Phys560 Homework Solution

1
2
1 A&M chapter 2 problem 1: The Free and Inde-
pendent Electron Gas in Two Dimensions
1.1
Following the calculation to get equation(2.21), we have,
N = 2
V
(2)
2
k
2
F
(1)
then,
n =
k
2
F
2
=
m
F
h
2
or k
F
=

2n (2)
1.2
Following the calculation to get equation(1.2),we have,
V
N
=
1
n
= r
2
s
; r
s
=
_
1
n
(3)
Combined with equation(2), we have,
k
F
=

2
r
s
(4)
1.3
The number of the state enclosed by the circle with radius k or
_
2m/h
2
is,
N
k
=
V
(2)
2
k
2
2 =
k
2
V
2
=
mV
h
2
= N() ( 0) (5)
And N( < 0) = 0.
So the density of state is,
g() =
N()

=
mV
h
2
= constant (for 0) (6)
and g() = 0 for < 0
1
by Jiansheng Wu,email: [email protected]
1
1.4
The Sommerfeld expansion comes as,
_
+

H()f()d =
_

H()d +

n=1
(k
B
T)
2n
a
n
d
2n1
d
2n1
H()|
=
(7)
When H() =
mV
h
2
,the terms proportion to the power of k
B
T disappears.
And the rst term corresponding T = 0 becomes
mV
h
2
, and the left hand
side becomes the particle number N, so we have,
N =
mV
h
2
(8)
Combined with equation (2), we have
=
F
(9)
1.5
If we calculate the particle number,
N =
_
+

H()f()d =
mV
h
2
_
+
0
1
e
()/k
B
T
+ 1
d (10)
=
mV
h
2
k
B
T
_
+
/k
B
T
1
e
x
+ 1
dx =
mV
h
2
k
B
T ln(1 +e
x
)|

/k
B
T
(11)
=
mV
h
2
k
B
T ln(1 +e
/k
B
T
) =
mV
h
2
[ +k
B
T ln(1 +e
/k
B
T
)] (12)
So we have if we use equation(2),

F
= +k
B
T ln(1 +e
/k
B
T
) (13)
That is equation (2.95)
1.6
From (2.95) we know,

F
= k
B
T ln(1 +e
/k
B
T
) k
B
Te
/k
B
T
) (14)
or,

F
= k
B
T ln(1 e

F
/k
B
T
) k
B
Te

F
/k
B
T
(15)
2
we can see if >> k
B
T, we have /k
B
T , then e
/k
B
T
0,
thus, k
B
T ln(1 +e
/k
B
T
) 0. So (c) is valid. On the contrary, if T is not
small enougth, the dierence between and is large and the Sommerfeld
expansion falls.
For the proof of Appendix C, we need to dene a new quantity,
K() =
_

H(

)d

= ()
mV
h
2
. (16)
But we can see there is a cusp at = 0,thus
dK()
d
dont have denition
at = 0 which means that
dK()
d
is not exactly equivalent to g(). So the
integration by part is problematic. That is the mathematical reason why
Sommerfeld expansion fails for 2D.
Using integration by part and Taylor expansion of K(),we get,
K() = K() +

n=1
( )
n
n!
d
n
K()
d
n
|
=
(17)
And we know in our case, K() is not analytic at = 0 which means the
Taylor expansion is not correct if we expand K() around = but with
a radius greater than . So for k
B
T or larger, the dierence can
not be neglected.
2 A & M Chapter 2 problem 3: The classical limit
of Fermi-Dirac statistics
The Fermi-Dirac distribution reduces to the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribu-
tion,
f() =
1
e
()/K
B
T
+ 1
e
()/K
B
T
(18)
if and only if e
()/K
B
T
1 for all positive .
2.1
If the above equation holds, we get the particle density as,
n =
_

0
g()f()d =
_

0
m
(h)
2

2m
h
2
1
e
()/K
B
T
+ 1
d
3

m
(h)
2

2m
h
2
e
()/K
B
T
d =

2m
3/2

2
h
3
e
/K
B
T
_

0

e
/K
B
T
d
=

2m
3/2

2
h
3
e
/K
B
T
(K
B
T)
3/2

_
3
2
_
=
e
/K
B
T

2
_
mK
B
T
h
2
_
3/2
(19)
And from the relation
4
3
r
3
s
=
1
n
, we get,
r
s
=
_
3
4n
_
1/3
= e
/K
B
T
3
1/3

1/6
h(2mK
B
T)
1/2
= e
/K
B
T
3
1/3

1/6
_
h
2mK
B
T
_
1/2
(20)
If we have e
/K
B
T
1, this will lead to r
s

_
h
2mK
B
T
_
1/2
which can also
be taken as the condition for the validity of classical statistics.
2.2
The typical length for which quantum mechanics eect is important is the
thermal de Broglie wavelength
dB
,

dB
=
h
p
=

h
2
3mK
B
T
. (21)
where we have used
1
2m
(p)
2
=
3
2
K
B
T. If the distance between particles r
s
is much larger than the de Broglie wavelength, we can consider particles as
classical particles. So
dB
is the signicance of length r
s
must exceed.
2.3
The condition can be rewritten as,
r
s
a
0

1
a
0

h
2
2mK
B
T
(22)
where a
0
= h
2
/me
2
= 0.529

A,m = 9.109 10
31
kg. So,
r
s
a
0

_
1.58 10
5
K
T
_
1/2

_
10
5
K
T
_
1/2
(23)
4
2.4
In zero temperature case, we have,
n =
_

0
g()f()d =
_

F
0
m
(h)
2

2m
h
2
d
=
(2m)
3/2
3
2
h
3
(K
B
T
F
)
3/2
(24)
which is the denition of T
F
. From above we have,
3

4
n
_
h
2
2mK
B
T
F
_
3/2
=
m
3
4
3
h
3
(25)
of which the RHS is the normalization constant appearing in the Fermi-
Dirace velocity distribution. So we have,
f
B
(0)
f(0)
=
n
_
h
2
2mK
B
T
_
3/2
m
3
4
3
h
3
=
_
4
3

__
T
F
T
_
3/2
(26)
3 Additional problem
Calculate, to rst order, the bulk modulus of sodium at 300 K and 0 K using
the Drude model and the Sommerfeld model. Compare your results with
the experimental value.
For Drude model, the energy is,
E =
3
2
NK
B
T (27)
The pressure is dened as,
P
_
E
V
_
N,S
=
2
3
_
E
V
_
=
NK
B
T
V
(28)
Here, we know have used T V
2/3
(It is valid for adiabatic process of
which the entropy S keep constant) in the second indentity. The adiabatic
bulk modulus is,
B V
_
P
V
_
N,S
=
5
3
P =
5
3
NK
B
T
V
. (29)
5
The (isothermal) bulk modulus is,
B V
_
P
V
_
T
= P =
NK
B
T
V
. (30)
which was given in lecture note page(15). So for T = 0 and T = 300K, the
(isothermal) bulk modulus are dierent which is shown in Table(1).
For Sommerfeld model, the erergy is,
E = V
_

0
f()g()d V
3
5
n
F
+V

2
6
(K
B
T)
2
g(
F
)
=
3
5
N
F
+

2
4
_
K
B
T

F
_
2
N
F
(31)
To calculate the pressue, we notice that

F
V
2/3
(32)
because of
F
=
h
2m
_
3
2 N
V
_
. The entropy of the system can be calculated
from C
V
= (E/T)
V,N
= T(S/T)
N,V
, which reads,
S(T) = S(0) +
_
T
0
1
T
_
E
T
_
N,V
dT = V
_
k
B

2m
3

F
3h
3
_
(K
B
T) (33)
From Eq.(32) and Eq.(33), we can see T V
2/3
for adiabatic process of
which entropy S(T) is a constant. (It was shown here that for adiabatic
process in classical case and quantum mechanics case, we all have T
V
2/3
).
So we get the pressure,
P =
2
3
_
E
V
_
=
2
5

F
N +

2
6
(
K
B
T

F
)
2
N
F
(34)
which is proportional to V
2/3
, Then the (adiabatic) bulk modulus is,
B V
_
P
V
_
N,S
=
5
3
P =
10
9
E
V
=
2
3
n
F
+
5
2
18
_
K
B
T

F
_
2
n
F
(35)
Then the (isothermal) bulk modulus is,
B V
_
P
V
_
T
=
2
3
n
F
+

2
18
_
K
B
T

F
_
2
n
F
(36)
Substituting the temperature T = 0 and T = 300K and the Fermi
ernergy 3.24 eV, we get the bulk modulus in Table(2).
6
Table 1: Comparison of Bulk Modulus ( unit: 10
9
N/m
2
or 10
10
dyn/cm
2
)
Drude model Sommerfeld model Experiment
Energy E =
3
2
NK
B
T E =
3
5

F
N +

2
4
(
K
B
T

F
)
2
N
F
Pressure P =
2
3
E
V
= nK
B
T P =
2
3
E
V
Bulk Modulus B = nK
B
T (iso) B =
5
3
P(iso)
=
5
3
nK
B
T(ada) =
2
3
n
F
+

2
18
_
K
B
T

F
_
2
n
F
(ada)
0K 0(iso,ada) 9.23(iso,ada) 6.42
300K 0.11(iso) 0.183(ada) 9.23 + 0.00048(iso) 9.23 + 0.0024(ada) 6.42
Table 2: Comparison of Thermopower
Elements Fermi energy
F
Thermopower Q Experimental value
Na 3.24 eV 1.13 V/K 7 V/K
K 2.12 eV 1.73 V/K 14 V/K
4 Additional problem
Calculate, using the Sommerfeld model, the thermopower of Na and K near
room temperature. Compare your results to experimental values of about
7 and 14 V/K, respectively.
The thermopower is,
Q =

2
6
K
B
e
_
K
B
T

F
_
= 1.42
_
K
B
T

F
_
10
4
Volt/K (37)
where we choose room temperature T = 300K. The thermopower of Na and
K are shown in Table(2).
7