INTEGRAL CALCULUS

Integration the process of finding the function whose derivative is given. Indefinite Integrals: These are integrals of the form the variable of integration. Properties of Indefinite Integrals: 1. 2.

f ( x) dx where f(x) is the integrand and x is

du = u + c

( du + dv +.... + dz ) = du + dv +.... + dz
cdu =c du

3. f c is a constant! then

Fundamental Integration Formulas: The "ower #ormula:

u n +1 + c where n 1 n +1

The Trigonometric #unction #ormulas: 1. 2. 3. '.

cos u du =sin u +c
sin u du = cos
u +c

$. %. &. (.

sec u tan u du =sec u +c

sec
csc

u du = tan u +c
u du = cot u +c

sec u du = ln(sec u +tan u ) +c

).

sec

u du =

1 1 sec u tan u + ln(sec u + tan u ) + c 2 2

*xponential #unction #ormulas: 1.

2.

u a du =

au = C where a + ,! a - 1 ln a

.ogarithmic #ormula:

du

= ln u + c

nverse Trigonometric #ormulas: 1.

du a u
2 2

= Arc sin

u +c a du u a
2 2

2.
=

du 1 u = Arc tan + c 2 a a +u

3. ntegration b/ "arts:

1 u Arc sec + c a a

udv = uv vdu
0/perbolic #unction #ormulas: 1.

cosh udu = sinh u + c

2.

sinh udu = cosh u + c

Trigonometric 1ubstitution: 2hen the integrand involves a 2 x 2 ! let x = a sin 3 when the integrand involves a 2 + x 2 ! let x = a tan 3 when the integrand involves x 2 a 2 ! let x = a sec . Definite Integrals: These are integrals of the form

f ( x ) dx

where a (the lower limit) and b (the

upper limit) are the limits of integration. f

b a

f ( x)dx =

[ F ( x)]

f ( x)dx = F ( x) ! then
b a

= F (b) F ( a)

Properties of Definite Integrals:4 1. nterchanging the limits of integration changes the sign of the integral! i.e.
b a

f ( x ) dx = f ( x)dx
b

2. The interval of integration ma/ be bro5en up into an/ number of subintervals! and the integration performed over each interval separatel/! i.e.
a

f ( x ) dx = f ( x ) dx + f ( x ) dx
a c

3. The definite integral of a given integrand is independent of the variable of integration! i.e.

f ( x ) dx = f ( z ) dz
a

Even and Odd Functions: 6 function that remains unchanged when x is replaced b/ x! i.e.
f ( x ) = f ( x)

is called an even function. *xamples: 1. f ( x ) = x 2 since f ( x) = (x) 2 =x 2 2. f ( x) = cos x since f (x) = cos(x) = cos x f f(x) is an even function of x!
a a

f ( x ) dx =2 f ( x ) dx
0

6 function such that f ( x ) = f ( x ) is called an odd function. *xamples: 1. f ( x) = x 3 since f ( x) = ( x ) 3 = x 3 2. f ( x) = sin x since f ( x) = sin( x ) = sin x f f(x) is an odd function of x!
a

f ( x ) dx =0

Wallis Formula:

/2

sin m x cos n xdx =

[( m 1)( m 3) 2 or 1][(n 1)( n 3) 2 or 1] ( m + n)( m + n 2)( m + n 4) 2 or 1

where m 7 n 8 ,! i.e. positive integers including 9ero = / 2 if both m 7 n are even! otherwise = 1 :ote: f the first factor in an/ of the products to be formed using 2allis; #ormula is less than one! replace that factor b/ unit/. A Theorem of Pappus:

f a plane area is revolved about an axis in its plane and not crossing the area! the volume of the solid generated is e<ual to the product of the generating area and the circumference of the circle described b/ the centroid of the area! i.e. V = A 2r

Centroids of Common Plane Figures:

=bli<ue Triangle >ight Triangle

1emicircle ?uarter @ircle

"arabolic 1egment

Review Exercises in INTE R!" #!"#$"$% 1. Eval&ate' a.

e
+c

sin 2 x

cos 2 xdx

(. e sin 2 x + c
e x dx . e x +1

c. e sin 2 x + c

).

e sin 2 x +c 2

2. Eval&ate the inte*ral o+ a. e x + c

(. ln ( e x + 1) + c

c. e x + 1 + c

).

ln e x +c e

3.

x3 1 2x +c 3 4x x3 4 x +c (. 3 x

a.

c.

x3 1 x +c 3 4x
3

1 1 ). x + c 3 2x

4.

x sec
a. (.

xdx =

x tan x ln sin x +c x sec x ln sec x +tan x +c

c. ).

x2 tan x + c 2
x tan x +ln cos x +c

,.

a. sec tan + c ..

1 + sin

cos
2

d -

(. sin csc + c

c. ln (1 + sin 2 ) + c

). Arc tan ( sin ) + c

1 cos x dx -

a. 2 2 cos x + c

1 2

(. 2 2 cos x + c

c. 2 2 cos x + c

1 2

). 2 2 cos x + c

/. 0in) the area (o&n)e) (1 the c&rve 2x2 2 4x 2 1 - 0 an) the line x 2 1 - 0. a. //4 s3. &nits (. 4/3 s3. &nits c. 2// s3. &nits ). 5/4 s3. &nits 4. 0in) the area (o&n)e) (1 the c&rve ,12 - 1.x an) the c&rve 12 - 4x 6 24. a. 1. s3. &nits (. 15 s3. &nits c. 30 s3. &nits ). 20 s3. &nits 5. 0in) the area (o&n)e) (1 the c&rve 12 6 3x 2 3 - 0 an) the line x - 4. a. 1, s3. &nits (. 12 s3. &nits c. 10 s3. &nits ). 11 s3. &nits

10. iven the area in the +irst 3&a)rant (o&n)e) (1 x2 - 417 the line 1 6 2 - 0 an) the 18 axis. 9hat is the vol&:e *enerate) i+ this area is revolve) a(o&t the line 1 6 2 - 0; a. ,3.31 c&. &nits (. 4,.4/ c&. &nits c. 2..41 c&. &nits ). 33.54 c&. $nits 2 11. iven the area in the +irst 3&a)rant (o&n)e) (1 1 - x7 the line x - 4 an) the x8axis. 9hat is the vol&:e *enerate) when this area is revolve) a(o&t the 18axis; a. 54.44 c&. &nits (. /4.4/ c&. &nits c. ./.5, c&. &nits ). 40.42 c&. &nits 12. 9hat is the inte*ral o+ x - 3; a. 0.20.
1 with res<ect to x an) eval&ate the res&lt +ro: x -1 to 3x + 4

(. 0.30.

c. 0.40.

). 0.,0.

13. 0in) the area (o&n)e) (1 the <ara(ola x 2 = 1.( y 1) an) its lat&s rect&:. a. ,..2/ (. 4..2/ c. 42../ ). ,2../ 14. The inte*ral o+ an1 3&otient whose n&:erator is the )i++erential o+ the )eno:inator is the ========== o+ the )eno:inator. a. <ro)&ct (. )erivative c. reci<rocal ). lo*arith: 1,. The inte*ral o+ a.
ydy 4 y2 =
4 y 2 +c

1 y Arc sin + c 2 2

(.

c. ln 4 y 2 + c ).

1 2

2 4 y 2 +c

1.. The area (o&n)e) (1 the c&rves 1 - x2 6 3x an) 1 - 3 6 x is *iven (1 the inte*ral a. c.

( x 2 x 3)dx (3 4 x x )dx
3 2 1 1 2 3

(. ).

(3 + 2 x x )dx (3 + 2 x x )dx
3 2 1 4 2 0

1/. 9hat theore: is &se) to solve +or centroi)s; a. >a<<&s? (. @ari*non?s

c. #asti*lliano?s

). >ascal?s

14. I+ the inte*ral o+ )t/(5 2 t2) +ro: 0 to x is e3&al to A/127 then x is e3&al to a. 1 (. 2 c. 3 ). 4 15. 9hat is the area (o&n)e) (1 the c&rve x2 - 6 51 an) the line 1 2 1 - 0; a. . s3. &nits (. , s3. &nits c. 4 s3. &nits ). 3 s3. &nits 20. I+ the inte*ran) involves x2 6 a2 where a is a constant7 then x :a1 (e s&(stit&te) (1 a. a cos B (. a sin B c. a tan B ). a sec B 21. 0in) the len*th o+ the arc o+ the <ara(ola x2 - 41 +ro: x - 62 to x -2. a. 4.2 (. 4.. c. 4.5 ). ,.2 22. 0in) the vol&:e o+ the soli) *enerate) (1 revolvin* the +irst 3&a)rant re*ion (o&n)e) (1 1 - x27 the 18axis an) 1 - 4 a(o&t the 18axis.

a. 4A

(. 4A

c. 1.A/3

). 32A/3

23. The area enclose) (1 the elli<se vol&:e *enerate); a. 3,,.3 24. (. 3.0.1

x2 y2 + = 1 is revolve) a(o&t the line x - 3. 9hat is the 5 4

c. 3/0.3

). 3.,.1

e
a.

2 ln x

dx =

1 x3 e +c 3

(. e x

/3

+c

c.

1 3 x +c 3

).
2

2,. 9hen <artial +ractions are &se)7 the )eco:<osition o+

a. 27 83

A B + where ! an) C are e3&al to === an) === res<ectivel1. x +1 x + 2

x 1 is e3&al to x + 3x + 2

2 2 ln x e +c x

(. 827 3

c. 37 82

). 27 3

2.. The area in the secon) 3&a)rant o+ the circle x2 2 12 - 3. is revolve) a(o&t the line 1 2 10 - 0. 9hat is the vol&:e *enerate); a. 2214.33 (. 2224.43 c. 2233.43 ). 2204.,3 2/. Eval&ate' a. 44/3

(x
4 3 2 1

y dydx

(. 45/3

c. 4./3

). /5/3
4 x2

24. Dow +ar +ro: the x8axis is the centroi) o+ the se:icircle 1 a. 0.445 (. 0.424 c. 0.3.,

; ). 0../3

25. "ocate the centroi) o+ the <lane area in the +irst 3&a)rant (o&n)e) (1 the c&rve 12 - 4x an) the lines x - 1 an) the x8axis. a. 7
3 3 4 ,

(. 7

3 3 , 4

c. 7

3 3 , ,

). 7

3 2 4 3

30. 0in) the :o:ent o+ inertia with res<ect to the 18axis o+ the <lane area (etween the <ara(ola 1 - 5 6 x2 an) the x8axis. a. 2,./3 (. 254/, c. 324/, ). 2.5/4

!N%9ER EEF 1. a 2. ( 3. c /. ) 4. a 5. ( 12. a 13. c 14. ) 1/. a 14. c 15. c 22. a 23. a 24. c 2/. a 24. a 25. (

4. ) ,. ) .. a

10. c 11. )

1,. ( 1.. (

20. ) 21. (

2,. ( 2.. (

30. c