Background and Goals What a Smart Grid is Modernizes both Transmission&Distribution Problem Definition Smart Grid Functions Features

Technology Recent Studies Obstacles Conclusion References External Links

 Current power grid evolved after 1896 based on Nikola Teslas design
Electric grid of the late 1960s became conceived of as dividing and distributing electric power Electricity networks have not kept pace with modern challenges The term smart grid has been in use since at least 2005.[1]

 First cities with smart grids:

The earliest and still largest, Italian system installed by Enel S.p.A( Ente Nazionale per lEnergia eLettrica) of Italy. In the US, the city of Austin,TX has been working on building its smart grid since 2003.[2] Hydro One, in Ontario,Canada is in the midst of a largescale Smart grid initiative.[3][4] The city of Mannheim in Germany is using real-time Broadband Powerline(BPL) communications.[5]

 Smart energy demand describes the energy user component of smart grid. Smart energy demand is a broad concept:
Enhancement of reliability Reduce peak demand Shift usage to off-peak hours Lower total energy consumption Actively manage electric vehicle charging Actively manage other usage to respond solar, wind, and other renewable resources

 Smart energy demand mechanisms and tactics include:

Smart meters Dynamic pricing Smart thermostats and smart appliances Automated control of equipment Usage by appliance data Scheduling and control of loads

Scale and Scope[6] Municipal grid[7] Home Area Networks (HANs)

Zigbee, INSTEON, Zwave,WiFi or others.

 Smart Grid refers using computer-based remote control and automation. Smart grids increase
The connectivity Automation Coordination

between these suppliers, consumers and networks that perform either long distance transmission or local distribution tasks

 Many smart grid features apparent to consumers Peak curtailment/leveling and time of use pricing
To reduce demand during the high cost peak usage periods To reduce consumption by communication to devices directly in order to prevent system overloads

Platform for advanced services

Use of robust two-way communications,advanced sensors, and distributed computing technology

US and UK savings estimates and concerns [8][9]

Save consumers money Help reduce CO emissions

 Increasing reliability,efficiency and safety of power grid

Enabling decentralized generation power

Flexibility of power consumption at the clients side Increase Gross Domestic Product (GDP) by creating more new, green-collar energy jobs [10][11]

 A modern Smart Grid must [11]:

Be able to heal itself Motivate consumers to actively participate in operations of the grid Resist attack Provide higher quality power Accommodate all generation and storage options Enable electricity markets to flourish Run more efficiently Enable higher penetration of intermittent power generation sources

 Load Adjustment
The total load connected to the power grid can vary significantly over time.

Demand response support

Allows generators and loads to interact in an automated fashion in real-time, coordinating demand to flatten spikes.

Greater resillience to loading

Initial power lines in the grid were built using radial model, later connectivity was guaranteed via multiple routes

 Decentralization of power generation

If a local sub-network generates more power than it is consuming, the reverse flow can raise safety and reliability issues.

Price signaling to consumers

In many countries, the electric utilities have installed double tariff electricity meters in many homes

 Integrated communications
Substation automation Demand response Distribution response Distribution automation Supervisory control and data acquisition(SCADA) Energy management systems Wireless mesh networks Power-line carrier communications

Smart meters
Digital meters that record usage in real-time

 Phasor measurement units (PMU)

Distributed throughput their network can be used to monitor power quality and in some cases respond autmatically to them.

Sensing and measurement

Evaluate congestion and grid stability,monitoring equipment health, energy theft prevention, and control strategies support. Technologies: wide-area monitoring systems, dynamic line rating, electromagnetic signature measurement/analysis, real-time pricing tools, backscatter radio technology

 Advanced control
Distributed intelligent agents Analytical tools Operational tools (SCADA, substation automation, demand response, etc.)

Improved interfaces and decision support

Operators and managers have tools to effectively and efficiently operate a grid with an increasing number of variables.

Smart power generation

A concept of matching electricity production with demand using multiple identical generators. [12]

 Using artificial intelligence programming techniques, Fujian power grid in China. [13]
The power grid was considered within the context of:
Optimal control Ecology Human cognition Glassy dynamics Information theory Microphysics of clouds and many others. [14]

Many different concepts have been used to model intelligent power grids.

 In Europe and the U.S, significant impediments exist to the widespread adoption of Smart Grid technologies;
Regulatory environments that not reward utilities for operational efficiency,excluding U.S. Awards Consumer concerns over privacy Social concerns over fair availability of electricity Social concerns over Enron style abuses of information leverage Limited ability of utilities to rapidly transform their business and operational environment

 Distinguishing characteristics of Smart Grid include[15]:

Increased use of digital information and controls technology to improve reliability, security, and efficiency of the electric grid Dynamic optimization of grid operations and resources with cyber-security Deployment and integration of distributed resources and generation, including renewable resources Deployment and incorporation of demand response, demand-side resources, and energy-efficiency resources

 Deployment of smart technologies for metering, communications concerning grid operations and status, and distribution automation Integration of smart appliances and consumer devices Deployment and integration of advanced electricity storage and peak-shaving technologies Provision to consumers of timely information and control options Development of standards for communication and interoperability of appliances and equipment connected to the electric grid

1.
2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

7.
8.

S. Massoud Amin and Bruce F. Wollenberd, Toward A Smart Grid, IEEE P&E Magazine, Vol. 3 No.5 pgs 34-41 . National Energy Technology Laboratory for the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability, Morden Grid Benefits, August 2007. Betsy Loeff (2008-03). AMI Anatomy: Core Technologies in Advanced Metering. Ultrimetrics Newsletter (Automatic Meter Reading Association (Utilimetrics) Betsy Loeff, Demanding standards: Hydro One aims to leverage AMI via interoperability, PennWell Corporation E-Energy Project Model City Mannheim. MVV Energie. 2011 A. Battaglini, J. Lilliestam, C. Bals,and A. Haas, The Supersmart Grid, European Climate Forum, July 2008. Smart Grid Miami: FPL, GE, Cisco, Silver Spring Rolling Out 1M Smart Meters: Cleantech News and Analysis . www.Earth2tech.com (2009-04-20). M. C. Kintner-Meyer, D. P. Chassin, R. G. Pratt, J. G. DeSteese, L. A. Schienbein, S. G. Hauser, W. M. Warwick, GridWise: The Benefits of a Transformed Energy System, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 2003

9.
10. 11. 12. 13. 14.

15.

Smart Grid and Renewable Energy Monitoring Systems, SpeakSolar.org, published in September 2010. Vision and Strategy for Europes Electricity Networks of the Future, European Technology Platform, 2006. Anderson, Roger; A. Boulanger, J. A. Johnson and A. Kressner, Computer-Aided Lean Management for the Energy Industry , 2008. SGIP Catalog of Standards, 2011. Nanjing Nari-Relays Electric Co., Wide Area Protection System for Stability, July 2006. Jacob Klimstra and Markus Hotakainen, Smart Power Generation , ISBN 978-951-692-846-6, Helsinki 2011. Obama's Speech on the Economy , The New York Times, January 2009.

 IEEE SmartGrid Portal IEEE's collection of SmartGrid resources

http://smartgrid.ieee.org/

Smart Grids (European Commission)

http://ec.europa.eu/energy/gas_electricity/smartgrids/smartgrids_en.h tm

The NIST Smart Grid Collaboration Site NIST's public wiki for Smart Grid
http://collaborate.nist.gov/twiki-sggrid/bin/view/SmartGrid/WebHome

Video Lecture: Smart Grid: Key to a Sustainable Energy Infrastructure, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
http://cgs.illinois.edu/resources/webvideo/smart-grid-key-asustainable-energy-infrastructure

The IDEAS project (University of Southampton project developing agent-based mechanisms for the Smart Grid)
http://www.ideasproject.info/

 USEA( United States Energy Association)-Smart Grid Lunch and Learn

http://www.usea.org/Publications/USEA_Smart_Grid_Lunch_an d_Learn.asp

Federal Smart grid Initiatives

http://www.smartgrid.gov/recovery_act/news/leesburg_approac hes_1_million_savings_creative_electric_conservation

IBM A Smarter Planet

http://www05.ibm.com/innovation/be/smarterplanet/en/index.shtml?re=sp h

California Public Utilities Commission

http://www.cpuc.ca.gov/PUC/energy/100317_preso.htm