts o-r[p]aro(pi) TOV \o-

y(odf<riov), Mel.

260 (ninth-tenth century), belonged to this officium.

and Xoyo&TT? TOV of<*s dpnpov (Sig. 529) and one of Stylianos (533) ? After the eighth century the Logothete would hardly have as low as spatharoUnder Leo VI the office was candidate rank. Theoktistos was a patrician.
also a seal of Martin, Imperial spatharocandidatus

We have

held by his father-in-law Stylianos, with the rank of magister (Cont. Th. 35J 9 ) ; in the tenth century Leo Rhabduchos was payiorpos KUI Xo-yotfeYqs T. dp. (Dc adm.
imp. 156).
a

Cp. C. Th.

6.

29,

De

curlosis.

THE IMPERIAL ADMINISTRATIVE SYSTEM

(3)
e7ri<rKe7jT?jrcu.

93

There are some

late seals of eTmnceTrrTJrai

who

possibly belong

here,, e. g.

that of Epiphanios, fiacnkiKov

7rta-K7rrirou

UobdvTov (Sig. 315). They probably had to report on matters connected with the safety of the provinces and frontiers. 1 (4) fpfjLr]VVTaC are the interpretes diversarum gentium in the officium of the mag. off. in Not. Dig., Or. xi. 52. Cp. Peter Patr., in Cer. 404 16 .

(On this subject cp. Bury, Byzantinische Zeitschrift, xv. 540-1. 2 ) The body of interpretes must have belonged to the scrinium barbarorum which is mentioned in A. D. 441 in a constitution of Theodosius
II,

addressed to the mag.

off.

(Nov. 21), and

is

referred to in the

text of Peter (Cer.

tularii

400 8 ), from which we

an optio (6 dimW r&v /3., 401 6 ), sent to Chalcedon to supply the Persian envoy with money. The airoKpLcnapLzlov (5) 6 KovpaTMp TOV CLTTOKpLariapieiov.
the
title Kovpdrcap
it

learn that, besides the charwas attached to it, who was

was

(as

that

shows) a building ; and we may readily conjecture was a hostel for the entertainment of foreign envoys
.

(6, 7) Siarp(fxoz>res (= cursores) and /xaz^aropes, cp. Phil. 786 18M9 The scrinium barbarorum, though not mentioned by Philotheos in

Phil.

connexion with the Logothete, seems to have been still in existence. 725 5 mentions 6 (Bappapos (see also -Tre/n raf. 461 4 ), who is

evidently identical with 6 TH T&V fiapftdptov, who is recorded by several seals. Schlumberger has published six seals of Staurakios, a who held this office. seal of Peter ^8. a' oriratiapLos KOL protospathar,

TMV pappapow he ascribes to the ninth century. Sig. 448 sqq. irr) See also Panchenko, ix. 357, xiii. 142 ; Konstantopulos, No. 307.

Rambaud thinks that the function of the scr. barb, was to defray the expenses of foreign ambassadors. It seems to me more probable that the fidpfiapos exercised supervision over all foreigners visiting
Constantinople.
(5)

6 \apTovXdpios TOV craKeXAiou.

The Chartulary is already dealt with. o-aK\Atov (Phil. 777, Cer. 115 20 ). also find craKe'AA^s instead of aa/ceAAi'ov (e. g. Takt. Usp. 127, Phil.
Sakellion has been

The

sometimes called

briefly 6 TOV

We

1 There were eVrio-KfTrrrjTru under (1) the Prefect of the City, (2) the Logothete of the Course, (3) the Great Curator, (4) the Logothete of the Flocks. Seals of officers with this title are generally ambiguous, e. g. that of an enurx. and K.OUf3ovK\Lcrios published by Panchenko, xiii. 113. 2 A fp[j.rjvfvs for Arabic, in the army, is mentioned by Theoph. Sim. 2. 10. 6. 3 This word was applied to foreign as well as Imperial envoys ; cp. Theoph.

94

PROCEEDINGS OF THE BRITISH ACADEMY

, .

735 22 , 750 18 763 6

uncertain date
A.'

Schlumberger

(Siff.

580) has published a seal of

:

VIIP-XP ('

siecle') of a Chartulary

/cat

)(ap[rouX]ap' TOV /3[aa-(tAtKoi>) (r]a,KeA[At]ou.

(TKpTov (Takt. Usp. 6 vordpios under spathar rank), Phil. 735 21 ol a-iraddpioi KOI vordpioi rf/9 o-aKeAArjy, 7525 v. TOV o-ctKeAAt'ov, Cer. 694 2o ot v. Trjs o-ctKe'AArjs, 594 7 They correspond to the primiscrinii of the comes
read
ot
01,
.

(1) vordpLOL /3ao-iAt/cot TOV

rei priv.

(Not. Dig. Or. xiv).

1 (2) vptoTovoTdpLoi OepaTuv. The duties of a Trpcoro^oraptos of a theme are illustrated in the schedule of the preparations for the Cretan

Expedition of A.D. 902, Cer. ii. c. 44. There we find the protonotary of the Thrakesian theme arranging for the purchase of the
provisions required by the soldiers, for a supply of flax for caulking the vessels and for the use of the Greek fire-guns, and for a supply of nails (p. 658). The protonotary of the Cibyrrhaeot theme is to

buy 60,000
duties

nails for fastening hides to the vessels (p. 659).

For

connected with moving the Imperial baggage, which the Emperor left behind when he crossed the Saracen frontiers, see Tre/ot
it

The protonotaries had raf. (see further 4643 , 466 2 , 4779 , 479 ]8 , 489 2 .) in their power to oppress the provincials, Cont. Th. 443 15 . Their
seals are
(3, 6,

common. 2 7) The ez>o5o'xot and

yrjpoKopoi (spathars Phil.

736 4 ,

inferior

Takt. Usp. 127) were heads of (fv&vcs 3 and yrjpoKo^ela supported by the state. They appear in the company of 6 TOV o-aKeAAtou (sc. \o-pr..), Cer. H5 20 , Phil. 777 r The \apTov\apiot. T&V ot/ca>i>, i. e. T&V evay&v
otKO)^, dealt

Possibly

evay<3j/

with the accounts and expenditure of these establishments. should be restored here : Takt Usp. has ot \aprov\-

Aa/not T&V evay&v oliuav 127,

in this connexion,

and so Phil. 753 4 evayTJs was technical, from an early period: cp. C.I. 1. 3. 41 (11), A. D.
.

528 T&V

re tvay&v
;

i><t>v(av

/cat

uoo-oKOjotetW *rA.

the pious hostelries,

Justinian, Nov. 60, p. 388. The Cuyoo-rarris (spathar Phil. 736 4 , inferior Takt. Usp. 127) (4, 5) examined and weighed the nomismata which came into the treasury.
1

hospitals/ &c.

Cont. Th. 447 17

teat

Cp. Sig. 103, 112, 122, 298-9, 345, &c., &c.

dvor. SiKeX', saec. ix
;

See also

MM. 208

2r6</)ava>

/3'
;

KavS'

223

ft'

236

Aeoj/Ti viraro) KCII

avorap

XaASmy

a-nnSap' navft Kai avorap* IlfAoTroi/', saec. xi saec. viii ix.

3 e. g. those of There was Sampson, Theophilus, Eubulus, Narses, St. Irene. a ^vo^o\fiov at Nicaea, cp. Panchenko, ix. 352 Mai/ou^X /3aa-iXt/<w irptoToairaBapiqi

Kai ^fi'oSo^wNtKains (see

nia

(%.

381), &c., &c.

Schlumberger, Sig. 381, Mel. 300) at Lopadion in BithySee also below under the Cp. Panchenko, ix. 387-9.
;

Great Curator.

THE IMPERIAL ADMINISTRATIVE SYSTEM

in the various cities (ib.
:

95

Julian refers to fuyoorarai Cp. the constitution in C. Th. 12. 7. 2 quern sermo graecus appellat per singulas civitates constitui zygostateri), who decided if there was any dispute

de qualitate solidorum.

The

jxer/orjrai

had similar duties connected

with weights and measures. 1

(8^ 9)

TrpcoTOKay/ceAAapcos

and KayKeAXaptoi.
(6 ap^coz; TT}? Q.

(10) 6 5o/me0TiKos rr/s

$vf/,e'A?;?

Cer.

his province expenditure on public amusements. as the successor of the tribunus voluptatum of the fifth century (C. Th. 15. 7. 13). For QvptXr] in this technical sense cp. the edicts of A.D. 426,

We

382 2 ) had for may regard him

C. Th. 8. 7. 21, 22 (actuaries thymelae et equorum currulium) Justinian's edict Trept rG>v vTrdrcov, addressed to the comes s. largitionum, Nov. 81, p. 468 ray CTT! rrjs a-Krjvijs re KOL tibp&iff fibviraOeias. There
;

of the City in the sixth century

(6)

seems to have been a theatrical treasury controlled by the Prefect (TTJ flearpaAta, Nov. 84, p. 480).
6 -)(apTov\apios rov

In the fifth century (as stated above) the vestiarium sacrum was a scrinium in the officium of the comes s. larg., and its chief was, as The officials at the head of the departusual, entitled primicerius.
the East the magistri lineae vestis (Not. Dig., Or. xiii. 14), the comes vestiarii (ib., Occ. xi. 5). may conjecture that the elevation of the vestiarium into an independent office, under
in the

ment were in

West

We

a chartularius, was coincident with the transformation of the s. largitiones into the ytvtKov, was in fact part of that transformation.

But when the vestiarium branched

increased in

off

from the

fisc,

the

new office was

compass. In fact, three of the scrinia, which used to be under the comes s. larg., namely scr. vest, s., scr. argenii, and scr. a

miliarensibus, were

combined to form a new

office

which was

called

the pea-Tiapiov. The minting departments of the argentum and a miliarensibus are represented in the new officium by the apyav rr/j

The vestiarium or public Wardrobe must be carefully distinguished from the Emperor's private Wardrobe, the sacra vestis, over which a comes s. vestis (who was a cubicularius) presided (see C. Th. xi. 18. 1 with note of Godof redus) These two wardrobes remained distinct in later times, though they have been confounded by SchlumThe comes s. berger (in his Sigillographie) and by other writers. who of was control the under the vestis, praepositus s. cub., is
.

Cp. Justinian, Nov. 152. 15, p. 282. The/urpa ando-ratf/za supplied by Praet. and Com. larg. are to be kept in the most holy church of each city. For a Sq/ioo-tof fuyoorarrys in Egypt A.D. 609 see B. G. U, iii. 837. 18.
Praef.

96

PROCEEDINGS OF THE BRITISH ACADEMY

represented in the ninth century by the 7rpa>ro/3e<ma/H09 (an office confined to eunuchs), and his wardrobe is distinguished as rbolKtiaKov f3ao-L\LKov (BecTTidpiov (irepl raf. 465 14 , 17 , 47 8 9 ) from the wardrobe
of the Chartularius (TO PCCTT. or TO PCLVL^IKOV /3eor. Cer. 672, 676 18 ). 1 For the sphere of the public vestiarium cp. C. Th. vii. 6 de militari veste, and xi. 18 de vestibus holoveris et auratis. Duties

connected with the equipment of ships seem to have been attached to the department in later times (cp. efa/>rior?is below, and Cer. 672

and 676)

2
.

Two

seals,

which seem to belong to our period (ninth century),

are published /3e<ma/nov TO

by Schlumberger (Big. 603) AZOVTL //ayiorpo) /cat CTTI TOV S/cAr/poo, and Mi^ar/A VTrarco (nAcurtapta) Kat \aprov\apiM
Schlumberger suggests the ascription of
Strategos of the Peloponnesus
4

TOV (Bao-iXiKov /3eoriapiou.

the former to
in A. D. 811.

Leo

Skleros^ who became

Another of the same period

TTp<aToanra(0apt.(i))

is

published by Panchenko, ix. 364,

[\apJrouA (a/no))
r(ou)
/3(curiAiKoi;)

/cat

(1)

This secretum has

/SacriAiKot voTdpioi. TOV o-eKpe'rou like

that of

the

from which it otherwise differs. These notaries (spathars, Phil. 735 22 ; inferior Takt. Usp. 127 6 VOT. TOV /3eor.) are mentioned, Cer. 594 6 and 694. Cp. seal of Comnenian (?) age in Panchenko, xiii. 101 AeW aorr7K[p7/]Ti[s] voT(dpios) T(OV)
sakellion,
(2, 3)

may conjecture that the occurrence of a KVTap\o<f TOV (3(TTiapiov Phil. 738 10 ) is due to the circumstance that the supply of military uniforms was an important department of this office. But we have no evidence for his duties or those of the
(6 K.

We

Aeyara/no?.
(4)

The

apxaiv

rrj?

silver

and bronze,

x a P a 7^ ? was chief of the mint (at all events for see above), yapayri is regularly used for moneta.
,

who

Philotheos elsewhere mentions 6 xpvrroex/^rTJs (auricoctor) 736 4 789 2 also appears in Takt. Usp. 127. Perhaps he belonged to the
,

OlKtlCLKOV p(TTldpLOV.

(5,6)
1

apTL(TTris.

x aP T ovXdpios. The juxtaposition suggests that this

is

It is

not clear which wardrobe

meant

in Constantine, Them. 15,

r<5

said that dpyvpa ptva-ovpia (dishes) avdyXvtya Kelrai ev private wardrobe see below D, II (2).
2

/3aa.

/3oT.

where it is For the

dealt with vacantia

In the eleventh century the vestiarium (TO o-cKpeTov TOV Alex. Comnenus, Nov. xx. 348-9.
:

/3.)

seems to have

3 Schlumberger groups the officials of the public and the private wardrobes, and also the fico-TrjTopf under the same heading.
,

Script. Incert.

336 (Leo Gramm. ed. Bonn).

THE IMPERIAL ADMINISTRATIVE SYSTEM

chartulary
in a
is

97

the x.aprov\dpios rf*

Xcyoptvrjs efaprrjo-ea)?,

mentioned

synodic epistle published by Combefis (Manipulus rerum Cplarum), and reprinted in Mansi, xiv. 113. (In the reign of Leo V, to which
this text refers, the post was filled by one Basil, the Emperor sent in search of oracles and divinations.) efapr?7<nj (properly
(gdprva-is)

whom

Mon.
(7)

ed.

was an arsenal or dockyard We may Bonn, 883 21 ).

(cp.

De adm.
that

infer

imp. 75 9 , George naval expenditure

belonged to the department of the Vestiarium.

Kovpdropes. 0(rP a *1 TaL (appear along with silentiarii in Cer. derivation is obscure, but the gloss /SeoTiaptrrj? quoted
(8)
x.

2349 ).

The

by Ducange

s. v. is

borne out by the fact that these functionaries belonged to the

Vestiarium.
(9, 10)

In having ^avbdropcs (we must read in the text of Phil. this office resembles the
(7)

aa-rjKprjraL (who might have protospathar or spathar rank, Phil. 733 p 758^ 735 5 ; spathar or lower, Takt. Usp. 124, 1.27) descend from the older imperial notarii. Cp. Lydus, 3. 27 ad fin. TOVS

The

Xeyo/xeVou? do-rjKprjru

rrjs avXfjs, Procop. H. A. 14, B. P. 2. 7. (cp. with Their chief, the TT/XOTOProcop. H. A. 16 Theoph. 186 15 ). ao-rjKprjr^ (might be avQ. K. TrarpiK., Phil. 729 4 ; protospathar, Takt.

Usp. 124).

Their seals are frequent

(Sig.

444

sqq.).

Asecretis, however, was not merely a new name for notarius. The schola of do-Tj/cpTJrai was differentiated from that of notarii, as

a superior and select class, though the functions of both were similar. The protoasecretis took the place, in rank and dignity, of the
primicerius notariorum of the Notitia ; and if the direct descendant of the primicerius is, as seems probable, the Trpcoroyorapioy, this office was reduced in dignity, overshadowed by the protoasecretis, to whom
it

was subordinate.

The growth

of the term asecretis

is

illustrated

1 meet an by the passages cited from Procopius and Lydus. 2 in the reign of Phocas. do-rjKpr/ns Maximus, the Confessor, was 3 Two ao-eKperts are mentioned in Trpcoroao'rjKprjrTjs under Heraclius.
1 Cp. also Malalas 494 8 : an d<rcKpTJTis, along with the quaestor and Prefect, takes part in a criminal investigation. For the aarrjKpTjTfla in the Palace cp. e.g.

We

20,!, George Mon. ed Bonn 8224 , Cer. 5207 . Theophyl. Sim. 8. 10. 2 (one of the ficur. raxvypufoi, cp. Lydus, loc. cit.). 3 Vit. Max., Migne, P. G. 90. 72 imoypa^ea irp5>Tov T>V ftrHriXiKuv vTro^v^/zaro)". For vrroypa<j>f)s = the Imperial notarii see Socr., H. E., 7. 23 ; ' first of the Emin Agath. Pref., p. 7, means primicerius notariorum. peror's vtroypa^fis Cp. Gen. 85 M eWi rG>v fiaxr&lKW V -rrp^rois vtroypcKpfw = Cont. Th. 161 2 o^povrt TTJV raw a(Tt]KprjTd)V (V Trpwroiy TifJUjV.

Gen.
2

'

M7

98

PROCEEDINGS OF THE BRITISH ACADEMY

6 fjiya\o7rpf7r(TTaros do-eKperts KCH

the Acts of the Council of A.D. 680 (Mansi, xi. 232, 324, 329):

Paulus

{3aaL\LKbs 0-eKperapio?

and

Diogenes TOV ^yaXoir. ao-KpTis creKperaptov /3a<nAiKoi5. The Emperor Artemius had been an dcrrj/cpT/Tts (TTJS rS>v doTf/cp^-ruou cr^oXrjs Trporcpov ytvoptvos tvapiOfjuos, Agathon Diac. in Mansi, xii. 193 Niceph. Patr. 49 20 ). The Patriarchs Tarasius and Nicephorus had belonged to
;

this service (Theoph. 458, 481). It seems to have devolved upon the protoasecretis to draw up the Imperial x/wo-o/3ovA.\ta (Basil II,

Nov. 29,
(1)

p.

313

ed. Zach.).

Many
For

seals of do-r/Kprjrat are extant.

xiii.

See Schlumberger,

Sig.,

444

sqq., Mel. 264, Panchenko,

89.

(2)

seals of VOT&PIOI see

i0r.,.551 sqq.,

Panchenko,

ix.

356.

TrpwrovoTdpios or chief of the school of the notaries is not mentioned here but appears along with the protoasecretis in various

The

ceremonies (Cer. 7^, 1022 , 20 17 , 123 3 , 546 10 ). From the school of the notaries were drawn the vorapioi /3ao-iA.t/coi attached to most of the
financial bureaux.

The two
;

575 10 _ 12 01 d<ri]KpTJrai KCH under the protoasecretis

vordpLOL

ot vordpioi.

categories are distinguished thus, Cer. the notaries T&V 00-77 Kprjreiwv

and

ot

T&V o-KpeTO)v

(yaprovXdpioi

KOI)

the notaries of the finance ministers.

It

aa-rjKpr]TL&v.

of TTptoTovordpLoi, ; them do. Note the late seals with aarjKpiJTis KOI -np^rovorapi^ (Sig.

Cp. 693 13 6 vor. T&V seems impossible to say for certain whether seals without definition, belong here probably some of

444, 552).
SeKovoj appears with the d<r|Kp?}reu in the ceremony of On the Emperor's military expedicreating Patricians, Cer. 246 21 . decanus had tions the a baggage horse ets rd /3ao-tAtKa yapria (wept
(3)

The

raf.
fifth

479 8 ). [For the decani who were under the castrensis in the and sixth centuries see the texts cited by Bocking, and Not. Dig.,
iii.

Occ.

299-300.]
(8)

771

TOV dblKOV.

The functions of this minister, generally known as 6 cioW?, have been commonly misunderstood. The name, though always spelt with ct, has been connected with tduco'?, and the office thus brought into
relation with the old res privata
l

77

tdiK?) -rrepiovo-i'a

patrimonium y Ibmy Krfjaris. between the names or the offices.

treasury,
it

There

is,

or the old sacrum connexion either no however,

TO clbiKov does not

mean

the private

means the

functions have nothing in the patrimonium.

1

and its special treasury, opposed common with those of the res privata or
to ytvinov,

So Reiske and Ducange.

THE IMPERIAL ADMINISTRATIVE SYSTEM

The most important
office is

99

text

we have bearing on

the functions of this

the
45.

list

Cer.

ii.

of supplies for the Cretan expedition of A. D. 949, in There we have an account of the bidtyopa eidrj 1 which

were
list,

airo TOV o~KpeTov TOV elbiKov f^obiao-OevTa (673).

Compare the

p. 671,

where

it is

noted on
T&V

77

efobos T&V apfjievuv KCUT&V bi^Oepioov

o^etAei
cp.

eepxe<r0ai euro rd dbiKov.

bLtydepitov airb

The

office

had a storehouse:

Nearly all the equipments and hardstores required for the expedition seem to have been supplied by the eidikon and the vestiarion. In addition to sails,
a7ro/cei/xeVa>z> els

674 22

TO elbutov. 2

ropes, hides, axes, wax, tin, lead, casks, &c., the eidikon also furnished clothes (underclothes, leggings, &c.), 677-8. Another text bearing

on the

elbiKov is

deposited in its treasury

Cont. Th. 257, where we learn that Michael III gold which he had obtained by melting down

works of

art.

of officials under the eto"iKo'j further show that his sphere had nothing to do with that of the old comes rei privatae. It was In the fifth specially concerned with the epyoSoVia or factories.
titles

The

century the factories, fabricae, of arms (scutaria, clibanaria, armamentaria, &c.) were under the control of the magister officiorum; the
procuratores
of

other

public

factories

were

subordinate

to

the
s.

comes

s.

largitionum.

We

may

therefore infer that

when

the

largitiones was transformed into TO yeviKov, the management of the factories was constituted as a separate ministry, and termed, in contradistinction, TO elbiKov.

had a treasury (probably supplied by the sale of manufrom which we find him disbursing three litrae to the comes tures), ibuli (Trept raf. 462 3), and sums to the Imperial household (ib. 463 13 ), m occasion of an Imperial expedition. On such an occasion he
elbiKos

The

himself takes charge of the transport of

all

kinds of

ei8?/,

from shoes

to candlesticks, with a caravan of forty-six pack-horses (ib. 473-4), and he, with his hebdomarioi, gives out' the supplies (cp. ib. 481 7 ).

important item was the supply of barley for the animals

this

furnished at the several stations by the protonotary of the theme to the comes stabuli, the amount being entered in the presence of the
after the expedition the accounts were made up by the protonotaries and the chartularius stabuli in the bureau of the dbu<6s
(ib.

and

It
r

would not be correct to derive TO

elSinov
'

ptian papyri clBos frequently occurs for

Cer.

tax

'

from eiSq in this sense. In but generally suggests a tax in

elSiKos, in

:ind, cp.
2

Kenyon, Pap. Brit. Mus. iv, No. 1346. 180 13 eVt TOV eldiKov. Does this mean the bureau of the

the

lace ?

72

100

PROCEEDINGS OF THE BRITISH ACADEMY

The earliest mention of the et8iKoy is in Takt. Usp., where he appears with the rank of protospatharios (120 6 Trpooroo-Tr. /cat em TOV Under Basil I, Nicetas, son of Constantine Triphyllios, held IbiKov).
the post (Photius, Ep. 130, ed Valettas
published by Schlumberger (Sig.
;

Gen.

71).

518) belong to

the

The seals Comnenian

epoch

likewise

that

published by
[KCU]

disagree with his

Trpcoroyorapu*)

Panchenko (xiii. 98, where I ei5iK(w) and would read [TOT;]

(1)

The

Eidikos, like most of the other finance officers, had i/oraptot

(Spathars, Phil. 735 23
;

/3a0-iA.iKoi in his secretuni.

inferior,

Takt.

Usp. 127.)
officials (Cer.

They

694 17 ).

received a large honorarium from newly appointed Demetrius, a fiao; VOT. TOV ei8i/co, took part in

a conspiracy against Romanus I (Cont. Th. 400 12 ). of a TTptoTovordpios of the Comnenian age (Sig. 517).
(2, 4)

There

is

a seal

1 These apxovrts are apyovTcs and jotetfoVepot T&V epyoSoonW. doubtless descended from the tpya(TTr}piap\ai KCU apx ozrre? ^ whom

two

seals are preserved (Schlumberger,

Mel, 240-1, Panchenko,

Grenfell

xiii.

114), belonging to the seventh century, probably A.D. 643-4.

For

the term

= jutetfoYe/oos

mayor, overseer,
I.

cp.

and
ro>

Hunt,

Oxyrkynchus Papyri,

158. 6

Ko/utert

f/etforepa), ib.

petfovi

=
;

overseer, 156. 5 xapToiAapi'ois xai /uei'Coori ; VI. 922 21 |ueibre/oou, 943 3 B. G. U. iL 368 : all documents of sixth to seventh century.
(3)

The

e/38ofxa/>tot

TOV tlbiKov are mentioned in

ire pi

ruf.

478 10 , 487 22

(9) 6

/Wyos Kouparcop, and (10) 6 KovpaTMp T&V Mayyd.vwv.

It was shown above (p. 79) that, in the reign of Justinian, the divinae domus, which had been administered by the comes r. priv., and the divina domus per Cappadociam, which had been under the Praepo-

\
'

formed into a new and separate administration situs, under a Kovpfowp r&v OIKI&V, whom we meet in A. D. 566. This

seem

to have been

functionary probably appears earlier in A. D. 557, for Agathias explains that Anatolios, who then bore the title of Kovparwp, had the charge of meet Aristobulos the Emperor's ot/coi and Kr^ara (5. 3, p. 284).

We

6 Kovp.

The
T&V

the reign of Maurice (Theoph. 261 3 ). various estates and properties had special curators, subordinate

T&V

/3ao-iAiK<3y otxcoi; in

to the Curator

Justin II, Nov. 8 (p. 19) ot re

Tiberius II, Nov. 12
(p.

i>ofo'rarcH /cov

QttcDv o?Ka)i,

26) T&V tvbo OTCLTUV rf

We
1

may

say that the Curator has taken the place of the

(A. D.

Theophanes, A. M. 6285

792) mention

ro {3avt\tKov cpyoftoa-iov rS>v

THE IMPERIAL ADMINISTRATIVE SYSTEM

Comes domorum, 1 who was under
become an independent
enlarged.
minister,

101

the comes
his

r.

priv.

but he has

and

administration has been

The Curator was

doubtless called

/uufya?

to distinguish

him from

the subordinate curators.

of the administration
r.

He

had

in his

hands a considerable part

comes

which used to fall within the province of the s. and comes The financial control, as we patrimonii. priv. have seen, belonged to the Sakellion. The office was called TO jue'ya it and the office of Mangana were twins (TO. bvo
;

ol bvo KovpaT&pts, Cer.

only difference Mayy. But did the sameness consist in actual identity or in sameThe jueifoYepos ro>r ness of type (like the officia of the strategoi) ?
'EhtvOepiov,
officia,
if

was

461j, that there were no

3 ).

Philotheos says that the ^evM^oi under the Koup. r.

majordomo
is

Philotheos

of the house of Eleutherios, occurring in both The accurate, points to actual identity.

question is whether the TraAcma and KTrj/uiara were divided between the two Curators, so that the subordinate Kovparwpes in the officium of each were different persons, or whether both controlled all the private The latter alternative seems to be estates, but for different purposes.

supported further by the existence of a special Kovpdr^p of the

Kr?jjoiara.

He

is

designated in
ot
list

irepi

ra. 461 2

as 6

Kr??ju,arii>os,

where he

is

distinguished from
KTTHJLCLTOS.

In the

bvo Kovpara>pes, and in Phil. 788 21 as 6 K. TOV of the officium the text gives KoupaVcopes r&v

'his

but the passages quoted point to the correction Kovparwp. official was subordinate to the two Curators.

The origin of the second Curator may be inferred from his title, 5 ( tovpdrap T&V Mayyaiwi; (cp. Cont. Th. 397 6 ). The Imperial houses , 2 named Mangana and New House, were founded by Basil I, and
were really large agricultural estates (OIKOS like domus, in this sense), the revenues of which were destined to defray the costs of the ImThis is explained in Constantine's Vita Basilii jrial banquets.
(Cont. Th. 337
/urj

fiovXofjievos

yap ra
eiy

Srjjuoo-ta

^pi^ara &irp

ol

e/c

TOV

virrjKOov (fropoi ye^z/wrres

av^dvovdiv

otKetas Ka.TavaXio'Keiv \petas Kal

Kat rovs Irepcoi' TTOVOVS T^V
7rei;or](raro
77

T&V ava

TTCLV

eros vif CLVTOV

17

Ke/cA?jjueVcoi/,

^av fjbvveiv
bovs
K

crvyKporctr, rous TOLOVTOVS OLKOVS

KOL

yewpytas dircTofev
Kal

V avrots iKaraj, a^)'

&v

/3curiAiK7) Travbaicria

-ov T
1

T&V
1.

jucr' CLVTOV

afyQovov

/cat

oLxaiav Ti]v \opr\yiav l/xeAAei' e

C.

Th. 10.

15, A. D. 396.

Mangana seems to have been acquired by Basil from the Patriarch Ignatius, rho, when he returned to Constantinople to resume the patriarchal throne, was
provisionally lodged ev rols yovutols avrov TraXariois roiy KO\OV pivots M.ayK.avois ( Vita The palace had seemingly belonged to his father, fgnatii, Mansi, xvi. 257).

Michael

I.

J02

PROCEEDINGS OF THE BRITISH ACADEMY

ai). This important text proves that the Kovparap r&v Mayyaviav was a new creation of Basil I. might reasonably infer that the v4os

We

OIK 09, established for the

same purpose, was likewise under his

control.

seems to show, as we have seen, that he had to do with other estates and palaces, such as It looks as if Constantine's account were defective, TO. 'EA.ev0epiou.

But what Philotheos

states about the officia

and that Basil had also allocated a portion of the revenue from other estates to the same purpose as the revenue from Mangana, and If that all such portions were dealt with by the /coup. r. Mayyavav.
were so, some (not necessarily all) of the special Koupdrwpes who were subordinate to the Great Curator would be for this purpose subBut the whole question is ordinate also to the Curator of Mangana.
this

very doubtful and obscure. Schlumberger has published (Sig. 142) a seal (which he ascribes to the ninth century) of Leo, protospatharios, /xeyaAw Kovpdr&pi TOV
/ScunAiKou OLKOV r&v

gana

also claimed the epithet

Mayyavav, which shows that the Curator of ManSee also the later seals (eleventh juteya?.
*

century), id. 151. (1, 2) In this officium the Trpcorovordptos

is

designated as well as

the

/3a(riAiKol voTapioi.

(3)

Kouparcopes r&v -rraAaruoz;.

The

curator T&V

'Op/xuro'ou,

Ckron.

the curator T&V 'Avno^ov, Theoph. Sim., ; 3. 3. 11 (cp. Chron. Pasch., p. 973). The curator in Cer. 374 10 is the curator of the palace of Hiereia. The curae palatiorum were in early

Pasch.y A. D. 602, p.

972

times under the castrensis

(4) Koupdrcopes

s.

palatii (Not. Or. xvii).

r&v Kn/^droor.

cp. above and Phil. 788 21 . 6 KTIHJLCLTLVOS K. and also a number of subordinate local Kovpdrcopes. Cp.

Probably an error for Koupdrwp r. K., Perhaps, however, the plural includes both

Koupanopeia T&V Tpvyjivav (in Lydia), -rrept ra. 462 7 . of Eleutherios had a /zeiCoVepoy instead of a xovparwp. (5) The Palace The Palace was built by Irene. 3 It is mentioned in MichaePs Vit.
rj

Theod. Stud. (Migne, P. G. 99. 269).

(6, 7, 8)

The

exceptionally under the Great Curator. under the Sakellion.

1

evooyda of Sangaros, Pylae, and Nicomedia were The other >o8oxeta were

Phil.

735 2 5

01 (nrad. /ecu Trpcoroj/OTaptoi

rou fjeya\ov xovparuipiKiov

must be
/cat

cor-

rected either to the singular or,

va>v Kouparcopi/a'ov.
8

more probably, by the addition of

TOV MayyaOTTO

Cp. Cer. 461 2 ot 5vo TrpcoropoTaptoi ra>v dvo Kovparo)piKia)v. Cp. Acts of Council of A. D. 680, Mansi xi. 209 KuvvTavrivov TOV evdogor. VTrdrcDV narpiKiov KOI KovpaTcapos TOV f3ao-i\iKov raw 'Op/zterSou OIKOV.
3

riarpia, ed.
;

century

cp.

Preger , 267 13 It was probably no longer a palace in the thirteenth the seal of George in Sig. 155. For the term /ueioTpos see above
.

under

6 crrt TOV fi

THE IMPERIAL ADMINISTRATIVE SYSTEM

(9)

103

The

eTTKrKeTJTT/rai

were the inspectors

whom
and

the Great Curator

estates,

sent to inspect the

management
11.

of the palaces

of the great Orphanage of which was situated north of the Constantinople, TO optyavorpofyeiov, 1 In the reign of Leo I, Acacius, Acropolis near the Porta Eugenii. afterwards Patriarch, 2 and Nikon, a presbyter, were successively orphanotrophoi, and in a constitution of that Emperor (C. I. i. 3. 34,
6p(f)avoTp6^os
is made to Zotikos qm prius huiusmodi pietatis inuenisse dicitur. Theophanes records that in A.D. 571-2 qfficium build the Church of SS. Peter and Paul, II to Justin began (244 7 ) (V ro) opQavoTpotytLto. According to the Tldrpia Ka)i>oraz/nz;ou7ro'Aea>j,

The

was the Principal

A.D. 472) reference

III TTpl
avriyetpcv

Kn'oyjtaroojj,

'lovcrrlvos

47, p. 235, TOV ayiov YlavXov TO Kal 2o^>ta* /cal TOV oaiov <J)<raura>?

ro Aevrepov}' Kal erviraxrey avaTtavto-dai rovs A.a>/3ovy e/cet KCH Xafjipdveiv. Trapurraro 8e ZO>TIKO? 6 7rpa>TO/3eoTiapios' avrov rots

M. Schlumberger has published a small with the busts of SS. Peter and Paul on the obverse, and on the reverse a monogram surrounded by the legend OP<t>ANOTP00r. 3
criv

(cp. 164, p. 267).

seal,

This seal he dates from the reign of Justinian, for the same monogram appears on some bronze coins of that Emperor and has been explained
is, I think, erroneous. The true interpretation is, I have no doubt, 'lovo-rtvov Kal 2o$tas, 5 and we may infer that the coins, as well as the seal, were connected with the foundation of the new orphanage by Justin II and Sophia. From this evidence it may perhaps be deduced that before the time

as

VCTI N AN
I

V. 4 This interpretation

and most probably in the fourth century, 6 an orphanage was founded in Cple by a certain Zotikos, whose piety was rewarded by the title of 00-109. Justin and Sophia founded a new orphanage, which was dedicated to SS. Peter and Paul, and restored the house of Zotikos, which was perhaps converted into a home for Both these establishments were under the lepers (A.o>/3orpo<etoy).
of

Leo

I,

1
2

Mordtmann,

Theodores Lector,
Mel. 299

Esquisse topographique , 50. i. 13 roG opcfravoTpofov

xiv.

Evagrius,ii. 11 TO Karaywyiov r&v

6p(f)aVO)V TrpOfKTTTjKfl.
8 4

and PL

16

Sig. 380.

i.

Sabatier, Description generate, i. 86, 191. $ is supposed to represent <\aiu'ou. 72.

5 6

Wroth, Imperial Byzantine

Coins,

The

Another group (Wroth, ib. 73) omits the K(OI). tradition was that he lived in the time of Constantius.il,
p. 235.

riarpta, ed.

Preger,

104

PROCEEDINGS OF THE BRITISH ACADEMY

who was probably always an
ecclesiastic.
1
'

control of the dpcfravoTpoQosj

appointed in early times, but we may he was that appointed by the Emperor, at all probably conjecture In the ninth century he appears events since the reign of Justin II.

We

do not know

how he was

Cp. Takt. Theodore Studites ed. Migne) is addressed Atovri 6p<j>avoTp6<$>u> 3 and this Leo was (i. 29, a Patrician, as his wife is mentioned in the letter as TTJS Kvpias, rrjs
as one of the great officials

who may

hold Patrician rank.

Usp. 117

6 ircLTpLKLos Kol 6p(j)avoTp6(j)os.

letter of

Judging from his officium, the Orphanotrophos does not seem to have possessed any control over, or duties regarding, provincial orphanages.
owcoi,

Other public charitable institutions (tvobo%la, evayei? were subject to the administration of the Chartulary of the &c.) The Orphanotrophos, therefore, Sakellion and the Great Curator.
cannot be rightly described as a minister of assistance publique. 2 Schlumberger has published a seal which may have belonged to

John, the famous Orphanotrophos, brother of Michael IV. The legend See Sig. 380, Mel. 299. is l(d(avvrj) Moz>ax(o>) /cat, O/)$az>orpo(/>(a>).

Another
legend
is

seal (tenth or eleventh century, Sig. 379, Mel. 298) has the

irp^rr] fxaflrjTcoi; acfrpayls optyavoTpotyov.

optyavoTpotytov is intended, but

Schlumberger says that he has not observed that the inscription

metrical.

pheion.

The seal is probably to be referred to the great OrphanotroAnother, seal of the eleventh century bears the legend Mi^a^A)

ALCLKOV(OS) KXnpiKos [/cat] dvos TOV Op$az>(o)r(po(/>eiov) o TerpaTro

379, Mel. 297. M. Sorlin-Dorigny has explained dvos as But I very much doubt this voo-oKOfjiosy or chief of the hospital staff.
Siff.

interpretation. There seems to be no mark of abbreviation after dvos, and I do not see how it can be otherwise explained than as avQpu>-nos y

for
(

which

it
*

is

the normal abbreviation in

'

MSS.

This would mean

dependent

or

retainer '.

(1, 2) XaprovXdpioL TOV OLKOV and \apTov^dpioi TOV ocriou. There were thus two distinct establishments under the Orphanotrophos, each of

which had

its

staff

of accountants.

We may
e

take

it

that these

establishments were the

1

new Orphanotropheion

St.

Paul 5 ) founded by

Nicetas, Vit. Ignatii Patriarchae, in Mansi, xvi. 275. Nicephorus, Bishop of Nicaea, became op(f>avoTp6<j)os. A letter of Photios (186, ed. Valettas)is addressed Teupyio) 8iaKovq> Ka\ opcjbavoTpo'^o), but it is not clear that this person was the

Orphanotrophos he may have been the director of some provincial orphanage. The most famous Orphanotrophos, John (brother of Michael IV), who virtually governed the Empire for some years, was a monk.
;

On

B. iv,
fine,

c. ix,

the general subject of t assistance publique see Ducange, Cplis.^ Christiana, and Schlumberger, M61. 281 sgq. Cp. also Pargoire, L'Eglise byzansqq.

80 sqq. , 324

THE IMPERIAL ADMINISTRATIVE SYSTEM

A

105

Justin and Sophia, and called 6 OLKOS, and the older foundation bearing late seal (thirteenth century) is prethe name of 6 oarios Zom/co's. 1

served

(Siff.

155) of Niketas, Bishop of lonopolis and yaprovXapiu TOV

If the singular is right,

(3) dp/capias.

both houses had a

common
$

area and treasurer.

For apKapios

Grenfell and Hunt, Oxyrhynchus (4) Kovparcopes. Perhaps the curators of

institutions.

cp. Justinian, Nov. 163 /3', p. 353 Papyri, I. cxxvi. 15 (A.D. 572).

dependent or

affiliated

V.
(1) 6 Srjjutapxos

v Be^e'row, (2) 6

brjjJLap-^o^

T&V

The organization of the denies (877/0101, jme'prj) of Constantinople is a subject in itself, 2 and I do not propose to go into it here, or to discuss the functions of the officials, closely connected as they are with
the hippodrome and the horse races. It must be sufficient to observe that there were four denies, the Blues and Greens of the city, and the

Blues and Greens of the Asiatic suburbs.

BeWroi, and the
city

The city

Blues, ol TroAiriKot

were under the suburban, and ; Domestic the ol under Greens, Trepan/col npao-iz;oi, were respectively of the Schools and the Domestic of the Excubiti, who, acting in this capacity, were called Democrats. But the term dij/xo/cparTjs was applied
Greens,
ol

TroAtriKot

Updo-wot,

Demarchs

the suburban Blues,

ol Trepan/cot BeVeroi,

in a general sense also to the

his creation
1.

Demarchs The demarch might have the rank of

is

(Phil.

715 20 ).

av0vira.Tos.

The ceremony

of

described in Cer.

i.

55.
.

6 aevrepevcoz/.

Cp. Cer. 269 16 , 798 20

is confusing ; he should have used either the plural or the singular throughout. That each of the two denies had its chartularius is shown by Cer. 799 2

2. 6 xaprouAapioj.

The

text of Philotheos

3.

OTTO'S.

Cer.
Is

4. 6 apx<*v.

272 17 , 799 5 this the same as

.

6 jucuorcop (Cer.

272 18 )

In Cer.

269 16
the
1

rots AoiTroty ap%ov(n TOV jutepovs

seems to mean the chartularius,

Trotr/rTJy,

and the
er
'

The explanation of Vogt (Basile I , 171) is impossible. Les chartulaires "TOV OIKOV" administraient probablement la partie materielle de 1'orphanotro" TOV 6o~iov " en avaient 1'administration phion tandis que les chartulaires morale^
' 1'administrareligieuse et intellectuelle. TOV 6o-iov could not possibly signify tion morale', &c., nor would the instructors be called xpTou\dptoi.
'

See Uspenskij Partii

tsirfca i

dimy v Konstantinopolie , Viz. Vrem.

1 sqq.

1894.

The demes were the urban populace organized

as a local militia.

their importance in Egypt (fourth to seventh centuries) cp. byz. Verw. Acgyptcns, 18, n. 2X

M. Gelzer,

Stud,

For xur

106

PROCEEDINGS OF THE BRITISH ACADEMY

Cer. 799,
Cer.
.

269 16 , 271, , 272 16 . 7996 , 272 17 Cer. 111 5 , 271 55 n As the notarius was distinct 7. 6 vordpios. from the chartularius (cp. also Philotheos, 738 14 ), the text in Cer. 272 17 6 vordpios TJTOI 6 \apTov\dpios should be corrected by the omission
5. 6 yeiTomdpxys. 6. 6>eAioT7is.
.

of

7/rot.

8. ot i]vio^oi. I write

the

fjn.KpoTrav(rr)s

the plural supposing that the tyaKTLovdpios and are meant. Cp. Cer. 338 12 , and 799 3 , where, after
Be^eVcoz;, 6

the chartularii, are enumerated 6 (franTiovdpios

\CVKOS, 6
/z.

$. Upaariv&v,

/5ov<rtos.

Cp. 337 17
.

ot bvo (franr. KCU ot bvo

9.

ra TTppTcta.
8^/otcSrat.

Cp. Cer. 269 17 33719

,

10.

The names

of

many

other

officials of

the denies will be found in

Cer. 799 (cp. 804) ; also 310 sqq., 352, &c. It is to be noted that there was a staff of

Hippodrome

officials

who

were not under the control of the Demarchs, 77 rafts TOV t7T7ro5po/xto7;. Their titles will be found in Cer. 799-800, and 804. The chief of them was the Actuarius. In Cer. 341 14 he stands in the Kathisma of the Hippodrome. In Philotheos For his duties cp. ib. 366 5 , 304 12 he is not assigned to any officium but is mentioned several times. He
.

may

be a spathar, 735 18

(in

Takt. Usp. 127 he

is

of lower rank).

He

is

entertained at Imperial banquets, 750 19 , 758 20 , 7744 .

VI.
(1)

6 e

/3a<nAiKTj

or Great Hetaeriarch was the captain of the a body of guards, largely foreigners, who were in He is not mentioned close personal attendance upon the Emperor. in the Takt. Usp., nor in the first list of Philotheos ; but he appears
1

The Hetaeriarch
eratpefa,

in the classified list;

list

and

in the

Jerusalem

MS.

he occurs in the

existed rrjs /3tyA.ay. general in A.D. 867 (Andreas, George Mon., ed. Bonn, 817 18 and in A.D. 867 Artavasdos a Persian, ib. 838 7 ) and under Basil I, in whose reign we find
after the drungarios
,

The Hetaeriarch

2 Stylianos holding the post of )atK/o6slratpetdpx^^ and Michael Katudares that of Oxe'ycts) erat/o. 3 Under Leo VI we meet Nikolaos, a confidant

Emperor, holding the office of Hetaeriarch (Cont. Th. 361 7 ). One of the most important duties of the /ueyas eraipfiapx^s was to
of the

protect the
1

Emperor

against plots (cp. the action of Nikolaos,

e'rcupei'a

ib.,

To be

distinguished from the

.

of a erTparqyds.
3

Georg. Mon. 846 13

Ib.

847^.

THE IMPERIAL ADMINISTRATIVE SYSTEM

107

and also Cont. Th. 470 2 ). Romanus I was created Hetaeriarch, with the rank of magister, before he became Basileopator ; he was succeeded in the post by his son Christophoros (Cont. Th. 394-5).

From

the fact that Hetaeriarchs are not mentioned either in Takt.

first list

Usp. or in the
Michael
III.

we may perhaps

infer that they

But

of Philotheos (transcribed from an older list), were first created in the reign of In Takt. Usp. we the eraipeta was an older term.

find -nptoTopavbaTopes

rijs ereptas (129). must, I think, identify the Hetaireia with the body of troops called </>ot8epdroi in the early The evidence for the (/>oto'6paroi was cited part of the ninth century.

We

saw (p. 63, in connexion with a passage in Kudama). that they were under rovp^dpyai, who are mentioned in the Takt. Usp. may conclude that in Michael's reign these troops were reorganized, and that the turmarchs were replaced by Hetaeriarchs.
above

We

We

The
there

organization presents
JUIK/OOS

some

difficulties.

We

have seen that

was a

pu/cpa

eratpeta.

This seems to eraipetapx??? in BasiPs reign. often hear of fj pcyaXri eratpta (Cer.

We

imply 519 15

far as I

553 18 , &c.) and of ^ /uVrj eraipeta (518 19 , 553 10 , &c.) ; but never, so know, of ^ /at/cpa er. Yet the existence of the latter seems to be implied by the term fxe'cnj, which must have meant an intermediate body between the great and the little Hetaireiai. The only possible explanation seems to be that a little Hetaireia, which existed under Basil, was afterwards abolished ; we do not hear of a little Hetaeriarch after his reign. 1 In the tenth century we find that the juieV?; or /xeo-ata (Cer. 576) was under the creupeicipx*?? a well as the /zeyaA.??, and

% ercupcfa, used without qualification, seems to have included both bodies. This may be inferred from Cer. ii. 1, where the daily opening
of the palace is described. When the papias opens the doors in the morning, he is accompanied by the Hetaeriarch /*cra T>V apyorT<t)v

TTJS

trcupetaj

/cal

r&v

rfjs

eraipetas

e/38ojuapuoz;.

Presently the

members

of the eraipeia break up into two parts, those of the fxeVrj and find them distinguished those of the /xeyaArj (519J. (518 19 ) in other passages of the Ceremonies (553, 576, 607).

We

From
the
ftey.

Cer. 576 3
r.

we
and

learn that there were

15

In wept raf. 478 14 ,

<r

we

Macedonians (Slavs?) in find distinguished ol CTT! rfjs

rfjs ercupei'aj.

eratpetas az>8pcs

ol

p lOviK.ol T&V

em

Besides the

two

were attached to them, and included under the general name fj ercupeta, two other bodies of foreign soldiers, namely, Khazars and Pharganoi. Cer. 576 8 fj pcy. er., OJUOUDS teal rj /xecraia
eratpetat there
1 Vit. Euthymii, i. 11 mentions the presence of members of the Hetaireia at the hunting expedition in which Basil I met his death ; Stylianos was also

present.

108
KOL

PROCEEDINGS OF THE BRITISH ACADEMY

T&V 3>apydv(Dv
Kal

Xafdpav.

Cont. Th. 358 Xafdpovs r&v

e/c

TT)S

ercupetaj TOV /3a<riA.a>s AeWro?.

Pharganoi as well as the Hetaireia attended Basil I in his fatal hunting expedition in A.D. 886 (Vit.

Euthymn,
ganoi,
fj.y.

i.

12).

Among

were thirty-one of the

T.

the troops sent to South Italy in A.D. 935 jzey. er., forty-six of the ^(rrj, forty-five Phar-

and forty-seven Khazars

cost a

minimum

An appointment to the (Cer. 660). of sixteen litrae, to the jueVrj a minimum of

minimum
of seven (Cer. 692-3).
ot ZOviKol rijs traipeCas olov

ten, to the

Pharganoi or Khazars a

Tovpnoi, Xaupeis Turks means Hungarians in Byzantine writers of this period, though it would have been a perfectly proper description of the 3>apydvoL, who were Turks from Central Asia (Transoxiana and 1 especially Ferghana, whence their name). Each division of the Iraipeta had its own commanders (ol ap-^ovrfs T. er. Cer. 518 5 ) ; the /ueyaArj and the jueVrj had each its e^do/xa/not or The jueyaAr/ had a logothete, Anon. Vari, 6 6 TJJS TrapeflbofJidpioL (ib.). 6 T. /uey. XoyoOfrrjs. Protomandatores of the Hetaireia are mentioned
Kal \OLTTOL.

Philotheos mentions (772 17 )

in Takt.

Usp. 129.
constantly found in association with the jmay/cXawere perhaps also under the control of the Hetaeriarch.
is

The
2

Hetaireia

/3iTat,

who

For the duties of the Hetaeriarch and Hetaireia in guarding the Imperial tent see vtpl raf. 481. For his appearance in ceremonies in association with the TraTua? (both these officers were responsible for the safety of the palace) see Cer. 116 5 , 122 5 The Cp. also 442 16 Hetaeriarch might be a eunuch, Phil. 784 14
.
.

(2)

o A/oouyya/Hos TOV

Tr

The history of the naval commands in the seventh and eighth centuries has been elucidated by Diehl and Gelzer. Before Leo III the navy
was under the supreme command of a high admiral
1

entitled or/oan/yo?

It

seems probable that there

the Caliph
Caliph

may have been &apydvoi among the subjects of who deserted to the Empire in the days of Babek's rebellion, under Mamun. This is suggested by the case of Theopharies 6 etc Qapyavuv,

Georg. Mon., ed. Bonn., 815 and 821. It is suggested by Reiske (860) that the obscure 6 /3ap/3apos in Phil. 725 5 may be the Hetaeriarch, so called as commander of foreign troops, but see above, p. 93. 2 Cp. Anon. Vari, 5 24 ; Cer. 9 16 TO nay\d$iov KOI f) eVaipem, 7 19 , 25 24 , 607 1S
.

We

who were candidati (Phil. 786 8 ), stratores (ib. 736 18 ), and protoSome of them were stationed in the Lausiakon, but they spathars (ib. 785 10 ). are not necessarily to be included among oi TOV Anvo-taKoG apxovres (785 17 ) for we find the stratores of the payXaftiov distinguished from the stratores of the
meet
/LtayXa^Irai
;

Lausiakon (736 18 )
804 l3
.

It occurs in the sense of

nay\dptov seems to have meant a stick, see Reiske, 53 sqf/. ' stripe', De adm. imp. 236 10 ; George Mon., ed. Bonn.,

THE IMPERIAL ADMINISTRATIVE SYSTEM

KapafiHTLavaiv.
(a

109

Under him was the

bpovyydpios T&V

Leo III post held by Apsimar before he became Tiberius III). He raised abolished the great naval command, and subdivided it. the drungarios of the Kibyrrhaeots to the rank of strategos. 1 The
naval theme, that of Dodekanesos or the Aiyaiov a drungarios during the eighth century, 2 and until was under ireXayos the reign of Michael III. For in the Taktikon Uspenski (120) the
other principal
title is 6 bpovyydpios TOV Alyaiov vtkdyovs. The third naval theme, that of Samos, is not mentioned in the eighth century, nor does it appear in the Takt. Usp. It follows that it was instituted under
\

Michael

III, Basil I, or in the early years of

Leo VI,

as

it is

registered

According to Constantine Porphyrogennetos (Them, i, p. 41) Samos was formerly the capital TOV Oeparos T&V TrAcotfoWhen HV(Dv (which must be equivalent to the 0. T&V Kapa/3i<riaz/a)/;)
in the lists of Philotheos.
.

was broken up Samos was probably included in the drungariate of the Aegean Sea. The provincial fleets were known as 6 0e/xart/cos oro'Aos. 3 Independent of them, there was always a fleet at Constantinople under
this large naval province

the
this

command

commander

of 6 bpovyydpios TOV 7r\oifjLov. It is not improbable that existed already in the seventh century, subordinate

to the strategos of

the Karabisians.

He

is

not mentioned in the

eighth century, but there can be no doubt that the office existed then, and the fleet of Constantinople must have formed part of the squadron of 800 chelandia which conveyed an army to the Bulgarian coast in
6 bpovyydpios 6 TOV TI\OL^OV appears in the reign of Constantine V. 4 the Taktikon Uspenski (120), where his rank is inferior to that of all

the Domestic! and Chartularii.

Protostrator and before the

He comes

K TT/XXTWTTOV r<2z> 0e/*dra>z;.

immediately after the This fact has

considerable importance. It shows that in the interval between the of Michael III and A. D. 900 the post of the Drungarios early years

had become considerably more distinguished and important

1

for in

Theoph. 410 6

This dpovyydpios rrjs Aa>$eKavr)<rov meets us in A. D. 780 (Theoph 454 19 ). record shows that Isaac, the father of Theophanes the chronographer, bore the title of drungarios and not strategos. For as he died when his son was a child

was born in A. D. 759, he must have held the post before A. D. 780. text in the Vita (ex officio festi eius diet) is (de Boor, ii. 28) TOV Se Trarpor Gelzer (80), Tf\evTTi(ra.'To$ ev 77; I>TT' avrov SifTro/zei/T/ TOIV Alyaione\ayr)T5)v apxfj.
his son

and

The

ignoring this decisive passage, leaves the question open. 8 Cont. Th. 55 19 , 79 17 . The three themes of the Kibyrrhaeots, the Aegean Sea, and Samos were the naval themes par excellence, cp. Cer. 656 Sia rS>v irXoipuv TO>J/ y QepaTcav, &c. , but it must be remembered that other themes, e. g. Hellas,

Peloponnesus, Cephallenia, Paphlagonia, had small naval establishments. 4 Theoph. 402 30

.

110

PROCEEDINGS OF THE BRITISH ACADEMY

Philotheos he comes immediately after or immediately before the Logothete of the Course (the order varies), and is superior to the
to several other officials

Domestics of the Hikanatoi and Numeroi, to all the Chartularioi, and who had formerly preceded him in rank. This

change corresponds to the revival of the importance of the fleet in the ninth century a revival which is generally set down to Basil I

began under Michael III. We may be confident that the Drungariate had attained its new eminence when it was filled by Nicetas Ooryphas, a Patrician, in the reign The fleet which was commanded by the Drungarios was of Basil.

and his son, but which

really

now

distinguished (from the thematic fleets) as the Imperial

(Cer. 651 18 ,

fleet,

TO

/3a<riAiK07rAo'i>oz;

664 8 ,

&C.).

In the Taktikon Uspenski (120)

we meet a

naval

commander who
is

does not appear elsewhere, 6 bpovy-ya.pt.os TOV KO\TTOV. 2 immediately after the drungarios of the Aegean.
called without closer definition,

He

enumerated
KO'XTTO?,

The

so

in the neighbourhood of Constantinople, and we may, I think, infer that the naval establishment which was stationed at or near the capital was, in the eighth and

must have been

early part of the ninth century, under two admirals, the 5p. TOV irXot/xou and the 6> TOV KO'ATTOV. When the naval establishment was reorganized

under or before Basil I, the latter command was abolished, and the whole fleet of Constantinople was placed under the 6p. TOV TrXoipov, who at the same time was elevated in rank and importance. The KO'ATTOS- was hardly the inner part of the Golden Horn? (cp.
Cont. Th. 58 U

T$

irpos

BXa\pvais

KO'A.TT<J>).

It

was

rather the

Gulf of Kios
It

be observed that the information given by Constantine Porphyrogennetos in De adm. imp. c. 51 concerns only the ships appropriated to the personal service of the Emperor, and not the navy.

may

organization of this service by Leo VI was probably subsequent to A.D. 900, as the officer who controlled the marines of the Imperial

The

dromonia and agraria, by Philotheos.

6 irptoToo-naOdpios TTJS (pidXrjs, is

not mentioned

The officium of the drungarios of the fleet corresponds to the type of the Domesticates, in (1) the roTronjpTjrTfc (Const. De adm. imp. c. 51, ]eWr[t p. 238), (2) the xapTov\dpios (cp. Panchenko, ix. 386, or ninth a of seal TOV eighth x]aprou[\a]p(i<i>) \_(3(a(TL\LKOv) 7rAa>]i/z(ov),
century; and Niceph. presb. in Vit.
1

MS. And.

Sal.

apud Ducange),

At the time of Basil's accession Elias was 6 TrfpifyavivraTos r O~TO\OV dpovyyapioy, Nicetas, Vit. Ign. apud Mansi, xvi. 257. 2 The order is o dp. 6 TOV 7r\oip.ov t 6 e< TrpocrcoTrou TO>V $e/xaro>i>, 6 dp. TOV aly. 6 dp. TOV KO\TTOV.

THE IMPERIAL ADMINISTRATIVE SYSTEM

(3) Kc^T/re?,
(6)

111

the TrpvTOfjiavbdTtop (Cont. Th. 401 22 ), and (7) pavbaTopts, (4) the 1 and (5) KeVapxot. But like the officium of a strategos it has
KOfjiris rfjs

Iratpctas

(commander

of foreign marines, esp. 'Po>s or

Scandinavians). For the irpa>TOKapafioi see

(3)

De adm.

imp, 237 (cp. Cont. Th. 400 13 ),

6 \oyo6*Tr]$

T&V

Philotheos includes the Minister of the Flocks and Herds

the a-Tpardpxai, though as a logothete one might expect But from his officium enumerated among the o-e/cperiKou

among
to be

him
it

appears

that he had no crtKptToVy and his duties were entirely connected with He controlled the management of the large tracts in the army. Western Asia Minor where horses were reared for the supply of the

army, in the
find

him

In the wept raf. 458-9 we or military colonies. distributing the burden of furnishing horses and mules
/urjraro,

among
them

the various jurjrara of Asia and Phrygia, and transporting

(Cp. 460 2 .) His province shows that he descends from the praepositus gregum of the Not. Dig. ( Or.xiv. 6), who was subordinate to the comes reiprivatae. The pascua and saltus of the res privata seem to have been largely utilized for military settlements, and were designated (perhaps already
to Malagina.
in the fourth century)
1

as

fjLrjrdra

(fjurdra,

John Malalas, 347 18 ,

9, p.

Theoph. 72 21 ). Compare Justinian, Nov. 150. Nov. 12. 6, p. 29 (fjLT&Ta>i>).

265

cp. Tiberius II,

(1, 2) 6 wpcorororapios 'Aorta?, 6 Trpwro^orapto? <J>pvytay. infer that the ju^rara were entirely in Western Asia Minor

We
;

can

cp. the

passage in wept ra. referred to above. (3) may identify the StoiKTjrat T&V /Mjraraw with iheprocuratores saltuum of the Not. Dig.

We

The Logothete, like the two Curators, has e-n-ta-KeTrr^rat, inThere is no spectors, who were doubtless a check on the dtotKrjrat.
(4, 5)

evidence for the functions of the

Kojurjrej.

Schlumberger
y

(Sig. 467)

has published a late seal of a yapTov\dpio$

not mentioned by Philotheos.

(4)

6 irp(DTO(rira0dpio$

T&V

avOpwoL frequently appear in the court ceremonies 20 30 15 , 15 7 ). They were divided into rafets of different (e. 20 , orders spatharocandidati, spatharioi, stratores, candidati, and mandatores. Cp. Philotheos, 769 20 (BaviXiK&v avOptoirvv 0716 TTJS rafew? r&v
ot

/3acriXtKot

g. Cer.
:

Phil.

750 6 TUV

Kop.T]Ta

rov TrXot/xov, read rovs

PROCEEDINGS OF THE BRITISH ACADEMY

i.

e. all

the

/3a(rtAi/cot

av0pi7Tot. except the candidati and pavbdropes (cp. 773 5 ). The ^SatnAtxot (nra0dpLOL (Cer. 7 5 ; 10 12 where they carry the Imperial arms) or cnra-

Bdpioi of the cnraOapiiaov

the

/3ao-iAt/col /caz^tSa'rot (Phil.

767 13 ,770 6 )

/3ao-tAi/coi pavbdropcs (Cer. 81 20 , Phil. 770 5 ) were under the control of the 7jy>a>rocr7ra0a/jio? ra>i> /3ao-tAtK<3z; ; the stratores were under

and the

the Protostrator (see below) ; as to the spatharocandidati we are not told (cp. Cer. 81 6 ) and we may suppose that there was no rat? of this

order distinct from those

(Phil.

who were on duty

(ib.

733 19 ), or the Lausiakos

in the Chrysotriklinos 734), or performed some other

dicates,

The Protospatharios, as his name inspecial service in the palace. was originally the chief of the spatharioi, and his control was
For some of
his ceremonial duties cp. Phil. 706. also called 6 Kare7rdVa>

afterwards extended over the taxeis of the candidati and mandatores.

The Protospatharios was

T&V pacnXiK&v,

cp. Cer. 20 20 ot /3ao\ &v0. /jtera /cat TOV Kareirdvcd avr&v /cat TOV 6*o/xeoriKOV O.VT&V (so also 6 4 , 9 15 , 5689 ), and 6 KareTraW simply, Phil. 709 24
.

In Anon. Vari. 6 8 the Katepano and the Domesticus are called ot Kare7ra/,'o) r&v /3a<nA.iK<S^ avOpto-nuv. When the archon of Taron is introduced to the Imperial presence he is accompanied by the Kate-

pano and the Logothete of the Course, Cer. 138 17 (1) Under the Protospatharios was the Domesticus, who appears
.

separately in the

list

of high officials, but without an officium of his

own. 1
(2)

cularii

181 34

The earliest Imperial spatharioi were perhaps cubia military character and bore a sword. Cp. Theoph. Kalapodios cub. and spath., 185 13 Kov/3. /cat o-7ra0., in the reign
aritaQdpioi.

who had

of Justinian.
is

podios In Peter the that at that time there were other spatharioi also. Patrician (Cer. 402 9 ) we meet 6 (nraddpios rod /3ao-tAe'&>?, and in Cass.

In iheActa cited in Chron. Pasch. sub A.D. 532, Kaladesignated as (nra6apoK.ov{3iKov\dpios. This seems to show

43 a spatharios of Theodoric. (Under Anastasius I the Duke of Pentapolis had a spatharios under him, Zacharia von L., S. B. of and probably other military Vienna Acad., Feb. 17, 1879, p. 142 governors and generals had military attendants known by this name.
Var.
3.
;

Nilus, at the beginning of the fifth century, addresses a letter 2io-izWw

The o-naOdpioi /3a<rtAt/coi' must be 277, Migne, P. G. 79.) of a strategos (cp. Pseudofrom the (nraOdpioL carefully distinguished Maurice, Strat. 1. 9 ; Leo, Tact. 14. 81), and also from those who
a-nadapiv,
i.

bore the
1

title

as an order of rank.
ix.

There was a special

hall in the

Panchenko,

386, has published a seal (saec. ix-x) of a

TrpwrocrTr.

So/*.

THE IMPERIAL ADMINISTRATIVE SYSTEM

Palace for the spathars, called the spatharikion (see
e.

113

g. Cer.

157 7 and

cp. Bieliaev, ii. 238). For seals of Imperial spatharioi see Schlumberger, Sig. 590-3, and note those of Theodore (No. 6) and Maurianos (No. 14) which he

ascribes to the seventh century. (3) The Kavbibdroi are said to have been instituted
to have been chosen for their size

by Gordian and and strength from the scholarii,

Chron. Pasch., ann. 3. 1 Their original connexion with the scholarian guards seems to be borne out by the ceremony of their creation described by Peter Patricius (Cer. 391). Candidati are mentioned at
the beginning of the fifth century in the letters of Nilus, but we hear little of them till the sixth. From the passage of Peter we learn that

they had a primicerius, and that their insigne was (as in the ninth In Procopius, B. G. 3. 38 (p. 468), we meet century) a gold chain.

Asbados,

who ej TOVS Kavbibdrovs KaXovfjLtvovs command of a troop of cavalry at Tzurulon.

is

rA.<Sz>

TV\, and was in

viii.

seventh century seal

of a /Sao-iAuo? Kavb^dros
xiii.

published by Panchenko,

79.

The

seal of

CARELLU(S) CANDIDATU(S)

Drosos, Chartularius of Thrace probably earlier. ninth century, had the rank of candidatus, ib. 122. For other seals cp. ib. 214 (turmarch of Sicily), 197, 355, &c.
is

231, cp. in Sig. 459 in eighth or

have already met /mai/8aropej who acted as adjutants in (4) the staffs of military and other functionaries (Strategoi, Domestics, the Logothete of the Course, &c.). Besides these there were ImJustinian in the

We

one of whom acted as spokesman of the occasion of the Nika revolt. 2 on Hippodrome Theophylaktos, whose seal (eighth to ninth century) is published by Schlumberger, Sig. 536, was a dioiketes who had belonged to the taxis of mandatores (/3ao-iAiK&> /xarSaropi /cat Stviciri). For a few other
perial

mandatores

(/3ao-tAiKoi /x.),

seals see ib.

(5) 6
Ko'joujy

TOV oraAou.

The fco/uqs T&V fiao-iXiK&v oravAooz; appears in The post was held by Baduarius, brother of Justin
1

the sixth century. II (Theoph. 246 U ). 3

Cp. Vegetius, 2, 7, who describes them as milites principales qui privHegiis muniuntur. 2 Theoph. 182 sq. Two mandators, with ten excubitors, were sent to bring the Abbot Maximus to Constantinople in the seventh century, see Ada of the examination of Maximus in Migne, xc. 109. At the Second Council of Nicaea (A. D. 787) 6 XapiTrpoVaros /3n<r. ftaj/Sareop enters the Council with a message from the Emperors, Mansi, xii. 1051.
8

Under Michael

II

we meet Damianus holding

.

this office (KOWTO, TOV

.

with rank of protospathar

Cont. Th. 76 15

PROCEEDINGS OF THE BRITISH ACADEMY

Formerly the praepositus or praepositi stabulorum stood under the comes rei privatae (Not. Or. xiv. 6), but they were also called comites stabuli (C. Th. 11. 17. 3, A. D. 401) and tribuni sacri stabuli (C. Th.

where C.I. 12. 11. 1 substitutes comites). officium has dropped out in the MS., but we have material for In wept raf. 459 10 the higher reconstructing it, at least partially.
6. 13. 1,

The

officials,

ot

732 20
(1)

ot Trpo)TO(nr. Kat

apxoures TOV ora/3Aou, are enumerated (cp. 48015 ; Phil. ap\ovTes T&v o*ra/3Aa>z/, Anon. Vari, 5 22 ol TOV err.

&P\., Cont.

45 9 6 ,

Th. 231 4 , though here ap^ovrts is more general). Takt. Usp. 128, Phil. 737 10 , 788 23 ; irepl raf. 476 17 . He is distinguished as 6 lo-o) x from 6 x T&V MaXayivav,
6 xaprovAaptos.

see below.

Panchenko

(ix.

century) in which the

(2) 6 fcrcfcrijs.

title

seems to be

390) has published a seal (tenth to eleventh x.apTov\api(p KCU ex irpoo-uTrov r&v

478 18

An

Takt. Usp. 128, Phil. 737, 789, wepi raf. 459 6 , occupant of the post in the reign of Leo VI is named in

overseer who presses a work on, 442 384 epyootwKTT??, cp. Theoph. 23 , 367, 9 (3) 6 x.aprov\dpios r&v MaXayivvv (ire pi rag. 4769 , 479 3). Presumably the same as 6 efo>. x, 459 7 At Malagina there were important mili-

Cont. Th. 362.

The word means an

tary stables.
(4) 6 o-affrpafjLfvrapLos.

The

text here gives 8ia T&V o-a^pajaeWcor, but

other passages in the same treatise, 476 10 , 47 9 4 , show that it must be amended : either 8ta TOV a-a^pa^evTapiov or more probably 5ta TOV T&V
vafypaptvTtov (cp. 6
(5)
ot b' KOfJLrjTes
rrjs

Karaorao-ea)?, &c.).

The meaning

is

unknown.

T>V MaXayivtov (uept ra^. 479 5 , 45 9 9 ). Besides these, there seem to belong here : ot cruvTpo(f)OL (6) ol pf o~vvTpo(j)OL T&V cr\\api<0v (-Trept raf. 479 2 ),

rG>v

bvo o-ra^Awv (Cer. 698 22 ), sc.of the city and Malagina. (7,8) 6 /ccAAaptos and 6 aTroOfrrjs. Trept raf. 478 18 5ta TOV avoOeTov

TOV KeXAaptov TOV

ft.

ora/3Aov, cp.

rovAapio? Kal 6 KcAAaptos.

6 otaeiaKos KeAAaptoj, ib.

479 19 6 KOJUITJ? TOV o*. Kal 6 x aP~ This xeAAapios must be distinguished from 464n See below, p. 121.
.

VII.

'Afi'

(1) 6 /Sao-tAeoTrarcop.

This dignity was instituted, about six years before Philotheos wrote, by Leo VI, in order to give a pre-eminent political position to Zautzes Stylianos. Immediately after his accession (A. D. 886) he had appointed Stylianos to be Logothete of the Course, and conferred upon him the title of magister, with rank before the other magistri

THE IMPERIAL ADMINISTRATIVE SYSTEM

a position designated by
1

115

-TrpoorojxayioTpos.

After the death of his wife

Theophano (Nov. A. D. 893) he married Zoe (already his paramour), the daughter of Stylianos, doubtless in 894,, and at the same time 2
conferred on Stylianos the new title of /3aa-iA.eo7rara>/>, or /3ao-iAo7rara>/>. 3 The general care of affairs of state was recognized as belonging:
to this office. 4

from

its

' 6 was one which Empress's father It was very definition could only be occasionally filled.

The

office of

conferred

upon Romanus Lekapenos when the young

title

Emperor

Constantine VII married his daughter.

The

quasi-imperial

added to the prestige and authority of

Stylianos, but probably did not increase the sphere of his political As -Trpcorojuayto-rpoj he had been virtually prime minister. power.

For Leo had interpreted ^aytorpos in the ancient sense of Master of in fact, he had revived that post, with a new meaning. In the long series of laws which are addressed to him, Stylianos is styled
Offices
;

ro> 7r7rep(/>U(JTara>

juayiVrpw T&V Oticav d0(/H/aW (Leo VI, Nov. 18 et sqq.).

See above,
A.D. 894.

p.

31.

These laws were evidently promulgated before

6 Stylianos died in 896.

'

(2) 6

Philotheos

is

the earliest writer

who mentions

the Rector

(whom

Rector domus, Antap. 6. 10), and we may assume Liutprand with confidence that the post was not introduced before the latter
calls

half of the ninth century,

mentioned
in

in

by Basil I or by Leo VI. Basil the Rector, George Mon., ed. Bonn, 837 n , must have held the office

one of these reigns.

The

Rector's prerogative probably consisted in

He appears exercising some authority over the Imperial household. of the Kovfiovwith the members the and (Cer. 23) along praepositi K\CIOV. The ceremony of his creation (ib. 528) was probably composed in the reign of Constantine VII and Romanos II. He is mentioned in
1

Vita Euthymii }

ed.

Bonn. 849

ii. 1 irapevdv 2r. TrpoaropayicrTpov KaBio-rrjcriv, Georg. Mon., Cont. Th. 354 Trpoe/SaXero ST. /zayiarpoj/ KOI Xoyoderrjv TOV dpopov.

See above, p. 31. 3 Vita Euthymii,

is

ib. /ztr'

ov TTO\V 8c KCU /SatnXoTraropa avadciKwo-i.

The chronology

well discussed by De Boor in his comments on this passage, 95-107. He concludes that Zoe was brought into the Palace, and her father created basileopator early in 894, and that the marriage was celebrated towards the end of the same

Cp. Georg. Mon. 852. This form occurs three times in the text of the Vita Euthymii. Cp. $a<rtXo0upa (see Ducange). Vita Euthymii) ib. T>V fjrfp\ofjLva>v rfj /3a<riXfia SiotK^crecoi/ rrjv eVicrrao'iav /cat
year.
3

(ppovrida 6 O.VTOS 2r. dieVoap eyvapi^ero. 6 ' It is commonly taken to mean Emperor's father'.
6

De Boor,

Vita Euthymii, 105-7.

M 8-2

116
Cer.
ii.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE BRITISH ACADEMY

9,

passage in question is probably

which seems to date from the reign of Michael III, but the an addition of Constantine VII (544 19 ).

The Emperor Alexander

(Cont. Th. 379).
affairs at the
<rvv

He

created a cleric, 1 named Joannes, Rector was one of those who assumed the direction of

time of the death of Alexander (Vita Euthymii, xxi. 1 rw paiKTtopi 'lo&pi}) ; he continued to hold the office in the first

and he was sent on a military expedition (Cont. The office cp. Liutprand, Antap. 3. 26). was also held by a cleric under Constantine VII (De adm. imp. 241-2). The Rector occupied a prominent place in the ceremonies seen by Liutprand in the reign of Constantine VII (Antap. 6. 10).
years of
I
;

Romanos

Th. 399, 401, cp. 406

Bao-tAeico paiKTvprj

Schlumberger has published a seal (eleventh century) inscribed 2 See also Konstantopulos, Nos. 139, (Mel. 243) 150, 488-9.
,

(3)

6 (TVyK\\OS.

The

position

and functions of the synkellos deserve a

careful

examination, but as they belong to ecclesiastical organization, lie outside the scope of the present study. The important point is that
3 sometimes synkellos of the Patriarch of Constantinople, 4 described as the synkellos of Constantinople, was an Imperial 5 official and appointed may conjecture that by the Emperor.

the

We

was occasionally to conduct communications between the Emperor and the Patriarch, but the duties seem to have been
his chief charge
6

very light.
throne, and
1

Synkelloi were not infrequently elevated to the Patriarchal it may be suspected that the Emperors of the ninth

The tenure

office
2

of the office by clerics led Ducange (Gl. s. v.) to suppose that the was ecclesiastical. Reiske (834) rightly denied this. In the ninth century another Basil held the office, see Georg. Mon. 837u

Bonn). George, the chronographer, e. g. , is described as the synkellos of Tarasios (in the title of his Chronicle) and in Theoph. 3. 4 Theoph. 164 10 6 That the Emperor appointed is a certain inference from the fact that the post was one of the Imperial ai'ai conferred 8ia Xo'you. The account, in the Vita AVhen Euthymii (c. iv), of the appointment of Euthymios illustrates this. Stephanos (son of Basil I), who had held the post, became Patriarch, he urged Euthymios to accept the office of synkellos, which is described as a fiaariKiKov
(ed.
3
.

dio>/za (58)

and 6 (3a.(ri\cvs (Leo VI) (ruveuSo/cfi KOI ra opoia. \fycov /carepeve. Moreover, Stephanos says that the synkellate was conferred on himself by his
;

father

(eVc

rrarpcoov fiwpear).

He

Vita Euthymii, ib. 5 KO\OV yap ttrn K.CLI dfiapes KO\ dvm\r]7TTov TO irpayiia. was expected to be constantly in the Palace, and to take part, like other
o-jry/cXf/ros-,

members of the

in

some of the ceremonies,

ib. 9.

10.

THE IMPERIAL ADMINISTRATIVE SYSTEM

117
it

century aimed at making this succession a regular practice, since 1 would secure them the unrestricted appointment of the Patriarch.
(4)

6 -^apTovXdpios TOV

This official, generally called 6 erri rov KaviKXtiov, first appears in our sources in the ninth century. Under Michael II it was held by Theoktistos, and Genesios (23 20 ) thus explains the meaning of the
title
:

Tj]V

7Tt

TOV

(3acri,\LKov KaXd/JLOV ey/cexeip taTO

Kpovotav, bC ov KariKAtos

His duty evidently was to be present when the Imperial (bod(fTo. pen signed state documents, and he also signed for the Emperor. A bull of Manuel Comnenus (Nov. 63, p. 457) was endorsed 5m TOV
7n roi; KavtKXtiov KCU biKaioboTov

&ob<apov TOV

SrDTretojrou.
.

He

also

Such duties 710 U 2 with another and the was often combined no officium, post required office. Thus Theoktistos was at the same time Logothete of the Course, and A.D. 869 the post was held by Christophoros, who was protoasecretis (Acta of Fourth Council of Cple., Mansi, xvi. 409). The title x. aP T vhapios shows that originally this official was one of
prepared the
codicilli of the Patricians, Phil.

the chartularii of the

6 TT/ocoroorparoo/o.

(5)

whose duty

was strictly the chief of the taxis of stratores, originally was to assist the Emperor in mounting his horse Hist. Aug. xiii. 7 cum ilium in equum strator eius levaret) (cp. and perform the duty of grooms (wnroicofiot). 8 In the sixth century we meet a schola stratorum in the officium of the Praetorian Prefect We meet a So/meWi/cos rG>v of Africa (C. I. 1. 27, 33).
Protostrator
in the time of Justinian II along with a Trpcoroo-r/ocmo/} TOV

The

In A.D. 765 we meet a <nraO. Kal /3cu7iAi/cds TrpoorooTparcop (ib. 438 15 ). See also Cont. Th. 18 9 , 243 Basil, the Macedonian, began his career in the Imperial service as a strator and then became Proto.

strator

(ib.

231).

He had
225 10 ).

before been protostrator (chief groom) of

Theophilitzes (ib. The Protostrator rides beside the Emperor, with the Comes stabuli, At a triumph he rides close to the Emperor, with the Cer. 81 18 ib. 609 10 , and places the Imperial spear on the necks of flamullum,
.

Cp. the observation of Cedrenus (Skylitzes)^ ii. 581. But there was a person described as 6 o-Kcvdfav TO Kcu>LK\ftov the manunav. seems to have properly meant facturer or mixer of the ink (Cer. 798 16 ). the inkbottle., cp. Ducange, s. v. 3 C. Th. 6. 31. 1 (A.D. 365-373?) concerns stratores in the province of Nova
2

Epirus, but

it is

not clear that they belong to the Emperor's personal service.

118

PROCEEDINGS OF THE BRITISH ACADEMY

610 19
.

captives,

He may

Protospatharios of Philotheos his place in the official hierarchy was not high, but in later times it grew in dignity and importance, and in the age of the Palaeologi it was one of the highest of all (Codinus, 9). Nicetas

r. /3ao-iAiKwv,

introduce foreign visitors, instead of the In the age or the Comes stabuli, 568 15
.

equates

it

with the marshal,

/lapeo-xaA/coj, of

the western kingdoms.

.

Phil. 736 19 Cp. Cer. (1) (rrpcmopej, TOV (3a(ri\iKov oTparcoptKiou 81 19 , 24 . Most of the seals of /3a<rtAuo! arparopes published by Schlumberger are late, but there are two (Siff. 597) of the eighth to ninth

centuries.
(2) ap{JLO(f)v\aKs (for apfmroc^vAaKescp.ap/iaro^iAaKetoz;,

s.v.),

meaning

officials in

charge of the ap/xara

= oirXa, military gear

seeDucange,

There is, however, a difficulty, for the which was under the control of the Magister Officiorum (cp. 1 Justinian, Nov. 108, 1, 3), was managed under Phocas (Theoph. 297) by an official named 6 en-a^oo TOV apjua/xeVrou, and he survived till the tenth century at least see Phil. 736 5 6 o-naO. KOL apyav TOV ap/x., and 788 21 ; Cer. 673 20 (a protospatharios, A.D. 949) and 676 15 TOV T KaTtirdvw rov apjuaro? (so Reiske, but the MS. has apfxa , and we should
in the Imperial ap^a^lvrov.
apjjLa^vroV)
:

unquestionably read ap^a^vrov).

The

difficulty is that

he

is

not

mentioned in the
regard

official lists of

Philotheos.

It is hardly possible to

One would expect as included under the appotyvXaKts. In the Takt. he him to be mentioned distinctly. appears, 6 apxcoy Usp. The seal TOV apuafj.tvTov, immediately after 6 TTJS Karaora<recoj (124).
him
of an apx<*v No. 186.
TOV j3ao-L\LKov dp/xa/xeWov
is

published by Konstantopulos,

(3) ora/3XoKoV??re9.
TTJS

They were
bvo

three in
(?

number
of

the o-ra/SAoKo'/^j
Trept

TToAecos,
,

and

ol

o-ra/3Ao /CO/XT? res

Malagina),

ra.

478 20 479 r
(6) 6 eru rrjs Karaorao-ewy.

the

official, generally called 6 TTJJ Karao-rao-eco?, does not appear in of possible patricians, but may be a protospathar, in Philotheos The title may be (in Takt. Usp. he is a spathar or lower, 124, 127). rendered Master of Ceremonies. [The use of Karaorao-is in the sense

This

list

of

order
feat

is

illustrated

by

Trept

ra

503

TTJV

^\v KardnrTao-iv

rrjs

7ro\0)?

(f)L\oKa\iav Tyroijuaoraro 6 eVapxo?.]

former times was controlled by the

The court ceremonial in magister officiorum, and a work

on the subject, entitled Trept r?]? Karao-rao-eco?, was compiled in the Under the sixth century by Peter the Patrician who held that office. which the head was the of was the scrinium dispositionum, magister
1

ro 6eiov

>y/za>v

ap/xa/xeVrot/.

It

contained k}p6<na

orrXa.

THE IMPERIAL ADMINISTRATIVE SYSTEM

comes dispositionwn (C. Th.
Karaora'aeo)?
6. 26.

119

10 and 18), and

daily

it

devolved on him
6
eiri TT/S

to arrange for the details of the

Emperors

programme.

seems to descend from

this functionary (/caraorao-is

may

represent dispositio) . There was a special officium ammissionum under the magister (Not. Or. xi. 17), of which the chief was the proximus ammissionum (Peter,

but in the time of Justinian there was already a KO'/XIJS In one ceremony we meet r&v abjjL7]V(n6v(av (Peter, Cer. i. 84).
in Cer.

394 2)

The official named 6 afyxrjj;Ko'jurjy T&V ab^o-iovctiv (i. 41. 209). aowdXios is more frequently mentioned (Cer. 800 8 , 23 8 , 239 21 , 442 10 ), and from 269 16 it appears that he might be under the orders of 6 nj? KaTaoraVecoy. This is what we should expect, for in the sixth century
6 afjiicro-uovdXios

was

the

first

of the silentiaries

1 (Lydus, 73 19 ).

In

8008 , 802 17 he is mentioned along with the Stcurapiot of the Palace, and must have been a subordinate of one of the eunuch officials (such
Cer.

as the TraTuaj or Sevrepos).

Under 6 TTJJ Karaorrao-ecos- were the rAgeis of those orders of rank which Philotheos distinguishes as senatorial from Imperial in the
sense, namely, the #7raroi, the vestetores, the silentiaries, the apoeparchontes (for all of which see above under B, p. 23 sqq.). Besides these o^y/cA^ri/cof are also mentioned in the officium, which,
stricter
is correct, points to a lower class of o-uy/cArjnKoi not to It is difficult to believe those five or higher orders. belonging that such a class existed, and it seems to me highly probable, if not
if

the text

an error for orparrjAarai, who were a and would synkletic order, naturally, along with the apoeparchontes,
certain, that
O-V/KX^TLKOL is

belong here.

We constantly find the Master of Ceremonies acting in

with
silentiaries, e.g. Cer.

conjunction
Phil.

81 15 , 127 25 , 238 4 , 503 6 .

From

710 10

we

learn that a newly elevated Patrician gave a fee of twelve nomismata to the Master of Ceremonies, avtv TOV d\/a/aov, and a fee of

This is explained by eighty nom. to be divided among the O^LKLOV. the ceremony of the creation of Patricians, Cer. i. 47. The silentiarii
act as an escort of the

new

Patricians

cp.

239 12 , 241 7 _ 9

(7)

6 8ojue'aTiKOS

T&V T&V
(3aa-i\iK&v (VI. 4).

See above under

1

6 Trpwroo-Traflapios

Cp. Pet. Patr. in Cer. 404 3 ,

15 ,

405 15

120

PROCEEDINGS OF THE BRITISH ACADEMY

D. DIGNITIES AND OFFICES OF THE EUNUCHS.

In the

fifth

of the Palace servants

century the cubicularii were the most important class and were under the Praepositus. The other

court servants were under the Castrensis s. palatii, so far as they were not under the Master of Offices. 1 The castrensis seems to have
2 The cubicularii included the chief disappeared by the sixth century. officials who had charge of the private wardrobe, the Imperial table and cellars, as well as the Imperial bedchamber.

The history of these domestic offices is parallel to the history of the offices of state in the principles of its development. (1) number
of the
are elevated to

subordinate officials independent, co-ordinate positions, and (2) titles of office are adopted as grades of rank.

The cubicularii of the bedchamber, who were specially distinguished as Kotrajytrai, 3 are separated from the rest of the cubiculum, under their chief the Parakoimomenos, who becomes a high official. The private wardrobe becomes an independent office under the Protovestiarios,
and

The

similarly the service of the table under 6 CTTI rfjs TpaiTe&s. rest of the cubiculum (ot Kov(3u<ov\dpioL TOV KOvfiovKXtiov, dis-

tinguished from ot K. TOV flacriXiKov KOIT<SI>OS) seem to have remained under the Praepositus, and the primicerius s. cubiculi of the fifth century (Not. Dig., Or. i. 17) continued to be their chief (Phil. 721 21 ,
Cer.

798 17 ).
servants

attended to the cleaning, heating, lighting of the Palace, the porters of the gates, &c., had probably been under the control of the castrensis. In the later period we find that two

The

who

have been raised to the dignity of independent and the Deuteros. In a wide sense of the term
the cubiculum.

officials,

the Papias

all the eunuch officials belonged to were graded in eight ranks, and of these the They praepositi, protospathars, primicerii, and ostiarii are described as 4 TOV K., ol Trpoeoroires TOV HVVTLKOV KOv{3ovK\iov (Phil. 750 16 ). 77 rafts

Phil.

705 20 , seems to be used in the wide sense. We otxetaKos (privy, domestic) may be explained here. find it used of the Parakoimomenos (Phil. 784 6), and of the private

The term

vestiarion (see above

it

under

6 \apT. TOV /3eor.).

In the

latter case

distinguishes the private from the public Imperial Wardrobe, and There its most important significance is to limit the term /3ao-tAtKos.
1

Cp.
2
3
4

Mommsen,

513.
palatl.

Mommsen,z7>.j suggests that his place was taken by the cura Cp. Phil.,734 22_ 23
.

Cp

Cer.

551 1 6

THE IMPERIAL ADMINISTRATIVE SYSTEM

were

many

/3cunAiJte, of various ranks,

who were not eunuchs and

did not belong to the cubiculum, but were engaged in the more personal and domestic service of the Emperor in the Palace. These
(protospathars, spatharocandidates, spathars, &c.) were distinguished as ot/ceiaKot. Compare Cer. 10017 r&v apyovTvv rov KovfiovuXeiov KOL
pa<ri\iK.G>v OIKCUIK&V
(TTraOdpLoi,

(and 103 16 ).

123

ot a-naQdpioi K.OI ot/c.,

.

So in Takt. Usp. 118 ot OIK. TT/XOTO128 ot oiKetaKot (candidati, &C.), 1

and

cp. Phil.

785 22

The

a-naQapioi, &c.,

who were under

oiKetaKot,

the Proto-

spatharios r&v

/3ao-tAtK<3z>

were of course not

.

nor were the

On the other hand, the proprotospathars, &c., of the n-ayXafiiov the of tospathars, &c., Chrysotriklinos (Phil. 732 17 , 733 19 ) probably
were
oi/ceiaKot.

We also
Kat KpircLL.

find the

term used of

K/otrat,

Phil.

733 20
ot

ot

a-naOapoK. ot OIK.
up.

But 732 18

ot TrpoiToo-TT. Kat Kp.,

735 2

anaO. Kal

These
Kptrat

judges were doubtless those

TOV (Bri\ov or

who were known

later as the

rov linTobpo^ov (Zacharia von L., Geschichte des otxetaKot seems to be used to griechisch-rom. Rechts, 358 sqq.).
distinguish them from the K/nrat r&v Prefect of the City.
peyecoz/coz;

em

who were under

the

The

financial office

eirt rS>v

otKeiaKwz;,

which was important

in later
seal

instituted as early as the ninth century. times, of Basil, a spathar who held this office, cannot be as

was not

The

early as

Schlumberger thinks (Sig. 556).

I.

'At'at 8ta fipafieiav.

the eight orders by which the eunuchs of the Palace were graded, they shared two in common with barbati, namely, the proto-

Of

The others are, as already observed, spathariate and the patriciate. names of office which have become grades of rank.
(1)
vi\lst,crTL(ipLo$

Insigne

(iBpafB^lov): linen Ka/ouVioz;

(2)

KovfiiKovXdpios

with purple embroidery. KCLfjiio-iov edged with purple,

and
(3)

Trapayavbiov.

(nradapoKovfiiKovXapLos (4) oorta/Hos

TrptjuuKTJ/oios

gold-handled sword. gold band with jewelled

(5)

white

handle. tunic with gold broidered shoulderpieces.

(6)

TTpuToo-TTaOdpLos
Tipanroo-LTos

gold collar with jewels and

pearls.

(7) (8)
1

TraT/HKtos
124., is

ivory tablets, not inscribed. ivory inscribed tablets.

not clear.

The meaning of irpwrooiKfiaKoi,

Sig. 558.

For a

seal of a protosp.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE BRITISH ACADEMY

(1)

of the rtx/ao-riapioi shows that their function The linen preside over the Imperial ablutions. See Cer. 9 17 their emblem of which was was rank, (chemise),
.

The name

was

to

ayjipaTi <iaAiov,

which

understand to mean, with the figure of

a basin embroidered in purple. 1

(2)
Kovfii

When of cubicularii has been explained above. the palace staff was arranged in grades of dignity the general term was naturally appropriated to one of the lowest.
The denotation
(3)

cnraOapoKovfiiKovXapioL.

We

find

among

the cubicularii, in the sixth century,

some who

Compare Theoph. 185 13 KovfiutovXapiovs Kal spatharii. avaQapiovs. Kalapodios (ib. 181 34 ) and Narses (Chr. Pasch. 626, These eunuch spathars were afterwards sub a. 532) were such.
were also
distinguished from other a-naQapioi
/3a<nAi/coi

by the compound

a-na-

Cone. Const.

6apoKov/3iKovXapioi% (cp. o-Tra^opoKaz/St^arot, avOvnaTOTraTpiKioi). IV (A. D. 869), Act 4 init., Mansi, xvi. 329 3 ; Cer.
OOTtdptOl.

Cp. 148 23

(4)

For the duties of the ostiarii (properly door-keepers) cp. Cer. 10 3 , 172 25 &c. 4 In A.D. 787 we meet John, a fiacriXiKos daTidpios, who
holds the office of Logothete of the Stratiotikon (Mansi, xii. 1051) This is important, because it seems to prove that oo-ndpios had become a title of rank as early as the eighth century. One of the
.

ostiarii retained the original

j3a<n\LKo$ oortaptoy.

functions of the ost., see Phil. 706 4 , 8 For seals of ostiarii, later than the ninth

century, see Schlumberger, Sig. 560-1.

(5)

saw above that the old primicerius sacri cubiculi continued There was also a primicerius of the to exist as a distinct official. Empress's bedchamber: Eustathius, Vita Eutychii, c. 85 (Migne, a seal is preserved of P. G. 86. 2, p. 2372 rw Tjyn^. AvyovoTTjs) in A.D. 106 7 (Sig. 570). Nikolaos, primicerius of the Empress Eudoxia
; 1

We

The Latin
Cer.

translation treats
,

(f)id\iov

as

cucullus, a cowl.

2 s
4

the text has (nradoKovpiKovXdpim. Gregorios <nradapoK. is here described as OTTO rcov r^y o-vyK\^rov. There were special quarters in the Palace for the ostiarii, called the oormptCer. 802 22
.

244 13

THE IMPERIAL ADMINISTRATIVE SYSTEM

The domestic
of the Great Palace

was

also called primicerius (see

below under the Deuteros). The extension of the term to denote a rank is parallel to that of //aytorpo?. Ostiarii who had been raised
titles

to the grade of primicerii sometimes designated themselves by both : cp. the seal of a Trpt//,. /3ao-iAuos KOI dor. KOL CTTI T&V oiVeia/ccoz;
Siff.

in

138.

This seems to be the meaning of

d<mapo7rpijuuKi?ptoi

in Cer. 71 21 (not, as Lat. version gives, primicerii ostiariorum) . For seals of primicerii see Siff. 407-8, 569-70. 574 . Cer. 259 Cp. 24 , 13

(6)

'irpwroo'TraOdpioi.
is

The

insigne of the eunuch protospathars

necklet,

which probably
;

differed in shape

from the

described as pavidKiov, KAoio'y, collar, of

the other protospathars

the pearls which Philotheos mentions were

probably a further differentiation. Moreover, the eunuch protospathars had a special dress which Philotheos describes, a white tunic adorned

with gold, in the shape of a

facings.

&t/tyri{<rio?j
.

and a red doublet with gold

Cp. also Cer.

57410

(7)

TTpatTToVlTOl.

In the fifth to sixth centuries the Praepositus s. cubiculi was one of the highest officials in the Empire, following in rank the Prefects and the Magister Militum (Not. Dig., Or. 1. 9). Besides his duties
in the Palace, as

head of the

cubicularii,

he was the minister in

charge of the Imperial estates in Cappadocia. He exercised, doubtless, control over the castrensis and the primicerius s. cub. (cp.

Bocking, Comm. ad Not. Occ.

pages
in the

vii

a)

but on account of the loss of

MSS.

of the Not. Dig.

s.

organization of the

cubiculum.

we are unable to determine the The three chartularii of the s. cub.

(Justinian, Nov. 16, p. 114) were probably under the primicerius. The Praepositus seems (as was shown above, p. 79) to have been de-

prived of his financial functions before the end of the sixth century. There was also a praepositus of the Empress's bedchamber, cp.

and Peter Patr. (Cer. 418) ol dv'o wpawroWoi (A.D. 491). In the seventh or eighth century TiyxuTroViros (like juayitrrpos) became an order of rank. This change was connected evidently with another.
C. J. 12. 5. 3

The

chief officers of the cubicularii

(protovestiarius, &c.)

who had been under the Praepositus became independent of any higher control than

the Emperor's. But the old Praepositus continued to preside over of the cubiculum part (see above, p. 1~0), and he had important
Cp. Theoph. 246 17 vpanroffiros T&V Kov/3iKovXnpiW. a cubicularius, cp. Chron. Pasch. 610, nab a. 518.
1

He was

himself considered

124

PROCEEDINGS OF THE BRITISH ACADEMY

ceremonial duties to perform. The ceremonial functions which had * devolved in the fifth and sixth centuries on the magister officiorum belonged in the ninth and tenth to the TrpaiTroViros in conjunction

with the

officer

known

as 6

TIJJ

Karaoracrea)?.

We

find a second prae-

irpanr., i.e. the positus taking part in ceremonies : Cer. 245 14 (6 was in the who Chrysotriklinos, cp. Bieliaev, 2. 202). praepositus The Praepositus, at the distribution of Imperial bounties, received, if

Mov

he were a patrician, as much as the magistri (Phil. 784 4) and probably he was almost always a patrician (cp. 706 12 where 6 Trarpi/aos /cat IT p. precedes the other eunuch patricians, who precede the Cp. 730 17 and 784 10 (where we av6vTtaToi\ though not necessarily.
should probably read TOV
Praepositus, although
it

irpaDToa-TraOdpiov KCU irpaiTroo-iTov).

is

Thus the

convenient to consider him here, more under the higher grade of the patricians. He was properly belongs sometimes distinguished from the other praepositi as 6 Trpeoro-

527 6 ). 2 Schlumberger has published a seal (Siff. 568), which he ascribes to the eighth or ninth century. 7jy)ai7roo-iV[<o], Under Basil I, Baanes the Praepositus was also Sakellarios. When Basil was absent on his expedition against Tephrike, Baanes acted as
(Cer.

regent (ano^ov^) in Constantinople, along with the chief Magister Constantine Porph. says that this and the Prefect of the City used to be the customary arrangement (nep\ ra. 503. 6 SieTrcoz; was
:

another

name

for the

aTrojj.ovtvs, ib.

5044).

(8)

TTdTplKtOl.

The eunuch
TrarpiKioi, Phil.

Patricians

had precedence over the

.

avdinraroi

K.CLL

727 8 , 730 13

II.

'Afuu 5ta

Ao'you.

In his list of the offices which were appropriated to eunuchs, Philotheos names only the chiefs ; he does not enumerate the subthe palace- service are mentioned in our sources, but in consequence of this omission of Philotheos it is difficult to place them.
ordinates.

Many

functionaries connected with

(1)

6 TTapaKOLjjLw{JiVos TOV decTTro'rov.

Those of the Koiromrcu who

room were

bedslept adjacent to the Emperor's where 453 D. called -Trapa/cotjuiw^erot 780), 12 (A. Theoph.
:

1 In the ceremonies connected with the reception of foreign ambassadors, the Logothete of the Course took the place of the Mag. Off., and in the tenth century the Logothete replaced the Praepositus in some other ceremonies. Cp. Bieliaev,
ii.

17.
2

JPhotius, Ep.

122 Bau^ei

Tr/jaiTrtxn'ro)

KOI

THE IMPERIAL ADMINISTRATIVE SYSTEM

125

As three persons are designated as KovfiiKovXdpioi KOL 7ra/)aKot/oiwjuez>oi. it would always have been the duty of the chief of the Koirowrai to
sleep near the

term occurs

Emperor, he came to be called 6 Trapa/cotjuco/xeros. The Theoph. 285 17 , under the reign of Maurice (A.D. 602). At that time he was subordinate to the Praepositus (Ducange is, of
in

course,

may

in identifying him with the Praepositus). that conjecture Stephen, the sacellarius of Justinian II, was also

wrong

s. v.

We
In

the parakoimomenos

Theoph.

calls

him

TrpcoroewoOxo? (367).

the ninth century, the post was held by Scholastikos (an ostiarios) under Theophilus, and by Damianos (a patrician) under Michael III

(De adm. imp. 231), who afterwards appointed Basil the Macedonian to this office, though it was supposed to be confined to eunuchs. 1 Under Basil the post was left vacant (ib.}. Philotheos (784 6 ) calls
the p. 6
oiKeiaicos Trapa/cot/xtojuezJO?

TOV

/3a<riAeW.
rare,

The

seals of

Parakoimomenoi are

and

later

than the ninth

century.

See Schlumberger, Sig. 562.

(2) 6 7rpa)ro/3eoTi<ptos' TOV 8eo"7roYot>.

The
the

Protovestiarius descended

from the old comes sacrae

vestis of

fifth

century.

He presided over the private wardrobe

of the

(sacra vestis,

Emperor, to be distinguished from the was under the Chartularius TOV (Sea-Tiaptov (see wardrobe which public
oLKtictKov pea-Tidpiov)

above, p. 95).

This wardrobe was a store of

much

besides dress (see

Trept

raf.

466

and probably a treasury. It supplied the gratifications court officials at the Brumalia (a7roKo/x/3ia) which were given to the and on other occasions (cp. Cer. 605 ]4 ). There must have been a considerable staff, but we only know that the chief subordinate was 6 TrpijuiKTJpios' TOV /3eoT. (iTpi ra. 466 8 cp. Leo, Gramm. 300 18 ). For protovestiarii in the ninth century see Georg. Mon. 791 (Leo under Theophilus), 831 (Rentakios under Michael III), 845 (Prokopios, sent by Basil I on an expedition to Sicily), 855 (Theodosius, a patrician, under Leo VI) 2 The second Basileus had a protovestiarius of his own (ib. 846), and likewise the Caesar (ib. 830). We also hear of a prot. of the Domestic of the Hikanatoi (ib. 847).
sqq.},
,
.

(3)

7rl

rrj?

rpaTrefrj? TOV

The post
in

rpaWfts or 6 rr/y r. was apparently important the seventh century in the Acta Maximi^ c. 6, p. 120, we find
of 6
TTJS
:

em

See De adm. imp. 231 17 See also Vita Eutliymti,

Cont. Th. 206 4

eel.

De Boor,

i.

8, xiv. 1, viii. 10.

126

PROCEEDINGS OF THE BRITISH ACADEMY

rrj? r. rrjs /3ao-iAiK?}9

Sergios Eukratas 6 eut

tion of

Maximus.
,

The
T.

full title

taking part in an examinaseems to have been SojueWiKos rrjs ft.

209 (A.D. 869) Aeovriou TOV k^oqorarov CLTTO In the reign of Leo VI we find Constantine ft. 6 rr/y r. appointed to command a military expedition to South Italy (Cont. Th. 356 17 ).
see Mansi, xvi.
KOL 8oju. TJJS

Under
TO
Tracra

this minister
,

463 95 464 lo
77

was probably 6 8ojueWtKos rrjs vnovpyias (irepl 491 8 , cp. Phil. 789J. Cp. Theoph. 462 n lffj\6c
/cat
fj

/3a(riAi/c?)

virovpyia

Koprj] ea>s

V7roi>/oyi/ca=supellex, ib. vTiovpytaj in Leo Gramm. 303

.

468

199 19 , 303 2
(reign of

MaXceytv&v (A. D. 786) ; 39016 , meet a vordpLos rrjs

.

We

De adm.
So/z. rrjs

18 I). Constantine, imp. 184, mentions Constantine, a protospathar, who was vir., and afterwards became Great Hetaeriarch and

Romanus

The
744 6

6 repnvos K.,

Kaorp^o-tos (castrensis) probably also belongs here 744 15 6 xAetro? K.

Phil.

742 n ,

The arpiKXivai are not to be placed here. The office seems not to have been confined to eunuchs (spatharocandidates Phil. 733 21 ), and they probably formed a distinct rats, possibly under the Praepositus.
(4)

7U rr/s rpairefrj? r^y

This functionary among his other duties had the care of the private Those of barques (aypapia) of the Empress: De adm. imp. 235 19 the Emperor were under the management of the TTp<*>TO(nra0dpLos
.

seal is preserved of Nicetas Xylinites, who was eTrt rrjs of Eudoxia, wife of Basil I. Suspected of an intrigue with his mistress he was tonsured (Georg. Mon. 843, ed. Bonn). He was
TrpaiToo-naOdpios Kal

em

rijs rpaTre'frjs rfjs OeocrTtTtrov

The

incident shows that

up

to that time the office

Kvyov arris (Sig. 600). was not necessarily

confined to eunuchs.
6 Trcnri'as TOV jueyaAou TraAemou.

(5)

x presided over all the service pertaining to the buildof the Palace (the Great Palace, as distinguished from its adjuncts ings the Magnaura and the Daphne). He was responsible for the security of the doors and gates, and for all matters connected with clean-

The Papias

'

The keys of the gates and doors were in his ing, lighting, &c. possession, and in the case of a Palace conspiracy a great deal might
1

For the connexion of the name with

naTras, Trdrnras, TraTTTror, t&c.^cp. Bieliaev,

i.

146,n.

THE IMPERIAL ADMINISTRATIVE SYSTEM

depend upon
his attitude. 1
2

As
:

a rule he probably held the rank of

protospathar. Under the Papias were

TOV p,yd\ov iraXaTiov (Cer. 800 9 ), (1) diatrapiot, namely, or chamberlains-in-waiting, who had the care of the various rooms in the Palace. They served in weekly relays and were hence (di'curcu) chief was 6 dojueortKos TOV jueyaXov TraAartou Their called e/38o/xapiot.
ot Staira/noi

(Cer. 800 10

Bieliaev,

i.

159).

(2) Xova-raC (Phil.

baths (see

724 4 ), who seem to have had the care of the Cer. 554 6 _ 14 , 555 18 ), and to include the paXvLapinis and the

(Phil. 724J had charge of the lighting of the were there Palace; special Kav8r]A.a7rrat for the Lausiakos and the Triklinos of Justinian (7245 , 6 ).
(3)

Kavbr]XdnTai.

of the Palace, (4) Kaprivdocs (Phil. 7245 ) had charge of the heating and seem to have been also called KaXbdpioi (Cer. 800 18 , 803 2). 3 (5) wpoAo'yot (Phil. 724 6 ) attended to the clocks. Their and the duties meaning of the (6) (apdfiat, (Phil. 724 6 ).

Reiske (859) thinks that fapa/Srj? is derived word are uncertain. from the Arabic zarrab=pulsator} and that their function was to

sound a gong
Bieliaev,
i.

(a-ri^avrpov) to

The Papias and

his subordinates

announce the hours of divine service, &c. have been very fully discussed by

145-63.
(6)

$VTpOS

TOV fJLyd\OV

The Deuteros was the assistant of the Papias, and took his place when he was ill, but was independent of him, and had subordinates
of his own. chairs

His special province was the care of the Emperor's and thrones (and probably the furniture) in the Chrysotriklinos, as well as the curtains in those apartments, and all the Imperial See Phil. 724 n _ apparel and ornaments which were kept there. His subordinates were rl T&V aXXa&iMv (Phil. 724 ]3 ), the attendants who took (1) ot
.
:

care of the Emperor's apparel

(2) ot
/Seorrjropej

(Phil.

' changes of dress). 724 14 ), with their primicerii, arrayed

e (

the

Emperor on ceremonial occasions

(cp. Cer. 9, &c., &c.).

724 15 ), the keepers of the insignia and ceremonial dresses worn by persons who were invested with
(3) ot
afioojudroip (Phil.
1 Compare the part he played in the overthrow of Leo V and elevation of Michael II (Georg. Mon., ed. Bonn, 678, &c.). 2 This is suggested by the context of 784i 4 3 Cp. Reiske, 559 Bieliaev, i. 162, n. Constantine, -rrfpl TCT. 472.
.

em T&V

128

PROCEEDINGS OF THE BRITISH ACADEMY

These
cr/ceurj

dignities.

r&v dfiw/xdnoz/ were kept in the Imperial

wardrobes, some of them in

the oratory of St. Theodore in the Chrysotriklinos (Cer. 640) , of which the Deuteros kept the key (Cer. 623 7 ). Philotheos says (ib.) that these officials vvvdyovviv ra dfuo/zara

which is interpreted to mean that the fees the collected paid by they recipients of the orders or offices, but we should expect rds vvvriOcias, not ra dt&>/uara.
Ttapa T&V \ajji(3av6vT(tiv ras dfias,
(4)
ol diatrapioi.
TT

Phil.

724 tW^ei

6e 6 btvrtpos ra o-eAAta KOI TOVS

Bieliaev (i. 180) thinks that these were distinct from the Siatrdpiot who were subordinate to the Papias, and this seems borne out by the words of Philotheos (724 21 )
SiaiTdptovs KOL TOV
pLfjuKypiov avTQv.

where Bieliaev is obviously of both the Papias and the Deuteros/ But explaining, I suspect that the 5iaird*pioi TOV jueyaXov ?aXarou formed one ra^ts and had one primikerios or domestic, who was at the disposal of both
(TvvdytcrOaL 8e roi)j afx^orepwi/ tiuurapfovs,
f

right in

the Papias and Deuteros, 1 though some of the diaitarioi were appropriated to the duties over which the Deuteros specially presided. For
these duties see further, Cer. 7 2 . For details see further, Bieliaev,
6 TnyKepvrjs TOV 8ecr7rorou,

i.

163-81.
6 7rtyKeppT]9 Trjs Avyova'Trjs.

(7)

(8)

The text

of Philotheos has here, in the first case, eTriyKe'pz^j

a form

(which occurs in other texts also, see Ducange, s.v. -niyK.tpvr]s) evidently due to a false derivation from the preposition em. 2
(9) 6 TraTTta? r?js

Mavvavpas, (10) 6 Tramas

rrjs

Ad(f)vr]s.

the Daphne, though closely connected with the Great Palace, had each a Papias of its own. In the case of the Daphne this was an innovation made in the reign of Michael III, see

The Magnaura and

Georg. Mon. 816, ed.

Bonn

and

it is

possible that the

Magnaura,

as well as the Daphne, was originally under the charge of the Papias The Domestic (of the 8iaira/noi) of Daphne, of the Great Palace. and the 8iatrdpioi of Magnaura are mentioned, Cer. 800 10 , 17
.

Great Palace, of of other rdfeis dicurdptoi serving Magnaura, and of Daphne, there were in various parts of the Palace : thus the 5. TOV Kovo-io-Tupiov, 5. TOV ayiov
It is to be noticed that besides the 5iairdptot of the
2,T<f)dvov, 5. TY/S vircpayias
5.

0oroKou,

5.

TOV dorta/H/aou,

5.

TOV oTara>pi/aoi>,

T&V

iff

aKou/SiYaw (Cer. 800).

1
2

In Phil. 721 9 the prim,

The

TT.

is

mentioned

is called 6 Trptfj.. avrov, sc. TOV devrtpov. in Vita Euthymii, x. 12.

THE IMPERIAL ADMINISTRATIVE SYSTEM

I

129

subjoin a

list

ring in his lists been discussed incidentally.

6 dSpn/aiomXios, see
6 dicToudpios, see

mentioned by Philotheos, but not occurof raeis and o-eKpera. Most of them have already
of officials

above under C. VII.

1

6.

and 2 ad fin. 6 apx&>^ TOU dpjAau.eVTou, see above under C. VII. 5 (2). 6 pdppapos, see above under C. IV. 4 ad fin. 6 8eKaoYpd<J>os, see above under C. III. 3. 6 fjuyo-oupcrrwp, 788 21 Cer. 244 17 etra Xafitov TOV Qvyuarov 6 /u.tr<rov/)ara>/> 6 TOV KOL TiaA. Tramas rou rj ptyaXov ; again, 245 16 6 p., if a eunuch, raises the curtain (cp. schol. ad loc.). This official must be distinguished from the military fjuvo-ovparupes (who measured the ground for camps,
.

above under C. V.

computed road distances, &c.), frequently mentioned in tactical treatises (e.g. Leo, Tact. ix. 7). is mentioned in Gen. 125 22 ol irapaoTciTai TOU rjXiaicou, Phil. 758 , 774 , 5 cp. above under C. III. 3 20

He

(is

the ^AtaKoV of the Chrysotriklinos meant?).

ot TOiroTT)pT)Tal TWJ'

XP"^

Phil.

738 22

6 xp uor

/r

T1

iSr see iibove

under C. IV. 6

(4).

M9

AKPIBOAO1IA TH2 TUN BA2IAIK&N KAHTOPK2N KATA-^702 2TA2E&2, KAI EKA2TOT TUN AEmMATflN IIPO2KAH2IS KAI TIMH, 2TNTAX0E1SA ES APXAI&N KAHTOPOAOFmN EHI AEONTO2 TOT 4>IAOXPI2TOT KAI 2O4>aTATOT HM11N 5BA2IAE&2, MHNI SEIITEMBPmt, INAIKT. F', ETOT2 AIIO KTI2EH2 KO2MOT /rTH', TITO 4>IAO0EOT BA2IAIKOT IIPmX)2nA0APIOT KAI ATPIKA1NOT.
'E7reto'??'7rep
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rrjs

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T)

o /mmozj ra^ecoj

rw

aKpifi&s irapaa'Tria'aarOai, ^>fpe

ra>

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ra e^era
KCLL

r?}s

v/xerepas
r<3z>

yap ovrtov

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irapa
/cat

rots

apxaiois

Kara\L(f)0evT(DV
Trepl

afia)/ucira)z>,

TroAArj

re

xat
at

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6vo-Xr]7rros

CLVT&V

virdp^L

o-a^TJi^cta.

Kat

yap

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rc5y

5 d^ta>ftara)i; d/^aupco^etcrat

rw

yjpovu* TTpoa-KXrja-fLS,

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ftr)z/

Kat Trao-at at

to-at dta)/^ara)i;

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aKpifiovs CLVT&V KaraA?J\^cos.

r^

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d/xd0etai>

703

TOVTOIV
K o rjbvvri6r]iJLv,
jSofAo/jte^a,
rr)
ob
ez/

KaraA^ecos r^y
irptorjv

rwy

eyKet/xeVcoz;

Kat etSeVat

^/xcrepa
<pi\oi, ort
r<5
/3ta>

(/uAt'a

irepityav&s eKrt^e/xe^a.
fxe^

yap v
ey

mi(ra

re^vwy
17

eTrtarr/jitr]

Trpoy rt ev\pr}(TTQV
e7rto"r?7jut^

reAos r<Sy
't

crvvea'TrjKtv.

8e
?)

rc5z>
Iz^

dprtKAtraii;

dAAo) ro zv^prjo'TOv beLKWcrw, dAA'

ra>

rd^et Kat (rwra(ret Kat

raj r<z>
25 Trept^di'eta /3tou
97

dtoojutdra)z;

tvbofos
^
r?]

dfta)jtxdra)i;

6ta<^opas 5tao-reAAetr. Kat yap micra dfta er ot>8ez>t dAAa) rot? op&a-iv

dAA' ^

KA?j(7t

rrjy

TrpoKa^eSptaj r^j er

r?)

Aa/a-rrpa

Kat 7rept7ro^?jra) o-D^eorrtdo-et raw a-o^cordra)!; ^/xwy jSao-tAecoz;. et 8e rts eK r?}s ^jaaiz; aTrpoo-efuzs e7rto-(/)aA^j Trpoo-yeVrjrat (ruyxvo-ts rots
/3ao*tAtKots

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rds

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d^t(o/utdra)y

dperas

30 KaraptTrret,

dAAd Kat

^/xas avrovs KarayeAd(rroi>s Kat dxpetous r^s 6ta8to ovv, dyaTrr^rot, 8et ^//ds
ei;

rr)

rotavrr^

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eAer^s

Kat

eTTtoTTJ/xr;?

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rw
:at

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ti7ro8tatpeo-et9 Kat aKpt/3ets cruo-rdo-ets

raj avr&v 8tatpeVets dAA' 704 eK^tovtlv KOL KTL0(T0(u.

His compendiis usus sum

1.

L=

Lipsiensis,

H = Hierosolymitanus,
3
ras

Bekkeri

(Bonnensis),
:

R=
L

Reiskius.

702

KAHTHPinN B

KAHTHPOAOriXlN
16
irapTf]ffdyovfftv

KTHCEH2 L B
22

correxi

ffvvf(TTiKev

8 TrpoeTpfyatrQxi L 24 5ioo"TeA.et L 23 &\Ao L

LB ^

M9

132

PROCEEDINGS OF THE BRITISH ACADEMY

r&v kpyattov eK0eVets
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^*)

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s

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eu rafet KCLVOVOS ruTTSxrcu

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aafyri rrjv Trept

ras rdet? e^ptcrKaxrt Trpayjuareuw.

yap StKato^

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Trapecrrd^at ^/xet ? ^v^oip^cra^v,

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dAAd
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ye (ro^cordro)
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re

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rds yap 6td

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et^'
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dftas KAt/xaKOS v/xtr rdfet ef di^o/xaros Trao-as eKre^etKa,

8td Adyov Trpoo'yt^o/xei'as
e(rr//ixai'a,

rds 20

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ro?s kvTvyyjLVOva'i 5td njs

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rl]s

r;/xQ)y

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KdTOKVri(TLV.
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30

eo t/xerat wpeat, a>s eK yapiri roS tepoC Kat Oav^aa'Tov /3ao"tAtKoi; v atcrtats 7//xepats Trapd ra>r Oeoirpoj3r}/xaros rou Aa/xirpoi; yjpvcroTpiKXivov at

0eoi;

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rl/s

dftots (3pa(3vovrai, brjXovoTL Trapeo-rcoa-r/s

rdfecos roO (Bao-iXiKOv KOv(3ovKXiov Kat avr&v

Tr\r](riov
rr^s

T&V

/3pa/3etG)^

706

\**tv(&v

^Qao-tAtK^s
T/ST;

efoutrtas.

ot

yap

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avr&v

drrtAr/\^ea)s

TrpoeurpeTrt^byrat VTTO rou reray/xerou

Trp<tiTO(nra6apiov efco roi; f3ri\ov eo-roAto-/xeVot poatots o-aytots.

704 2 7rapf5pdfj.MiJ.fv L 4 ffrix^^v L 705 25 KadiffTdpura L B correxi 27, 28 30 hie, ut conicio, supplendum (rJ/tos a')

12 TerTj^rj/xeV^
TrXyvOiSos, -iSa

L
29

18

L L

35

irapfffrdaffis

706 39

e'

$IAO0EOr KAHTOPOAOriON
TOVTMV
eio^aycoyr} 7rpoo"weto*ep)(oi>Tat

133

rw

/3ao*tAtKa> bVrtapui) 6/xdrt/ixot r<Sz>

/oieAAoVro)^ ru^et^ durtAT^ecos avbpes (nra6apo(f)6poi rpe??, Kat TO orvvrjOcs

(re(3as TTOLrja-avTes dvafjLevovcrL irpbs

TO {Bfj\ov eortSreJ TTJV TOV eto-ayo/xeVov

iiapova-iav, Kat av0LS TOV firi\ov 7rera<r0eWos, crweto-epx^rat r<3 /3ao-tAtK(5 oVrtapto) 6 T&V j3a(TL\LKMV TTp(tiTO<nra6dpLos flo-dyav TOV jueAAoura TV\IV__
dz>rtA?j\//-ea)?,

Kat TOVTOV TTpoTp7r6[jLVOs rpttrt TOTTOLS

OLVTOV

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/

Kat [JUKpbv CLVTOV TOV

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rots

/cdrco,

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ot

rou

rw

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roz;

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at
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707

ras o-vvrjOeias TiapeyjEiv 6<f)i\ovTas.

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Kat

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/3pa/3etcoi>

at

5e

8ta

/3ao-iAtKoC

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20 TTpooryivovTai, Kat
at
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bibofjitvciLS

aftats, Kat

CLVT&V rd

^OVCTLV, at Se padtcos TT&Xiv

a^aipov^vai IK
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6e

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at

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Affita bLbopevaL TOV apiQ^bv oKrco-

trtre? aTraf 8t6o'/ae^at

25

ovba^s

avaa-TptyovTaL.

Statpowrat 8

avrat ets

)u,epr]

duo, ets o-vyKAr;rtKoi)s Kat ets 7rpoeAei>o-t/x,atot>s.

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6~

At

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:

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corr.

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him
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.
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in textu exhibet
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TOUTOIS scrips! oKTOKaiSeica

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quasi titulum
in

28

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numeros

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36 a|fa scripsi

d|U^

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134

PROCEEDINGS OF THE BRITISH ACADEMY

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ot

suprascr.

709 23 KareSo^eo-Ti/cy L corr. 710 37 Tt/0f; man. rec.

:

R
L

4>IA00EOT KAHTOPOAOriON
\<f>avTLV(u
vofjiov,

135
ets TVTTOV

KeKO(r/u,r7/xeVai

vvv KO)8tKeAAots eyyeypa/^e'rots

TOV

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Trape'xet 8e rots Kotramrats, et

eis 6e TO /xr/zwflrj, Atrpas /3 . " row Kov(3ovK\Lov Kat rots Aotmns XP V

apa Kat

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rots TrpatTroo-trots

o-w

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r?

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f
,

Kat orparrjyos 5&OMWP.

6 8e aTrparos 8t'8et Atrpas

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>

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rw

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arev rou O^LKLOV

tj8 , ro O^LKLOV cts ra ra/3Ata rou x^ az;t ^ t/01

rw
,

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rfir

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rw

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aTr)

ets
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dfta, ^s /3pa/3etor, KcoSt/ceAAot aAovp-

iy'

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7]

T&V e^Sofordrcor /xaytcrrpcoz;

KKo<T[jir]fjLV'ri, rJTis
L

dfta, ^s fipapeiov,

iS

KOKKIVOS
15 rou Kov(ri<TTopiov

K \{0(*)V

TijJiitov

Aeyerat /3aArt8t^,

em
711

K ^3a(rtAtK7/s

x P os
r

f7rt8t8orat.
o"e

St'Saxrt crvvriQeiav rai

r^s Karaordo-ecos ro Ka^Lcnv CLVTOV, rots

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20

TTVTKaibKaTrj

77

r?js fa)o-r?Js

TrarptKtas dfta, ^s

/3pa/3etoi^,

o/xotcos rots TrarptKtots, CK

^Lpos

/3ao-tAea)s

7rt8t8orat.

rots ^3ao-tAtKots KAr;ptKots K', ro> Sevrepw ,, K^', roi)s Kotrcoz;tras Atrpas y', ro Kov/3ovK\iov <rvv rots TrpatTroo-trots /aoVots XP V(70 ^ Atrpas y' Kat ro o-rtxdpti; avr?Js rfi 'TrpatTrocrtrw. rw TTJS rpaTrefr^s rrjs avyovo-rrys 25 /utera rr^z^ 7rpcoro/3eo'rtapta^ Kat TrpLfjuKi^pLcrcrav Kat ras Kotrtoz.'trto"(Tas

r^

Kat KOv(SovK\apta$ Atrpas

^7

^3'.

Kat xAa/xvs Kat C^^ 7?* ^ K

e7rt8t8orai.
StScotrt

row KovpOTraAdrou dfta, ^s fipapciov, \LTO)V KOKKLVOS X et P OJ /^acrtAe'cos eTit raov Kvptov
<rvvri6iav rr]v TOV
/utaytorpov

30 Sevrepa) Atrpaz;

a',

irapixfov ira<riv

d^rtA^ets

Kat ava(3L(3a(TjjLOvs.

CTrraKatSeKdrr;

^ row

zJco/SeArjo-t/tAov

dfta,
K

^s

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dAovpyt'8os xpvvoOeTos Kat xAajuvs Kat

fw^,

P os /SatrtAecos

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8t'8axri crvvriOeiav

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07'

OKrcoKatSeKarr;

roi;

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712

35 fipafitiov, a-Tttyavos

x^P^ 5 orTavpLKOv

TVTTOV,

em

vaov KvpCov eK /3ao-tAtK^s

XCtpos

em

Kopv<f)fjs e-Trtrt^erat.

8t8a)0"t crvvrjOcLav,

ws Kat 6
ets

*O 8e yeyo^cbs avroKpdrcop /3ao-tAevs bibaMnv

^ Atrpas
p',

TTJZJ

aytai^ roi;

Kat

rrj

o-uyKATJro) 7700-77 o*vr

KaviK\-i]u

(cf. Cer.

232 15)

^Avrtvf

L
L

29

StSotrt

15 xp vff o(TToptov L correxit Bieliaev I 117 20 irAttacus e\e16 Ka^iffiov B 17 S^aroL 21 ^TTtStSwrat L Sf5o(Tt L 24 ffnxdpiov B 25 KOiTUVir-fiffas L 712 37 adnotationem marginalem quasi titulum in textu exhibet B

13 eVi/ils 711 15 ry L

136
TO)

PROCEEDINGS OF THE BRITISH ACADEMY

,

TOV KOVfioVK\LOV KOi AotTTOtS \pV(TOV AtrpaS p

rr/

Kdl

\L\ldaS

bia(j)6pOVS

jutAtaprjo-tW eKa0T(j> ray/xart Kat o(</>tKtW

TToo-trots eV efatpe'ro) d$(/>tKta

(rvoraorei.

rots be Trpat-

bLbaxnv Kat avTLXrj\lsL$

dftoo/xarcoz; ets

Kat avOputTTOvs avr&v, Kat az/a/3i/3ao7xovs CLVT&V

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5

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6 6e ye
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olov
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ro

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jutez;

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a^tat
77

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i,

irpo\X^dcvT<t)v ata)juara)z; at
CLTTO

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f]

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rwr

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V Kdi

bLcrvTrciTtov.

at 8e AotTrat 7ra(7at e^ rots /3acrtAtKO?9

10

Karararroz^rat Kca5tfiy.
(Dignitates per edictum Ix.)

at 8e 8ta Ao'yov (3a(TL\iKOv rots d^tots -Trpoo-yt^o/xez/at 6"o'at Kat ets ro

ap\LV T&V

VTrorerayjueVcof dc^o/oto-^eto-at

et(rt

Kat atrat rov apiOjJLOv

atrtres, a>s l^a/aer, Xoya) /3a(rtAea)s

T:pocryiv6^vai t iraXw paStcos

d<^>at-

povvrai Kat eK

7rpoo"()7ra)^ ets TrpocrcoTra

/u,ez>

713

[a']

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Trpcorrj

Kat

^teyicrrr]

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?/

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row

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f]
r]
'

ofJL(TTLKOV

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<?

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roi; KOjar/ros roi;

17'

^
77

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t'

r;

row (TTpaTriyov T&V BouKeAAap&oy rou orparryyoi; Ka7T7ra8oKtas*

rou (TTpaTrjyov Xapo*taz^o{;* rou (TTpaTrjyov KoAcor tasroC (TTpaTrjyov na^Aaycoz/tas' rou crrpar^yoz)
roi) (TTpaTrjyov rr^s

25

ta

17

t/3' 77

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r

77

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te' ry

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ic?
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117'

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6o)uieo"rtKOu

r;

rwy

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77

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77

roO e-Trapxou TroAews dfta* row orparrjyou neAoTrow^Tjo-of

35

K'

77

row (TTpaTrjyov NtKOTroAecos'

77
77

Ka'
K^3'

roi; o~TpaTrjyov

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r

77

row (TTpaTrjyov *EAAci8os' rou (TTpaTrjyov StKeAtas'

roi; o~TpaTrjyov 2rpi;//oVo$'

K8
2

r)

/C(O-TO

e'lepera) L

6 notas marginales, quae desunt in B, ex codice

addidi

713 35 neAoTro^o-ou

<I>IAOEOT KAHTOPOAOriON
TOV o~TpaTT)yov TOV crrpaTrjyov TOV (TTpCLTYiyOV TOV

137

Kff
K('
f

77

f]

TOV CTTpaTTjyOV T7J9 SttjUOf K#' r) TOV (TTpaTiqyov TOV Aiye'ov A' r) TOV o~TpaTr)yov
KTJ
f]

Aa'
f

f)

X(3

rj

TOV o-TpaTrjyov TOV (TaKeAAaptoD*

Ay
10

fj

TOV XoyoQtTov TOV

TOV
KVCLL(TT(t)pOS CL^

Xo'
Ae'
AS"'

TJ

f]

f)

TOV XoyoOcTov TOV TOV bpovyyapiov TTJS

/3i'yAas-

\C
XTJ'

f]

f)

T v XoyoOeTov TOV opofjiov a TOV bpovyyapiov TU>V

TOV 7Tpu>TO(T7ra6apiov

A^'

77

TOV XoyoQtTov T&V dyeA<3i>* fji 77 TOV OOfJi(TTCKOV T&V IKCLVCLTW l^Oi f)
/Z/3
fJLy
7]

TOV 00[J,O~TiKOV TWV

VOVjJLp(tiV'

714

f)

2O

fj,b

f]

TOV bo]JL(TTLKOV T&V OT TOV KOjUt7]TOS T&V

jue'
JUKJ"'

f)

77

/mf
fJLT]'

r)

TOV \apTovXap LOV TOV o-a/ceAAioir TOV x apTOvXapLOv TOV (3o~Tiap(ow TOV \apTovXapiov TOV KavLK\fiov
TOV TTpMTOO-TpCLTOpOS' TOV TTpaiToao-TiKprjTis aia'
K TTpOO-toTTOV
KOfJLYITOS

f)

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r)

f)

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f)

T&V

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TOV (TTafiXoW

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3

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77

TOV fjifydXov KovpaTaipos' TOV KovpaTO)po$ T&V

f]

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TQV

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v
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j]

fj

TOV TOV brjfjidpxov TOV TTJS

TOV
bofJLZCTTlKOV
TO,

f]

35

vQ'
'

f)

7/

T&V

fia<TlXiKti>V.

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vvv

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Aeorro?

(Classes

vii

dignitatum supradictarum.)
juep?]

biaLpovvTat, ovv avTai naval els

bofJ,(TTLKOVS,
19

eTrra,
tS

olov ets o-Tpa,Trjyovs,

19

els

KpLTCLS,

LS

(TKpTLKOVS,

brj^OKpCLTaS,

Kal

t9

t8iKa9

novas afui9.
5 Alyaiov

138
(I.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE BRITISH ACADEMY

etcrt

orparT/yoi

6Vat \v rats T&V (TTpaTrjy&v Karardrrovrat rdfets

K<?'-

TOV a

crrparrjyos

T&V

'

AvaroXiKuv

crrparrjyos

T&V 'A

crrpar?7yos

raw

paKTjcruozr

6 KO/XTJS TOV 'O\/aKtov

KeAAaptcozr

6 crrparrjyos KaTTTraSoKtas*

6 crrpar??yos Xapcrtavoir

6 orparrjyos T&V Bov6 crrpapaKrjs* 5

Trjybs KoAcouetas*

6 crrparryyos Ha^Aaycoznas'
6 orparrjyos XaAcu'as.

6 orparTjyos rrjs

6 crrparryyos MaKeSozn'as*

avrat

ow

at orpar^ycat

715 rots 'AraroXtKots

avrat*

at 8e r?js 8weci)s eto-ti; d^aa-iv (crvv)api0^ovvTai. 6 orparryyo? neXoTroi'^Tyo'ov 6 orparryyos NtKOTroAecos* 6 orpaTTjybs Kt^Suppatcorwi;' 6 arparTjyos 'EAAaSos' 6 orparryyos StKeAAtas* 6

arpar^yds 2rpi;/xwos* 6 orparryyos Kec^aArjinas* 6 crrparryyds 0eo-(raAortKTJS*

10

6 (rrparr/yos ro

A^ppa^tov
6

6 arparrjyos TTJS

2ajuov

6 oTparrjyo?

roi;

Atyeou TreAayous* a^
g
e^9
rail;
,

orpar^yos AaA/martaseta-t roz>

6 arpar^yos

feat ot e/c TrpocrcoTTOV etcrt r<Sz> ^ejutarcoi'.

(II.

So^e-

go/aeo-rtKOVj rarro/xerat
6 SojuteVrtKos
r<Si>

apiO^bv f,

otoi;

cr^oAwz;, 6 8o/xo-rtKOS

rcSz;

efo"Kov^3tra)z;,

6 Spouyyciptoj roC 15

Uaz;ara)^, 6 8o/x,eVrtKOs rwi; vovptptov, 6

ra>z^

OTrrrj/xaroozJ,

8o/xeVrtKOS rwi;

retxea)^,

ot

Kat

Aeyorrat.
(III. rptrm'S)

O t 8e ets

Kptras

Aoytfo/xerot

eto-t

ror apiO^bv y' otoy 6 eirap^os TroAecoy,

',

6 Kueara>p, 6 rov
(IV. a-KpTi-

8e?}o-ea)s.
ctcrt

20

a l g^

e fc

o-e/cpera KaOe^ofJievaC

Kat avrat roy apiO^ov la, olov 6

6 Aoyo^erry? roi; yew/coS, 6 Aoyo^errys roi; (rrpartcortKoS, 6 Aoyoflerrjs roi; bpopov, 6 \apTov\dpios TOV craKeAAtov, 6 ^aprovAaptos
0-ttKeAAapios,

roC /3eo-rtaptov, 6 Trpajroao-^Kp^rtj, 6 ro) etdtKou, 6

payyavtov, 6 optyavoTpotyos.
(V. dnpoicpd-

juteyas Kovpcircop, 6 TWZJ

25

at 8e et? 877 /a

OK par as

eto-t

TOV apiQ^bv 8vo, otov 6 8?J/utapxos Bererco^

Kat avrat roi; apiQ^bv
raiz;

Kal 6 8?j/zapxos Tlpao-Lvow.

(VI. orpaat

8e

ts

o-rparap)(as

etcrt

e',

otoy 6 erat-Trpcoro-

petapx^s, 6 bpovyyapios TOV TrAot/xov, 6 Aoyofle'rrjs

cT7ra0dptos rwi; /3acrtAtKwz;, 6 Ko /xrys roi; crrd/3Aot;.
r

dyeAwr, 6

(VII.

6i'5tKai

at 8e ets et'StKas

ftoVas aft as

eto-t

Kat aSrat roi; apiQpbv f, otoi>

^ /3acrtAeo7rdrcop, 6 paforoop, 6 cnyyKeAAos, 6 \apTov\dpios TOV KCLVIK\(OV, 716 6 -TTpcorocrrpdrcop, 6 rr/s Karacrrdcrecos, 6 So/^teVrtKos r<Sz; /3acriAtK(Sz>.

(OFFICIA. )
At Se vTTorfrajfjLfvai eKdffrr) rovrcav apx?
'

Ka * ffweirtficvou avrais

flffiv e|

bv6p.aros

35

oSrat.

TOVTU>V

Kara ava\oyiav Kat raftr Kat

714 7
(ffvv)api6fji.ovvrai

r?js

eKacrrou 7rpoeAev(rea>s, a Kat avra

715 8
:

scrips!

apiO/novvrai

L
ot

ireXoirovliaov

L
:

12 At-

B
17

13

ot scrips!

(sed fort. del.

apl9fJ.S}V

eiVl)

e^^arwv scrips!

ffxo^v

OTTTTfjUaTCWI/

$1 TcD^

716 36 00TO

<J>IAO0EOT
6Vo/zabyrat.
IJLCLTIKOVS, CIS
ro)

KAHTOPOAOriON
rptaeis

139
rayi.

6"tatpowrat 8e Kat avra eis

Kttt

06/^artKOVS yap crrparrjya) r&v AvaroXLK&v

'

IS (T

Vy K\r] T I KOV S.
VTiomTrrova-iv

Kara

fiadfjibv

Strategi

afia)/xara>z; ta',

olov

Orientalium

TOVpfJidp^aL,
/xepiapx.^?^
KO/xr^s

omcmm.

KO[JL7)TS 6/01010)?,

2 3
5
10

4 xaprovAapto?

r^s Koprr/s, rou ^e/xaros,

$OIJL(TTIKOS TOV 6^jJLaTOS,

^ Kevrapxos T&V 9 KO^S rrjs eratpeta?, 10 11

6 bpovyyapioL T&V
ro)

fidvbav,
etSrj

8e SojuteortKO) r<3y 0-^0X0)1; VTroTriTTToww Kara fiaOfjibv

i',

dftca- 2. Domestici

M arcoV
1

oloz;

scholarum.

fia.0ij.ov TTptorov, TOTroTrjprjTYis,

r

6
7

TrportKropes,

I5

2 (/3 7 3 y

6vo Ko/x^rc? rwy o-)(oA5r,

-^apTovXapLoSy
6o/meVrtKot,

4
5

7Tpoefr//xoj,

8 9 a 10
vTroTrfaTova-i Kat avrai ei8r;

ra> 8e

a-rarrw

rcSi; 'Ap/x,eiuaK<Sz;

aft

Kara SaOuov, ocra Kat rw

20 AotTrats o-rparTjytats,
irXwz;

(rrparriyai

ry

'Az>aroAtK<3u. Kat Ka^ef??? rats ?

717 -1

16 28,

Strategorum

thematum
Trpoortflerai

er rots TrXotuotS'

yap avrots Ke^rapvot Kat

a

7rpa>ro-

reliquorum
terrestrium
et mariti-

rw
n
25

VTroreraKrat
ro7rorr;pryr??s,

et8r/
,

',

otoi;

morum.
14. Domestici

o 8

X,

crKVO(/)Opot,

Excubitorum.

cTKptySores,
7rpa)ro/zaz;6arft>p,

o-tr^ropes, Kat

4
ra
l

5 SpaKoraptoi,
t

rr?s TroAeojs

VTroreraKrat

otor

15. Praefecti

30

(rvfjiTrovos,

2 Aoyo^err/s ro Trpatrcoptov, 3 Kptrat raJy peyew^coz^,

o 9 10

urbis.

4
35

e7rt<rKe7rr?7rat,

5 TTpcoroKayKeAAaptot,

6 KVTVpio)V,
7
rai

eTToVrat,

12 Trpocrrarat, 13 KayKeAAaptot, 14 6 TrapaflaAao-o-t'rrjs.

-Trcirra

6e oraKeAAapta) VTror^raKrat ra

8ta ro er

Kao-ro)

29. Sacel-

o-Kper<p rr)v cTncrKOTrrjV

otKetou vorapiov

r&v

TOV

rpovfjLapxai
:

Scripsi

-os

L LB

/j.fpidpx^ s scrips!
'

^^ueptcpx at

H*p"ipX at
:

Io Spovyydpioi
:

14
:

scrips!

Suo

717 24

TOTTOTTJPTJT^S scripsi

-raf

25 xaprouAaptos scripsi

-tot

27 TrpwTo/icwSciTwp scripsi

-opes

39

oliciov

L L

140
30. Logothetae genici.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE BRITISH ACADEMY

Aoyofleny TOV yevLKOv VTroreraKrat
etbrj

ro> be
',

dftco/u,dra>z>

Kara

olov

x.apTov\dpiOL jueydAot TOV <reKpeTOV,

6 r?}s Kovparcopta?,

8 9

KO//,??? r?/?

Aa/xtas,

% yapTovXdpioi T&V apK\&v, 3 fTTOTTTdi T&V 06/uarcoi>,

bioiKrjTai,

10

KopevTiavos,

4
5 6
oi

11 TrpcoroKayKeAAapio?,

12 KayKeAAaptot.
ooz;
10

6
31.

KOVfJLtpKL&plOl,
,

Quae718

ra>

storis.

2 3
32.

ffxptpas,
(TKeTTTCOp,
(

Logothe-

ra>

8e Aoyo0eY?7 roi; (rrpartcortKou vTroreraKrat

)(aprovA(!tptot ro

6^8?]

dia)/xaYa)i'

^"',

otoy
15

tae
Stratiotici.

(reKpatrou,

oTrrtoi'es,

2 \apTov\dpioi 3 ^aprouAaptoi

TU>V ^e/udrcoz;, rwz; ray^ara)^,

6
7

TrpcoroKayKeAAdpios,
/naz>8aropey.

4
33. Drungarii
ra>

Aeyaraptot,
8e bpovyyapiv TOV apiOpov VTroreraKrat
TOTTOTTJpTJTfJSf
et8r; dftco/xartoi'
t',

otoi;

arithmi.

(BcLvbocbopOl,

2O

2 yapTovXdpios, 3 aKoAov^o?,

7 AajSovptVtot, 8

4
5
34. Drungarii

Ko'jur/res,

Kcvrapxpi,

9 10
rooi; TrAoi/xcoy

ra> 8e

Sponyyapta)

VTroreraKrat

etSr; d^tco/adrcoz;

f, otoy

25

classium.

roTTorrypryrTJj,

5 KVTapx<>i>,

2 3

-^apTovXdpLos,
7rpa)ro//,a^8aro)p,

6
7

KOjotr;?

r^j eratpetas,

35. Logothetae cursus.

r<3 8e

Aoyo^er?/ row bpofjiov vTroreraKrac

et8ry

dftca/uarcoz/

otov

30

1 Trpcoroz/ordptos rod Spo/xou, 2 \apTOV\dpioi, TOV bpopov,

5 6 Koupdrcoproi;

aTTOKpto-taptetot;,

6
7

7rto-K7rr?}rat,

36. Protospatharii

rwz;

35

basilicorum.

otov

bo[ji<TTiKOs

T&V

jSacTiXiK&v,
rjTOL

3 Kar8t8arot 6/Wa>y,

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3 fffKpairov

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L (et saepe) -TJTOt L

I

olKtcrriK6s

com.

R recte

KUTT^S

LB

718 20, 26 TO-

2? K^7JTS T^S

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4>IAO0EOT KAHTOPOAOriON

141
37. Logothetae gregum.

6 Trpcoroyoraptos 'Ao-ta?, 6 TrpMTovoTapLos 4>pvyias,

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T&V

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IKCLVOLTO^V

vTroreraKrat

ibr]

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&

',

olov~ - 38. Domestic! hicanatorum.

roTrorijprjrrjs,

2 xaprouAapios, 3

4
5 KVTCLpXOl

719

39. Domestic!

numerorum.
TOTTOTrjpYJTrjS,

2a 3
15
rcT

rpifiovvoi,

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8e

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6^77

dftcojutara)^

e',

40. Domestic!

ro-TTorr/prjr?]?,

K.tvrap\oi,

optimatorum.

2 ^apTOvXdpios, 3
ro)

8e 8ojU(rru(p
rOTTOrTJpTJTTJS,

raiz; ret)(ecoz;

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otoz;

41.Domestici

20

4
rpt/3owot,

moenium.

2a 2 -^apTovXapios 3 7rpa>ro/xai'8ara>p,
TO)

Tropraptoc.
etdr/

8e xoprouAapto)

roi;

o-aKeAAtov VTroreraKrat

dftco/xira)i'

42.

Chartu-

1
25

VOTCLpLOL fiCL(TL\I.Kol TOV

(TKpTOV,

larii

yrjpOKo'/XOl,

sacellii.

2 3

TrptoTovordpLOL rS>v 0juara>ZJ,

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7 ^apro^Aapiot

4
5

8 TrpairoKayKeAAaptoj, 9 KayxeAAaptot, Kat 10 6 So/xeWtKos TTJS

etSry

ra> 8e

\apTOV\apito TOV pecrTiapiov ^TroreraKrai

i, olov 43. Chartularii

30

/3ao-tAtKOt vordpioL TOV (TKpTov,

)(aprovAaptos,

vestiarii.

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7 Kovparope?,

3 Aeyarapto?,

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5 efaprtoT?]?,
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rw
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kavTov 44. Chartularii

V 6

caniclei.

(e')

supplevi

TOTTOTTjprjr^s SCripsi

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L
L

719 9 fjiavSarapfs
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:

33, 34 irp(aro^av5dr(<up t /iai/SarJopes scrips!

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142
45. Protostratoris.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE BRITISH ACADEMY

6e TrpcorooTpdropt VTroreraKrat
lb-rj

y',

olov

orpdrcopes,
,

3
KOL
1

46. Protoasecretae.

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6e Trpcoroao-TJKprjrts v7ro7re7rra>Kez>
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olov

6 6eKai>dy.

2
720 47. Comiti
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vordpLoi /3a(rtXtKot,
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olov).

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48. Idiei.

(3ao-i\iKol vorapLOi TOV (reK/oerou,

V
49. Curatoris

pyoboa-i(t)V,

3 4

e/38o/xa/noi,

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10

1877

magni.

6
vorpioi,

6 6

^vobo^os Tlv\&v,
at
1.

3 Kovpdropes T&V 4 KOVpaTOpS T&V

5
50. Curatoris
ro>

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8 9

6
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v

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trophi.

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dpKaptos,

20

2 x a P 7 ov ^/3tot
52, 53. De-

<r

^ ocriov,

4 Koupropey.
etSi;

marchorum
duorum.

rots 8e 8u<rt 8^/xdpxots vTroreraKrat

dta>^ara)z; dra f,
/xeXttrrat,
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1 6eirepevoi^res,

2 3

6 xaprouXaptos, ^at 6 TrotTjr^s,

4
54. Ceri-

dpxorres,

7 voTapioi T&V 8 9

5 yetrozudpxat,
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10
r

em

oloi;

moniarii.

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2
3
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avru>v KvpioK\r)(rias Ka\

ru>v ffvyqQfiwv avrwv.

721

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avraii;

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bioovTai.

yap

at

epyw rd?
t

dft'a? ro/uttjacos

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at 8e Xo'ya> roty dftots 35

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et? TrpoVaiTra Xdya> /3ao-tXeajs

3 ap/j.(ar)o(j>i>\aKs conicio vacat UTT& L corr. R

:

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expectes

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' t

4>IA00EOT KAHTOPOAOriON
(Dignitates
etVt
oKrco.
o"e

143

eunuchorum per

insignia.)

opov

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al 6 to, /3pa/3eto>z> avrots Ttapeyopevai

TOV

apiOfJibv

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5

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77

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ra>

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144

PROCEEDINGS OF THE BRITISH ACADEMY

V
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,

K(Jt)\VOVTCLl OL TrpatTToVtrOt

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KAHTOPOAOriON

145

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146

PROCEEDINGS OF THE BRITISH ACADEMY

6 KoupoTroAdrrjs, 6 /3a<FtAeo7rdra>p,
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160

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118

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PROCEEDINGS OF THE BRITISH ACADEMY

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8 Siatyepuv
:

21 Kveffropa B 25 (KO!) addidi seu tres litt. oblitt. fort. al

27 j^yow erui

lacunam exhibet
addidi

784 14 <rvyK\ov L 28 duo B

29 (TOUS

5e KovftiKov\apiovs}

rJpwv B 35 oi'ovt L

(ical)

addidi

/mavSdropas

37 o 8e (irpwToairaddpios Kal} At (45) recte habet irpon^vrai L

31 u<|)e|. conicio STj^otpw

30 785 32 apuo L 38 5' B sed

4>IA00EOT KAHTOPOAOriON
8e ot rov

177

\pvvoTpinkivov Kal

ol

TOV /xayAa/3tov Trpcoroo-Traflaptot Kal

OL CLpTLK\LVOL VTTep

TOVS AtrOVS TTp(^TO(TTTaOap(oVS rO/Xt(T/X. y ', Ot 8e <T7Ta0apoKOv(3iKov\dpioi Kal o-7ra0apoKaz>8t8arot TO bi^OLpov TOV TTpaiTOcriraOapCov ol 8e Kot>/3tKOuAaptot Kal (nraOdpioi Kat crrpartopes Aa/ix/3ai>ouort ro y'.

5 rjfJLKTV

TOV Trpcoroo-Traflaptov

,,

/38'*

ot 8e Kau8t8arot /xayAa/Strat di>a

^._

Ot 8e <TKpTlKol ^CLpTOVXdpLOL Kal VOTapLOL VTrOTTlTTTOVVl TOls TOV ko.V(TLaKOV

ap\ov<TLV, CKaoros Kara ro tbiov dta>/xa, rptroy.

ot 8e

ap^ovTcs TOV fiaviroSz;

\LKOV

/3eo-ria/3tou V7ro7rt7rrovo-t

Kat avrot Kara ras otKetas afta? aTro

/3a(rt\tKcoi/ roi;

XavcrtaKou Kara ro St/xotpov /uepos rou TrpcororuTrov, oto^ ot

rcSi' otKetaKoii;

10 77pcoro(T7ra^aptot OTTO

Atrwi' 7rpcoroo*7ra^apta)z;, ro 8t/xotpoi^

r

,,

y',

Kat ot o-TraOapOKavbibdTot,

T>V Tpi&v TO
ay,

bifjLOLpov

/3

Kat ol cnraOdpLOi Kat 786

o-rpara>pes rwz; 8vo ro bfaoipov

ot 8e Ka^8t8arot

y', <^oA. K', ot

8e Xtrol

Kat e/38ojuaptot a7ro

^9"',

ot 8^ viroDpyot

r^s rpa7ref?]s roC jSacrtAecoy Kal r^j

8e <nra6dpioi arparcopey 8e Kar8t8arot /xayAa/3trat dva,,

avyovoTJjs OTTO

{,()

Trarrej.

ot 8e 8ta TroAeco? Trpcoroo-Tra^aptot aTro

15 a', ot 8e o-7ra^apOKa^8t8aroi diro ^9' [ot

rovo-t ro rjiucrv TOV 7rpa>roo"7ra0aptoi;

<r',

/38', ot

ot 8e o-6KpertKot

o-taKoi;

&pyov<rw,

yapTov\dpioi Kal uoraptot viroTiCiTTova-i rot? roi; Aavot 8e ap)(ovres rou Kacrros Kara ro t8toi> dftcofia y'.

(3a(TL\iKov /Seo-rtaptoi; vTroirCTTTOvo-i Kal avrol

Kara ray otKetas dfta?

aTro

20

rwy

/3ao-tA.tK<Si>

rou Aavo-taKoi; Kara ro

8t/xotpoz; /xepos

rou TrpcororvTrov], ot

8e (nraQdpiot, crrparcopej, VTrarotd-Tro ^(), ot 8e Kar8t8arot pcorrJTopcs ano y'. 8t8orat 8e Kal efw rovrou CK r^s avr^s Troo-oV^ro? r<S /xer 7rpcoro/3eo-rtapta)

(row 8e)o-7roVoi> Kara

crrao-ecos
K'

rr)z;

Trocrorr^ra rwz; XiTpStv rr) \iTprj,,

K', ra>

d,

rai

8e

rrjs

Kara-

Kal rai da-rtapto)

/xepet

BeWrcor
y,

8'

Kal rai) /xepet ITpay",

25 vivtov

,, 8',

ra> opyjLCTTJ]

ft , roty Ovp(topols
y', (rots

ro?j) 8tarpexou(rt
r

rots

fxazj8arop(ri ro{)
t

Aoyo^erov
t^3'

....

.......

..... ) <vAaft y , Kal rai dprtKAtr^ /xey cm r^s TWV /3pou/aaAta)i; 8<opea>z>
Kal ra?s avroKparopats vTTf- 787

8e rots

ore'v/a/ixots rail' j3ao"tAea)i;

aipovvTcit, TrdvTts ol TU>V oreKpera)!; )(aproi;Aaptot Kal roraptot Kal

ra

/3ecrrta

30 Kal -y-TToupytat Kal ot 8ta TroAecos Travres.

Kal

ytWrat

77

8taro/xTj ets /xorovs

rovs apx^^ras
Kal

ro(5

Aavo-taKou, otov cts /xayta-rpovs, Trpai-rroa-trovs, avOvird-

rovs, TrarptKtovs, Trpcoroo-Tra^aptoDs

fjiovov)'

(ow

rots evrovxot? Trpcoroo-Tra^aptots

o-7ra^apoKar8t8arots, (TTra^aptots, Kal o-rparwpes Kal Kai>8t8aot yap rou KODrots, Kal eis rovs Ae^^ras efco/3pe/xa TWV aTTOKO/XjStcoi;.
35 ^ovKAetov Trarrcs i8iafoWcos

ra

a7TOKo/x/3ta Xapfidvovcriv.

S-fi/jioipov

L
:

et passim
v

<rr par opes

(5')

B
5e
. . .

5' i.e.

nom. et 3 miliaresia
(

786 is
inclusi

7'

14 fort.

15
5'

of

20 irpwroTwrou

= 4~9

iset2i (TTpciTopesB om. B 24 lego, om. B quod cum lacunam vix impleat ol
vestigiis in loco oblitterato

21 fort. (80
inserui.

cum7

sc.

supra) uncis 23 ..... atrtrov

(post BeyeTajv) in cod. oblitt. recte restituit

25 TO??

Qvp(<apois 7', TO?S) ita restitui

ex

26 TOU ^070 ,, 7 lego : TOV : opxurry . . . Siarpexovffiv B roTs vop.o$v\a.i B, non verisimile : fort, rots apfj.o<f>v\al-i, cf. Cer. 8oi t \oyoOerov B f a ..... j^v lego Kal ravra n\v B : Siavfjj.ovri . . ift 27 Stavfuovn rb o.-KOK6^iov. 787 28 u<J>e. 34 ^w^p^aroav B 33 arpdropffi legendum
.

12

178

PROCEEDINGS OF THE BRITISH ACADEMY

Tlepl

ywr)dfias TWV o.priK\ivu>v.

ras 8ta ra>y /3pa/3euoy Kat 8ta Ao'ycoy

vTroo'tatpe'o-ety,

Kal
v7roKX.rj(rLS, ei?

a#eu

re Kat /xetwo-et?, TrpocrKArjo-ets re Kat

$e'pe
6r)

rov/x^ayes

eTrot'/jo-ajuey,

Kat ray eKTraAat roi/s dprt-

KAt'yay Trapa

T&V

/3ao"tAe'a)y eKruTrcofletVas trwnjfatas, Kat

eK rtya>y Trpoo-co- 5

moy ravras
rrj8e rr)

8to"o'yat

aurots ffyoptotiri, eK raiy dpxatore'pcoy epayto-d/xeyot

Trpo/SaAAo/xeyr;?
KaBairaj;

ypa^r) 7rapa8otr]juey.
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yap
r

fcoo-r^s

17

/xayiVrpou,

6t8orat avror? ef

avr&v

K'.
r

8t8orat aiirots awr/deia Trap' avrou KaOdira^

tj3

avayo/jLevov 8e

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ol 8e

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L

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Secret

et

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vo^icr}*.
ifi',

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et?

ol

pep avarokiKol ava

K.OLV

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ro

tStoz;

^e'jua, 15

rr)!'

ol 8e r^j Swecos Kat /XT) poyevo/xe^ot, poyav avrutv cnrocrTaXrjvai. 6o"aKts ay ey rr; /3ao~tAevov(TTy r3y TroAecoy eTrareA^axrt, Trape^oixrty avro??
r

dra

yo/zta-/x.
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t/3

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avr&v ava

rf',

Kat oaaKts eto-eA^oyre? poyeu^aio-t, TrdAty rr)y avryv Troo-orr^ra 20

avrotj.
ot

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/x,?},

rrj

r<Sy Trpooroo-Tra^aptcoy

rert/x^yrat

dfta, Kay re Kat

ava

aTro re rou TrpatTroortrou Kat rou 8ojuteo-rtKOU

rwy (TxoAwy
4i^rot aira^

/xe^pt T?Js roO Trpcoroo-Tra^aptoi;

t^3'*

rwy

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ot 8e AotTrot Trdyre? d</)^)tKtdAtot

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^XP

T0 ^ SojuecrrtKou

rwy

^SacrtAtKaiy

dya

8e rt? evvov'xos irptoToo'TTaOdpios yeyr^rat, 8t- 25

-^

Saxrty avrots aTraf

roi; dpjuta/xe'yrou,

77'*

7rpt/xtK?Jpto9

da-rtdptoj

dya

wcravra)? 6 ap)(coy

ot yapTOvXapiot. aKrovdptoy, 6 -Trpcoroyordptos roi; 6"po'/zov, o \aprou789 Adptos roi; ora^Aou, 6 eTrtKrr;? Kat 6 r^s virovpyias Sojueo-rtKO?, d fvyoeTTt 7rpo/3oA7J 8e Trayrdj Trpcoro- 30 (rrdrr/9, d otKto-rtKos Kat d ^vo-oex/ayrrjy.

6 /i/,tyo-ovpara>p, 6 Kovpdrcop rou

Kr^aro?,

rov

dtov

bpofjiov, 6

(nraOapCov aito re /ixayAa/Strwy Kat raiy ey

r<S otKetaKO) /SatrtAtKw ^Secrrtapta)

KaraAeyojueycoy, Kat ra>y et? rovj /Sao'tAtKoi/j avOptoTrovs crvyrerayjueycoy, Kat rwy eTTt r?}? j3a(n\iKijs rpaTre'fr;? Trapta-rajuteycoy, Kat ra>y 8ta WAeco?
criy
r?]

rwy ea>rtKa>y

rt/zw/xeycoy, 8t5orat avrot?

rj

ra>y cnraOapOKavoibdTtov

ra>y o-rparcopcoy
o-tAeyrtaptcoy,
17

vTrdrcoy,

17

airaf dya yo/xttr/Lt. r/', ot 6e ^, ot 8e r?J 35 (nraOapiav rtjuw/xeyot dfta dya KayStSarcoy r) jutay8ardpa>y, ^ /Sea-rr^ro'pcoy, ^

aTrd eTrdp^wy rtjutco/xeyot aft'a,

Ttaptyowi Kat awot

yo/xtor/x.

(8'} ftxravrcos Kat e?rt rcSy creKpertK<3y rjyovv (TvyK\r]TLKov rt/xco/^teyou

aurou

ey dftw/xao-ty, 8t8orat ef eKacrrov avra>y Kara ro otKetoy d^ta>jua, ot /xey

4 TO?S apriKXivais legendum videtur 5 rtywi/ L 14 uffdicis L fxayevduffivit 789 30 xP vfff ty ir'f]s L correxi 25 S/Soortv L
:

L
17

o-iry/ceAou

788

1 1 5t-

fiaffiXevovcri

23

SiSoffi

38 numerura scriba non legere

potuit.

(S'}

supplevi

cf.

infra

4>IAO0EOT KAHTOPOAOriON
rrj

179
rj

T&V

TrptoToa-TTaBapitov

ava

if,

ol be rr) r<Sz>
r)

6api(DV ava
8aropa>z>
77

^,

ol be rrj
rj

T&V
ol

orpartopcoz;

virdrctiv

oriradapoKavbibaT^v TJ KavbcbaTo^v

cnrafjiav-

77

/3eoT7T.ropa)z>

o~tAez>rtapta>z>
',

ava

vofALcrp*

b^ airpaTtov be creKpe-

TIK>V

yevofjievitiv,

ava

be

T&V

ray/u,drcoz> Kal

T&V

7rAof/xa>z> /cat rG>v

5 z>oujue'pa)Z' Kal reiyjiu>v roTrorryprirat a/xa rot?

\apTOv\apfais avr&v ava

<?'.
vofjii-

ol 6e \oL7tol iravTes

ap\ovTS

a/aa rot? Tpifiovvois Kal fiiKapiOLS

ava

(r/xaros tvos.

TOVT&V TOLVVV avtKaOev TT\aTLK<*>Tpov

j\v crac/xSs

eto-erryyeyjueVcoi',

vvvl

be

us olov re
rr/z/

Kat ev&vvoiTTtos ev e7riro/xa) aweiAey/xeVcozJ,

XPV
r?)i;

rots, ocrot

Trept rovrcoy

typovriba Kal VTrrjpea-iav

TreTrotr^i/rat
/cat

Kara

10 TTpoKeinevrjv bibao-KaMav, Kal irepl

biavo[j,G>v, eK

T&V

/3ao-iA.iK<3z;

K\?;ra)ptW,

rovbe TOV raKrtKov TrapayyeAjuiaros

e/c

a>s

wept dird Kavovos, %, TO ye

evepyelv.

ry

aXrjOea-Tepov, a>s
ebei
fjiev

roi;

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^juas rots (rvvTayOelvw Tiepl

eTTi(rvvd\lsai TCLIV, a>s

leparLK&v
15 (frepovo-avi

KaOebp&v Xo'yots xat r?iz;8e rr)z; TWV are jJLa\\ov ra -TrpeV^eta rfjs TrpcaroK^o-tas
avafyeiav rots elcrayor ^ s raea)S 7/817

aAA' tVa

/ix^

rts Ko'pos Ao'you rots avayLVw<TKOV(nv Treptcrrr),

tepartKrj (rvvacfrOelcra

Kat ^ (TvyKXriTiKT] ra^ts

fjievois

a-i;^ r?}

bia

r&v

ovojjLaTaiv 7rotrj(rr/j ravTrjV TVTTLKUS [JLev

i:pai/nQcr\.Tu>v

^^

rwy

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Kat crTparr]yG>v

wz^t 8e ri/s Trept rovrutv KVpLOK\.7](rias Kal TrpaiTOKaOebpias T&V re e

20 Kat /UT7rpo7roA.tra>z>, ap^LeTTLcrKOTTC^v

avroKe^aAcoy Kat
ejJLffravfjcraL

eTrto-KOTrcou

ypevtov rrjv ap^o^ovcrav TCLLV et8tK(Ss

povKopevoi, elbiK^v riva

Kal rr\v Trpay/aaretaz^ crvyypa\^at TTpoeOv^Orj^ev.

ra yap et8tKws
ez;

Xeyopeva

cra<j)fj

ryv bibaa-KaXCav

Trape'^et*

ra 8e TTWS

o-vfuytats
8td

ypeva

aa-dfyeiav TroAAaKts rots eVruyxaVotxri Trpofez^et.

Ka^
ftr/rpoTroAtrr/
raiz;

25 eKaorrys

eirap^ias ras
roTra) r?]s

jutr/rpoTro'Aets

eK0e'//,ezJOt,

rai
5

eKao-rw

791

KaOebpas bLecrrixriara^ev, Kal et#

ovrcos ras

avro-

pxieTna-KOTraiv
a,
/otera

Kara rd^iv bevrepav ov&av

rrj

CLTTO

T&V

/ur/rpoTroAtrwz;

8e rovrots

eKaorrr/

Trap\iq Kat /xr/rpoTro'Aet VTrorera-

ypevas

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Kat eTTto-KOTras ebrjXuxrafJiev, OVK eK

T&V Kad*
Kat eK

fjfjias

KAryropo-

30 Aoytcoz' fMovov ras d(|>opjuas eKAa/So/xez^ot,

'Ei7Ti(j)avLov

dAAa ye

rz^

roi;

deweo'iov

lv

vfjieis

TOV dp^LeirLCTKOTTov K.v7Tpov (Tvyypatyrjs TO, 7rAe?o~ra dz^aAe^aev rrj rotavrr; biaKOVia T&V dpTOK\ivG)V TvyxavovTes reraez'

^ 8e

rovrw

roi /zepet rt 8tajutaprr/re,

dAAa

Kat

ez;

<a><rarots /u^

TrapoVros rov olKOVpeviKov Trarptap^ov, rv^?/ Kat ez; erepa) roVw, rr)z/ ireipav 35 rail' KaOebp&v 8ta roO o*i?yypa/ot/xaros e\ovTa a7rrato*ra Kat d/xw/xrjra ra rt/xta
^Sao'tAecoi'
f][ji.G>v

T&V

dytcozJ etcrayryre.

6
Ti/c^

vofji-f}(rfj.aro5

flffaycDfjifvois
:

OTT&

eVl

791 26 ap[j.6ui/Ti

16 L 15 <f>epovcrr)s L corr. R LB correxi roir-rjKbs pet/ efti] L: corr. R correxi TTOJS LB 23 tro^e? L 24 Sta Ka6i]p/j.bv L B correxi L corr. R L 32 29 /cArjTtwpoA. B 5te<TT77X^<ra/*e' L 36 etVaYerot L eiVcfyere B fiffdyrjTe scrips! 35 forreaTa L

790 13 0WTax07j<n'

17

iroi-fiffei

$)i/
:

yyiceTs

13 8434

14 DAY USE RETURN TO DESK FROM WHICH BORROWED

LOAN
IEFDLD

DEPT.

This book is due on the last dare stamped below, or on the date to which renewed. Renewals only: Tel. No. 642-3405 Renewals may be made 4 days prior to date due. Renewed books are subject to immediate recall.

NOV2373-9PM
~o
1 1 1982

JUN

JAN 1

5 1982

MAR

1 7 1983

rec'd circ.

MAR 2 5

1983

OCT

9 2005

HIM 2

1995

LD21A-30m-10,'73 (R3728slO)476 A-30

General Library University of California Berkeley