VELAMMAL ENGINEERING COLLEGE

SURAPET
DEPARTMENT OF AUTOMOBILE ENGINEERING
AT 2255 ENGINE PERFORMANCE AND EMISSION TESTING LABORATORY

LAB MANUAL
Cycle I
1. Study of dynamometers
2. Study of emission measuring instruments
3. Valve timing diagram of Single-cylinder SI engine
4. Port timing diagram of two stroke engine

5. Performance and emissions test on multi-cylinder SI engine

6. Heat balance test on multi-cylinder SI engine
7. Morse test on multi-cylinder SI engine

Cycle II
1. Performance and emissions test on multi-cylinder CI engine
2. Heat balance test on multi-cylinder CI engine
3. Performance and emission test on two-wheeler SI engine
4. Retardation test on IC engine
5. P- and P-V diagram of single cylinder diesel engine

Cycle I

Ex.No:1

Date:
STUDY OF DYNAMOMETERS USED FOR ENGINE TESTING

Aim:
To study about dynamometers used for finding the engine brake power
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Ex.No:2

Date:
STUDY OF EMISSION MEASURING INSTRUMENTS

Aim:
To study about emission measuring instruments
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Ex.No:3

Date:
VALVE TIMING DIAGRAM OF SINGLE-CYLINDER ENGINE

AIM:
To draw the valve timing diagram for the given multi-cylinder engine.
EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED:
1. Measuring tape
2. Scale
3. Feeler gauge
FORMULA:
L

Required angle = 360

Where,
L = Distance of the valve opening or closing position marked on flywheel with
respect to their dead centre.
C = Circumference of the flywheel
PROCEDURE:
1. First the Inlet and Exhaust valves are identified.
2 The TDC and BDC positions of the piston are found as follows. The flywheel is rotated
and when the piston reaches an arbitrarily chosen location in the cylinder a mark is
made on the flywheel against a fixed mark on the frame. The flywheel is rotated and
when the piston comes to the same mark in its downward stroke a mark is made on the
flywheel against the fixed mark chosen. The mid point of these two marks gives the
TDC position of the piston and the diametrically opposite position gives the BDC.
3. The correct direction of rotation is found from the sequence of opening and closing of
the inlet and exhaust valves.
4. The circumference of the flywheel is determined using the measuring tape.
5. The flywheel is rotated and the point at which the inlet valve starts opening is found out
and its position is marked on the flywheel against the fixed mark.
6. Similarly the position at which it closes is also found out.
7. The same procedure is repeated for the exhaust valve.
8. The distances of the opening and closing of the two valves are measured with respect to
the dead centre and converted into angles using the relation given above.

OBSERVATION:

Event

Distance from their

respective dead centres in
cm

Valve
opening
period in
degrees

Position
w.r.to dead
centre

Inlet valve opens

Inlet valve closes
Exhaust valve opens
Exhaust valve closes
RESULT:
The valve timing of the given four stroke engine is found out and the diagram is drawn.
Duration of suction stroke

Duration of compression stroke

Duration of expansion stroke

Duration of exhaust stroke

Duration of valve overlap

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Ex.No:4

Date:
PORT TIMING DIAGRAM OF TWO STROKE ENGINE

AIM:
To draw the port timing diagram for the given two stroke engine.
TOOLS REQUIRED:
1. Measuring tape
2. Scale
FIXING THE DEAD CENTRES:
The flywheel is rotated and when the piston reaches an arbitrarily chosen location in the
cylinder a mark is made on the flywheel against a fixed mark on the frame. The flywheel is
rotated and when the piston comes to the same mark in its downward stroke a mark is made on
the flywheel against the fixed mark chosen. The midpoint of these two marks gives the TDC
position of the piston and the diametrically opposite position gives the BDC
IDENTIFICATION OF POSTS:
The port which has more area and is nearer to the TDC is the exhaust port and the other
one is the inlet port. Normally the export port is the bigger than the inlet port.
DIRECTION OF ROTATION:
As the port opening and closing are symmetrical about the dead centre any arbitrary
direction of rotation may be selected.
FORMULA:
L

Required angle = 360

Where,
L = Distance of the valve opening or closing position marked on flywheel with
respect to their dead centre.
C = Circumference of the flywheel
PROCEDURE:
1. The flywheel is turned in any arbitrary direction.
2. During the downward traverse position when it just uncovers a port it is marked as the
opening of the port on the flywheel.
3. The rotation is further continued until the piston covers the port during its upward
travel.

4. A mark is made on the flywheel against the fixed mark. This gives the closing of the
port.
5. The same procedure is repeated for other ports also.
OBSERVATION:

Event

Distance(L) from their

respective dead centres in
cm

Valve
opening
period in
degrees

Position
w.t.to
dead

Exhaust port opens

Exhaust port closes
Transfer port opens
Transfer port closes
RESULT:
Thus the port time for the given two stroke engine is found out and the port timing
diagram is drawn.
Duration of suction stroke

Duration of compression stroke

Duration of expansion stroke

Duration of exhaust stroke

Scavenging period

The valve timing of the given four stroke engine is found out and the diagram is drawn.
Duration of suction stroke

Duration of compression stroke

Duration of expansion stroke

Duration of exhaust stroke

Duration of valve overlap

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Ex.No:5

Date:

PERFORMANCE AND EMISSION TEST ON MULTI-CYLINDER PETROL ENGINE

AIM:
To find the load and emission characteristics of the four stroke four cylinder petrol
engine.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Engine test rig, Tachometer, Stop watch, and emission analyzer

ENGINE DETAILS:
Brake Power

in kW

Bore diameter

mm

Stroke

mm

Calorific value

CV

kJ / kg

m2

Density of fuel
Orifice Area

grams / cc

FORMULAE:
1. Brake power:
BP = 2NT / (60 x 1000)
kW
Where,
N
= Number of revolutions of Brake Drum per min
T

= Load torque in Nm

2. Total Fuel consumption:

TFC = ( x / tf ) x f x (3600/1000)

kg / hr

Where,
tf = Time taken to consume x cc of fuel in seconds
f = Density of fuel in Grams per cc
3. Specific fuel consumption per hour:
SFC = TFC / BP

kg / kW hr

4. Brake thermal efficiency

h

bth

= BP x 3600 x 100 / (TFC x CV) %

5. Brake mean effective pressure:

BMEP = BP x 60 /(100 x LAnk) bar

Where,
n = cycles per minute = N/2 for four stroke engines
k = Number of cylinders
L = Stroke length, m
A = Area = p /4 D2

DESCRIPTION:
The engine is a four stroke, four cylinder, water cooled petrol engine connected with
hydraulic dynamometer. Petrol and air mixture is led through carburetor. Performance test is
done to find the fuel consumption and thermal efficiency at various loading conditions. Engine
emissions are measured with a five gas analyzer which gives the volume % of CO, CO 2 O2 , and
the ppm of NOx and UBHC.

PROCEDURE:
1. Engine is started by rotating the crank by means of a crank lever. Engine is allowed to
pick up speed and cooling water is supplied to the engine.
2. Rated load of the engine is calculated.
3. Load is applied gradually in steps till 10% over load is reached.
4. Note down the time taken for 10cc of fuel consumption.
5. Repeat the experiment for different loads.
OBSERVATION:

Speed
S.no
rpm
1
2
3
4
5

RESULT:

Torque
N-m

Time taken
for x cc of
fuel
consumption
(Sec)

CO
(%)

Exhaust
Emissions
C 2
NOx
O
(%)
(ppm)

UHBC
(ppm)

S.
no

Brake
Power(kW)

TFC
(kg/hr)

SFC
(kg/kWhr)

Brake thermal
efficiency (h bth %)

BMEP (bar)

1
2
3
4
5

GRAPH:
Performance characteristics:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Speed vs. Torque

Speed vs. TFC
Speed vs. SFC
Speed vs. h bth
Speed vs. BMEP

Emission characteristics:
1. Speed vs. CO
2. Speed vs. CO 2
3. Speed vs. NOx
4. Speed vs. UHBC
Thus the load test on single cylinder four-stroke vertical diesel engine is performed and
its performance characteristics are plotted.
INFERENCE:
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Ex.No:6

Date:

HEAT BALANCE TEST ON MULTI - CYLINDER PETROL ENGINE

AIM:
To prepare the heat balance sheet for a four cylinder four stroke, petrol engine.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Tachometer, Stop watch, Thermometer, Water flow meter.

ENGINE DETAILS:
Brake Power

in kW

Bore

mm

Stroke

mm

Calorific value

CV

kJ / kg

m2

Density of fuel
Orifice Area

grams / cc

FORMULAE:
1. Total Fuel consumption:
TFC = ( x / tf ) x f x (3600/1000)

kg / hr

Where,
tf = Time taken to consume x cc of fuel in seconds
f = Density of fuel in Grams per cc
2. Total heat input:

.
Q =Tfc x CV / 60
i

kJ / min

Where,
CV = Calorific value of fuel
3. Heat equivalent of brake output:

.
Q

= P x 60 kJ/min

Where,
P

= Brake power in kilo watts

= 2p NT / 60000

kW

Where,
N

= Speed in rpm

= Torque in Nm

4. Heat carried by cooling water:

.
Q

cw

. xC
mcw

(T 2 T ) 1 kJ / min

pw

. = cooling water flow rate in kg/min

mcw

Where,

= (Vw/tw) x w x 60
Where,

Vw

= volume of cooling water measured in litres

tw

= time for volume of water measured in seconds

Cpw

= Specific heat capacity of water in kJ/kg K

= Density of water

= 1 kg/litre

T1 & T2 = temperature of cooling water at inlet and outlet

5. Heat carried by exhaust gas kJ/min

.
Q

Where,

Ex

.
= m
g

TEx
Cpg

.
m

x Cpg (TEx TR) kJ / min

Temperature of air inlet
Temperature of Exhaust gas
Specific heat of Exhaust gas in kJ/kg K

= Mass of exhaust gas=

+ TFC / 60 kg / min

.
m

.
m

= mass flow rate of air

= Cd x A ( 2g h a ) 0.5 r a x 60

kg / min

Where,
Cd

- Coefficient of discharge of orifice

- Orifice area in m2

- Acceleration due to gravity in m / sec2

hm
) x (r
100

ha

- head difference in m of air = (

hm

- manometric difference in centimeters of manometric fluid

- Density of manometric fluid in kg / m3

-Density of air in kg / m3

6. Unaccounted heat loss:

.
Q

Un

. . .
=
Q (Q + Q
i

cw

.
Q

Ex

/ r a)

7. Air / fuel ratio:

=
Where,

.
m

/ (TFC/60)

. - Mass of air per min

ma
DESCRIPTION:
The engine is a four stroke Four cylinder in-line petrol engine connected with Hydraulic
dynamometer. The water flow meter is connected to measure the mass flow rate of water. Fuel
consumption can be measured by a burette connected in a three way cock from fuel tank. The
exhaust gas temperature and the cooling water inlet and outlet temperatures can be measured by
the thermocouple provided. An orifice meter is provided in the air inlet tank to measure the
flow rate of air to the engine.
PROCEDURE:
1.

Check the cooling water supply and fuel line for air lock.

2.

Release the entire load on the engine, Start the engine

3.

Take the measurements at various loads and calculate the various quantities.

4.

Draw the pie-chart at any two loads.

OBSERVATION:
Temperature of air inlet = TR
Manometer
Difference
Cm
hm

s.
no

Time for x cc
of fuel
consumption
tf sec

Time for Exhaust

Vw litres of
gas
water
temp
tw sec
TE
x

=(h1-h2)

Cooling water to
engine
Inlet

Outlet

T1

T2

1
2

RESULT:
S.

Brake

Air - Heat input

no Power fuel
kW

ratio

(P)

.
Q

kJ/min

Heat equivalent Heat

carried Heat

of brake output

cooling by

.
Q

by
water

kJ/min

.
Q

cw

kJ/min

carried UnExhaust accounted

gas
%

.
Q

losses
Ex

kJ/min

.
Q

Un

kJ/min

1
2
Thus the heat balance sheet for the four stroke single cylinder vertical diesel engine is
drawn and distribution of heat can be seen from pie chart.
INFERENCE:
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Ex.No:7

Date:
MORSE TEST ON MULTI-CYLINDER SI ENGINE

AIM:
To perform the Morse test on the given multi cylinder petrol engine and to find the
mechanical efficiency at given load.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Morse test apparatus.

ENGINE DETAILS:
Make

Power

Speed

Bore

Stroke

Number of cylinders

ISUZU

FORMULAE:
1. Brake power:
BPn = 2p NTn / 60000

kW

Where,
N

= Speed in rpm

Tn

= Torque in Nm

Brake Power when,

I st cylinder cut off:
BP n-1 = 2p NT n-1 / 60000 kW

II nd cylinder cut off:

BPn-2 = 2p NT n-2 / 60000
rd

III cylinder cut off:

kW

BP n-3 = 2p NT n-3 / 60000 kW

th

IV cylinder cut off:

BP n- = 2p NT n-4 / 60000 kW
4

Indicated power of

I st cylinder
IP1 =

IInd cylinder
IP2 =

IIIrd cylinder
IP3 =

IVth cylinder
IP4 =

BPn
B.P
BPn
B.P
BPn
B.P
BPn
B.P

n 1

n 2

n 3

n 4

Total indicated Power

IP = IP1 + IP 2 +IP 3 + IP 4
Total frictional power [F.P]:
FP = IP BPn
Mechanical efficiency h

Mec
h

mec
h

= BP / IP x 100

Air / fuel ratio:

=

Where,

.
m

.a
ma

/ (TFC/60)

= mass flow rate of air

= Cd x A ( 2g h a ) 0.5 r a x 60
Where,

kg / min

Cd

- Coefficient of discharge of orifice

- Orifice area in m2

- Acceleration due to gravity in m / sec2

hm
) x (r
100

ha

- head difference in m of air = (

hm

- manometer difference in centimeters of manometer fluid

- Density of manometer fluid in kg / m3

-Density of air in kg / m3

/ r a)

DESCRIPTION
:

The four stroke four cylinder in-line petrol engine connected with hydraulic

dynamometer air and fuel mixture through the carburetor.

PROCEDURE:
1. Start the engine using the starter.
2. Adjust the speed and load to the given value.
3. Note down the time for 10 cc of fuel consumption and inlet manometer depression.
4. Cut-off the cylinders one by one in-turn, and reduce the load to get the same speed.
Note down the load value.
5. Calculate the A/F ratio, Indicated thermal efficiency and Mechanical efficiency.
OBSERVATION:
Manometer Difference =
S.no

Cylinder

1
2
3
4
5

All firing
1st Cut off
2nd Cut off
3rd Cut off
4th Cut off

cm
Speed
rpm
2500
2500
2500
2500
2500

Torque
Nm

RESULT:
The Morse test on given four stroke four cylinder petrol engine is performed and the
Mechanical efficiency is found to be .. %
Indicated power is found to be

kW

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Cycle II
Ex.No:1

Date:

PERFORMANCE AND EMISSION TEST ON MULTI-CYLINDER DIESEL ENGINE

AIM:
To find the load and emission characteristics of the four stroke four-cylinder CI engine.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Engine test rig, Tachometer, Stop watch, and emission analyzer

ENGINE DETAILS:
Brake Power

in kW

Bore diameter

mm

Stroke

mm

Calorific value

CV

kJ / kg

m2

Density of fuel
Orifice Area

grams / cc

FORMULAE:
1. Brake power:
BP = 2NT / (60 x 1000)
kW
Where,
N
= Number of revolutions of Brake Drum per min
T

= Load torque in Nm

2. Total Fuel consumption:

TFC = ( x / tf ) x f x (3600/1000)

kg / hr

Where,
tf = Time taken to consume x cc of fuel in seconds
f = Density of fuel in Grams per cc
3. Specific fuel consumption per hour:
SFC = TFC / BP

kg / kW hr

4. Brake thermal efficiency:

h

bth

= BP x 3600 x 100 / (TFC x CV) %

5. Brake mean effective pressure:

BMEP = BP x 60 /(100 x LAnk) bar
Where,
n = cycles per minute = N/2 for four stroke engines
k = Number of cylinders
L = Stroke length, m
A = Area = p /4 D2

DESCRIPTION:
The engine is a four-stroke, four-cylinder, water cooled diesel engine connected with
eddy current dynamometer. Performance test is done to find the fuel consumption and thermal
efficiency at various loading conditions. Engine emissions are measured with a five gas
analyzer which gives the volume % of CO, CO2 O2, and the ppm of NOx and UBHC.

PROCEDURE:
1. Engine is started by rotating the crank by means of a crank lever. Engine is allowed
to pick up speed and cooling water is supplied to the engine.
2. Rated load of the engine is calculated.
3. Load is applied gradually in steps till 10% over load is reached.
4. Note down the time taken for 10cc of fuel consumption.
5. Note the emission readings, from five gas analyzer for CO, CO 2, NOx and UBHC.
6. Repeat the experiment for different loads and speeds.
OBSERVATION:
Speed
S.no
rpm
1
2
3
4
5

Torque
N-m

Time taken
for x cc of
fuel
consumption
(Sec)

CO
(%)

Exhaust
Emissions
C 2
NOx
O
(%)
(ppm)

UHBC
(ppm)

RESULT:
S.
no

Brake
Power(kW)

TFC
(kg/hr)

SFC
(kg/kWhr)

Brake thermal
efficiency (h bth %)

BMEP (bar)

1
2
3
4
5

GRAPH:
Performance characteristics:
6. Speed vs. Torque
7. Speed vs. TFC
8. Speed vs. SFC
9. Speed vs. h bth
10. Speed vs. BMEP

Emission characteristics:
5. Speed vs. CO
6. Speed vs. CO 2
7. Speed vs. NOx
8. Speed vs. UHBC
Thus the load test on single cylinder four-stroke vertical diesel engine is performed and
its performance characteristics are plotted.
INFERENCE:
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Ex.No:2

Date:

HEAT BALANCE TEST ON MULTI - CYLINDER PETROL ENGINE

AIM:
To prepare the heat balance sheet for a four cylinder four stroke, petrol engine.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Tachometer, Stop watch, Thermometer, Water flow meter.

ENGINE DETAILS:
Brake Power

in kW

Bore

mm

Stroke

mm

Calorific value

CV

kJ / kg

m2

Density of fuel
Orifice Area

grams / cc

FORMULAE:
1. Total Fuel consumption:
TFC = ( x / tf ) x f x (3600/1000)

kg / hr

Where,
tf = Time taken to consume x cc of fuel in seconds
f = Density of fuel in Grams per cc
2. Total heat input:

.
Q =Tfc x CV / 60
i

kJ / min

Where,
CV = Calorific value of fuel
3. Heat equivalent of brake output:

.
Q

= P x 60 kJ/min

Where,

= Brake power in kilo watts

= 2p NT / 60000

kW

Where,
N

= Speed in rpm

= Torque in Nm

4. Heat carried by cooling water:

.
Q

cw

. xC
mcw

(T 2 T ) 1 kJ / min

pw

. = cooling water flow rate in kg/min

mcw

Where,

= (Vw/tw) x w x 60
Where,

Vw

= volume of cooling water measured in litres

tw

= time for volume of water measured in seconds

Cpw

= Specific heat capacity of water in kJ/kg K

= Density of water

= 1 kg/litre

T1 & T2 = temperature of cooling water at inlet and outlet

5. Heat carried by exhaust gas kJ/min

.
Q

Where,

Ex

.
m
R

TEx
Cpg

.
m

x Cpg (TEx TR) kJ / min

Temperature of air inlet
Temperature of Exhaust gas
Specific heat of Exhaust gas in kJ/kg K

= Mass of exhaust gas=

+ TFC / 60 kg / min

.
m

.
m

= mass flow rate of air

= Cd x A ( 2g h a ) 0.5 r a x 60

kg / min

Where,
Cd

- Coefficient of discharge of orifice

- Orifice area in m2

- Acceleration due to gravity in m / sec2

ha

- head difference in m of air = (

hm

- manometric difference in centimeters of manometric fluid

- Density of manometric fluid in kg / m3

-Density of air in kg / m3

6. Unaccounted heat loss:

.
Q

Un =

hm
) x (r
100

. . .
Q (Q + Q
i

cw

.
Q

Ex

/ r a)

7. Air / fuel ratio:

=
Where,

.
m

/ (TFC/60)

. - Mass of air per min

ma
DESCRIPTION:
The engine is a four stroke Four cylinder in-line petrol engine connected with Hydraulic
dynamometer. The water flow meter is connected to measure the mass flow rate of water. Fuel
consumption can be measured by a burette connected in a three way cock from fuel tank. The
exhaust gas temperature and the cooling water inlet and outlet temperatures can be measured by
the thermocouple provided. An orifice meter is provided in the air inlet tank to measure the
flow rate of air to the engine.

PROCEDURE:
1.

Check the cooling water supply and fuel line for air lock.

2.

Release the entire load on the engine, Start the engine

3.

Take the measurements at various loads and calculate the various quantities.

4.

Draw the pie-chart at any two loads.

OBSERVATION:
Temperature of air inlet = TR
Manometer
Difference
cm
hm

s.
no

Time for x cc
of fuel
consumption
tf sec

Time for Exhaust

Vw litres of
gas
water
temp
tw sec
TE
x

=(h1-h2)

Cooling water to
engine
Inlet

Outlet

T1

T2

1
2

RESULT:
S.

Brake

Air - Heat input

no Power fuel
kW

ratio

(P)

.
Q

kJ/min

Heat equivalent Heat

carried Heat

of brake output

cooling by

.
Q

by
water

kJ/min

.
Q

cw

kJ/min

carried UnExhaust accounted

gas
%

.
Q

losses
Ex

kJ/min

.
Q

Un

kJ/min

1
2
Thus the heat balance sheet for the four stroke single cylinder vertical diesel engine is
drawn and distribution of heat can be seen from pie chart.
INFERENCE:
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Ex.No:3

Date:

PERFORMANCE AND EMISSION TEST ON TWO WHEELER PETROL ENGINE

will be given at the during the lab course..

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Ex.No:4

Date:
RETARDATION TEST ON SINGLE CYLINDER CI ENGINE

AIM:
To perform retardation test on the given single cylinder CI engine
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1.

Single cylinder CI engine coupled with dynamometer

2.

Tachometer

3.

Stop watch

PROCEDURE:
1.

Engine is started and allowed to run at rated rpm in no loading conditions.

2.

Fuel supply is cut off.

3.

Time taken for the speed to decrease to various values is noted down.

4.

Again fuel supply is given and engine is brought back to rated speed.

5.

The engine load is adjusted using dynamometer to some known value

6.

Fuel supply is cut-off and time taken for the speed to decrease to various values
is noted down as in the no load condition

7.

Curves are plotted b/w Speed and Time on no load as well as load condition

CALCULATION OF FRICTION POWER:

At no load condition, the torque is only due to friction
Tf

N/t 1

At load condition, the torque is the sum of torque due to load and friction torque

( TL + Tf )

N/t 2

....2

Where,
Tf

- Friction torque

TL

- Load torque

t1 & t2 are times for decrease in Speed of N from the Speed Vs Time curves
on no load and on load respectively.

From equation 1 & 2,

Solving,

Therefore

TL + T f
Tf

t1
t2

t2

T f = TL
t1 - t 2

Frictional Power

FP =

2pN
T
60

1000

RESULT
Thus the retardation test is conducted, the results are plotted and the frictional power of
the engine is found.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Ex.No:5

Date:
P- AND P-V DIAGRAM ON SINGLE CYLINDER CI ENGINE