CIVL 6038 Rock Mechanics

Lectures Stress and Small (Infinitesimal) Strain

Stress

CIVL 6038 Rock Mechanics

Representation of 9 stress components in a Cartesian Coordinate

xx xy xz [ ] = yy yz yx zx zy zz
If the body is in equilibrium, then there is only 6 independent stress components

xy = yx = xy yz = zy = yz zx = xz = zx

xx xy xz [ ] = xy yy yz xz yz zz
2

CIVL 6038 Rock Mechanics

If there is no shear stress on a surface, then the traction vector be parallel to the unit normal vector n .

(think of it as a force vector) must

= n where is a scalar multiplier T = Tn

Rearranging this equation

( I ) n

= 0 where I is an identity matrix det ( I ) = 0

From linear algebra, the condition for the existence of a unique solution is

If we expand the determinant of this equation, we find the characteristic equation (an eigenvalue problem)

3 I 1 2 + I 2 I 3 = 0

1 xx xy xz n 2 = [0] yy yz n xy xz 3 yz zz n
If we substitute each of

12 + n 2 2 + n 3 2 = 1 n

1, 2 , 3

to replace

, we can solve for the corresponding eigenvectors

1 , n 2 , n 3 n

If we substitute

CIVL 6038 Rock Mechanics

x1 xx 1 xy xz n y1 = [0] yy 1 yz n xy xz z1 yz zz 1 n
x1 = n y1 = n z1 = n A A2 + B 2 + C 2 B A2 + B 2 + C 2 C A2 + B 2 + C 2

yy 1 yz A= yz zz 1
B=

xy yz zx zz 1

xy yy 1 C= zx yz

CIVL 6038 Rock Mechanics

First Invariant (independent of coordinate system) of Stress Tensor

I1 = x + y + z
Second Invariant of Stress Tensor

1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 ( ) I 2 = x + y + z x + y + z + xy + yz + zx 2 2
Third Invariant of Stress Tensor
2 2 2 I 3 = x y z + 2 xy yz zx x yz y xz z xy

Second Invariant of Deviatoric Stress Tensor

1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 ( ) ( ) ( ) + s y + s z + xy + yz + zx J 2 = sx = + + + + + x y y z x z xy yz zx 6 2

Third Invariant of Deviatoric Stress Tensor

2 2 2 J 3 = s x s y s z + 2 xy yz zx s x yz s y xz s z xy

1 where si = i I1 3
5

CIVL 6038 Rock Mechanics

0 [ m ] 0 I1 [ m ] = 0 [ m ] 0 = 3 0 [ m ] 0
xx m xy xz xy yy m yz xz yz zz m

Hydrostatic Stress

Deviator Stress

Transformation of Stress from one Cartesian Coordinate System (x,y,z) to another Cartesian Coordinate System (l,m,n)

CIVL 6038 Rock Mechanics

[ ] = [R][ ][R]
lmn xyz

Direction cosine of l axis relative to x, y, z axes. It represents the projection on the x axis of a unit vector oriented parallel to the l axis.

ll lm nl l x = m mm mn x lm nl mn nn nx

ly my ny

l z xx xy zx l x mz xy yy yz mx nz zx yz zz nx

ly my ny

lz mz nz

For a very long underground excavation, where the length to cross section dimension ratio is high, the transformation of stress reduces significantly. E.g., z axis align with n axis and the angle between l axis and x axis is

l x = cos

l y = sin

lz = 0

mx = sin
l
x

m y = cos

mz = 0

ll = xx cos 2 + yy sin 2 + 2 xy sin cos mm = xx sin 2 + yy cos 2 2 xy sin cos lm = xy (cos 2 sin 2 ) ( xx xy ) sin cos mz = yz cos zx sin zl = yz sin + zx cos
7

Differential Equation of Equilibrium in Cartesian Coordinate

CIVL 6038 Rock Mechanics

xx xy zx + + +X =0 x y z xy yy yz + + +Y = 0 x y z zx yz zz + +Z =0 + y z x

Small Strain
Representation of 9 strain components in a Cartesian Coordinate For symmetry reasons, then there is only 6 independent strain components

CIVL 6038 Rock Mechanics

u x x u y u = x u z x

u x y u y y u z y

u x z u y xx = yx z u z zx z

xy xz yy yz zy zz

Normal Strain

u x u y 1 Shear Strain xy = yx = + x 2 y u y u z = 1 1 xy 2 xy yz = zy = + y 2 z 1 u z u x zx = xz = + z 2 x

2 2 xy 2 xx yy + =2 2 2 y x xy

2 yz 2 zx 2 xy 2 xx + + = 2 x xy xz yz 2 yy
2 2 2 zx xy yz + = + 2 yz yx zx y

2 yy z 2

yz 2 zz + =2 2 y yz
2

Compatibility of Strain to ensure that a single valued displacement can be found from integrating the strain

2 xz 2 zz 2 xx + =2 2 2 x z xz

2 xy 2 yz 2 zx 2 zz + + = 2 zx zy z xy

CIVL 6038 Rock Mechanics

v = xx + yy + zz
v xx 3 [ dev ] = xy zx xy yy yz v
3

Volumetric Strain

yz zz v 3

zx

Deviator Strain

10

Stress-Strain Relationship

CIVL 6038 Rock Mechanics

[ ] = [D][ ]
Elasticity Matrix

1 xx (1 ) yy zz E (1 ) (1 ) = xy (1 + )(1 2 ) 0 yz 0 zx 0
Shear Modulus

(1 ) 1

(1 )

0 0 0 (1 2 ) 2(1 ) 0 0

0 0 0 0 (1 2 ) 2(1 ) 0

(1 ) 0 0 0

(1 ) 1 0 0 0

0 xx yy 0 zz 0 xy yz zx 0 (1 2 ) 2(1 ) 0

Isotropic Material

E Youngs Modulus G= 2(1 + ) Poissons ratio

Lames Constant

E 2G = (1 2 ) (1 + )(1 2 )

11

CIVL 6038 Rock Mechanics

[ ] = [S ][ ]
Elastic Modulus

xx 1 yy zz 1 = xy E 0 yz 0 0 zx

1 0 0 0

1 0 0 0

xx yy 0 0 0 zz 2(1 + ) 0 0 xy 0 2(1 + ) 0 yz 0 0 2(1 + ) zx 0 0 0 0 0 0

12

Transverse Isotropic Material E.g., Shale

CIVL 6038 Rock Mechanics

1 xx 1 yy 2 zz 1 = 0 xy E1 0 yz zx 0

1 1 2 0 0 0

2 2 E1 E2 0 0 0

0 0 0 2(1 + 1 ) 0 0

0 0 0 0 E1 G2 0

xx 0 yy zz 0 xy 0 yz E1 zx G2 0 0

E1 Properties in the plane of isotropy E2 Properties normal to the plane of isotropy

E1 =n E2 G2 =m E2

n(1 n 2 2 ) n( 1 + n 2 2 ) n 2 2 (1 + 1 ) xx 2 n(1 n 2 ) n 2 2 (1 + 1 ) yy 2 (1 1 ) zz E2 = 2 0 0 0 ( 1 )( 1 2 n ) + 1 1 2 xy yz 0 0 0 zx 0 0 0

xx yy zz 1 2 xy n(1 1 2n 2 ) 0 0 2 2 yz 0 m(1 + 1 )(1 1 2n 2 ) 0 2 zx 0 0 m(1 + 1 )(1 1 2n 2 ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

13

Plane Stress Problem: Thin Plate

Plane Strain Problem: Tunnel, Retaining Wall

CIVL 6038 Rock Mechanics

xx xy [ ] = yx yy 0 0

0 0 0

xx E yy = 2 1 xy

1 1 0 0

xx 0 yy (1 ) xy 2 0

xx [ ] = yx 0
xx 1 E 1 yy = ( )( ) 1 1 2 + 0 xy 0

xy 0 yy 0
0 0

1 xx E yy = E xy 0

E 1 E 0

0 x 0 y 1 xy G

zz = ( xx+ yy )
xx =

0 xx 0 yy (1 2 ) xy 2

1 xx ( xx+ yy ) 2G 1 yy = yy ( xx+ yy ) 2G xy = xy 2G

] ]
14

Principal Stress Space and Yield Criterion

CIVL 6038 Rock Mechanics

cos 0 =

1 3

All principal stresses are the same (isotropic stress)

Principal stresses are not the same (general condition)

plane

Three orthogonal Unit vector along the stress path

D , n F , n E n
2 1 F = n 1 6 1
on plane

1 1 D = n 1 3 1
Along diagonal

0 1 E = n 1 2 1
on plane

15

CIVL 6038 Rock Mechanics

The components of stresses in the D, E and F directions are given by the inner products of stresses with the three unit vectors:

D = E = F =

1 ( 1+ 2+ 3 ) = 3 p 3 1 ( 2+ 3 ) 2 1 (2 1 2 3 ) 6

Mean stress

p=

I1 3

By Pythagorean Theorem,

2 E

+ F

1 2 2

2 2 = 1 + 2 2 + 3 2 1 2 2 3 3 1 3
2 2

1 2

2 q 3

Or the deviatoric stress q is

q = 1 + 2 + 3 1 2 2 3 3 1
2

( (

1 2

1 q= ( 1 2) 2 + ( 2 3) 2 + ( 3 1) 2 2 q = I1 3 I 2
2

1 2

1 2

tan =

F (2 1 2 3 ) = E 3 ( 3 2 )

Lode Angle

16

Yield Criterion for Metal (Tresca in 1864)

CIVL 6038 Rock Mechanics

( 1 3 ) = T

(tensile stress at failure for metal )

E + 3 F = 2 ( 1 3 ) = 2 T

Yield Criterion for Metal (Von Mises in 1913)

2 Y = ( 1 2 ) + ( 2 3 ) + ( 3 1 )
2 2 2 2

Y = Axial Yield stress

Equation of a circle

17

CIVL 6038 Rock Mechanics

Mohr Coulomb Yield Criterion (1773)

Triaxial Compression Test

Triaxial Extension Test

Looking at the plane

Irregular Hexagonal Shape

1 2 1= D+ F 3 3 1 1 1 2= D E F 3 2 6

Perspective View

For 1 2 3 1 = ( 1 3 ) cos 2 1 1 = ( 1+ 3 ) ( 1 3 )sin 2 2

1 (1 sin ) 3 (1 + sin ) = 2c cos

3=

1 1 1 D+ E F 3 2 6

For 1 2 3 3 E (1 + sin ) + F (3 sin ) = 2 6c cos + 2 2 Dsin

The size of the yield surface depends upon

D and mean stress p

18

CIVL 6038 Rock Mechanics

Normally, Mohr-Coulomb Yield Criterion is expressed in 3-D stress space as:

sin sin sin F = I1 + cos J 2 c cos = 0 3 3

=Lode Angle

sin 3 = J 3

3 3 2J
3 2 2

with < 6 <

19

CIVL 6038 Rock Mechanics

Drucker-Prager Yield Criterion (1952)

1. Modify Von Mises Yield Criterion so that

q
Difficult representation in Sharp Corner

6 sin 6c cos p= 3 sin 3 sin

Normally, Drucker-Prager Yield Criterion is expressed in 3-D stress space as:

F = J 2 + I1 k = 0

relates to frictional component of shearing resistance relates to cohesion component of shearing resistance

20

CIVL 6038 Rock Mechanics

2. Modify Mohr Coulomb Yield Criterion by Lade and Duncan (1975) for cohesionless soil (c=0)

1 2 3= p where is a material constant

3

12 sin 2 16 sin 3 where = 1 + 2 (3 sin ) (3 sin ) 3

3

3 D( E + F ) + 2 F(3 E + F ) = 2(1 ) D
2 2 2 2

3. Modify Mohr Coulomb Yield Criterion by Matsuoka and Nakai (1974) for cohesionless soil (c=0)

1 2 3= p( 1 2+ 2 3+ 3 1) where is a material constant

3(1 sin sin 2 + sin 3 ) where = 9 9 sin sin 2 + sin 3

2 F 6 E F+2 2 (1 3 ) D 3 2 (1 ) D( E + F ) = 0
3 2 3 2 2

Normally, Matsuoka and Nakai Yield Criterion is expressed in 3-D stress space as:
I F = I 2 K = 0 1 I 3

21

Concept of Stress and Strain in Plasticity

Radial Force on side 3 = ( r )3 r3 d = ( r r ) 3 d

Normal Force on side 4 d d = ( ) 4 (r1 r3 ) sin( ) = ( ) 4 dr ( ) 2 2

Shear Force on side 2 = [( r ) 4 dr ]

Shear Force on side 4 = [( r ) 2 dr ]

Normal Force on side 2 = ( ) 2 (r1 r3 ) sin( d d ) = ( ) 2 dr ( ) 2 2

Radial Force on side 1 = ( r )1 r1d = ( r r )1 d

22

R = body force component per unit volume (in radial direction) S = body force component per unit volume (in tangential direction)

force in radial direction

Equation of Equilibrium

d d ( r r )1 d ( r r ) 3 d ( ) 2 dr ( ) 4 dr + 2 2 [( r )2 ( r )4 ]dr + Rrddr = 0 Divide both sides by drd

( r )2 ( r )4 ( r r )1 ( r r )3 1 [( ) 2 + ( ) 4 ] + + Rr = 0 dr 2 d
( r r ) r

Area gets smaller to the limit

r d

23

( r )2 ( r )4 ( r r )1 ( r r )3 1 [( ) 2 + ( ) 4 ] + + Rr = 0 dr 2 d
( r r ) r ( r ) r r r r = + = +r r r r r
r r r + Rr = 0 + r + d r
Divide the equation by r
Expand by product rule

r 1 r r + + +R=0 r r r
Similarly the equation of equilibrium in the tangential direction

1 r 2 r + +S =0 + r r r
24

Differential equation of equilibrium in Polar Coordinate

Differential equation of equilibrium in Cartesian Coordinate

r 1 r r + +R=0 + r r r 1 r 2 r + +S =0 + r r r

x xy + +X =0 x y y y + xy x +Y = 0

Make use of Airy stress function to find the elastic stress distribution of a circular hole in an infinite medium under isotropic stress condition

Internal Pressure Pi External Pressure Po

25

Differential equation of equilibrium in Cartesian Coordinate

x xy + +X =0 x y
For no horizontal acceleration, X=0

y y
y y

xy x
xy x

+Y = 0
= g

Body force is simply the weight of the body

x xy + =0 y x
Also need the Compatibility Equations in terms of Stresses Components of Strain

+ g = 0

u x = x

v y = y

xy

u v = + y x
Differentiate w.r.t. x and then y

Differentiate twice w.r.t. y

Differentiate twice w.r.t. x

Arrive the Compatibility Equation in terms of Strain

x + 2 = 2 y x xy
2

2 y

2 xy

26

Use Hooks Law to transform into Compatibility Equation in terms of Stress For Plane Stress Condition:

1 1 x = ( x y) y = ( y x) E E
Substitute into the compatibility equation, we get:

xy

1 2(1 + ) = xy = xy G E

2 ( x y ) y
2

2 ( y x ) x
2

= 2(1 + )

2 xy xy

Next, to differentiate the equilibrium equation

x xy + =0 x y y xy + + g = 0 y x

Differentiate w.r.t. x

Differentiate w.r.t. y and then add the two equations and it becomes:

x = 2 2 xy x y 2
2

2 xy

2 y

27

The Compatibility Equation in terms of Stresses is obtained by substituting

x = 2 2 xy x y 2
2
back into

2 xy

2 y 2 ( y x ) x
2

2 ( x y ) y
2 2

= 2(1 + )

2 xy xy

2 ( x y )

y x 2 2 2 2 2 y 2 x y y 2 x x + = (1 + ) ( 2 ) 2 2 2 2 2 y y x x x y
2

2 ( y x )

2 2 x y ) = (1 + ) ( 2 2 x y

x x x x + = 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 y y x x x y x y 2
2 2 2
28

2 y

2 y

2 y

2 y

 x x + + + =0 2 2 2 2 x y y x
2 2

2 y

2 y

2 2 x 2 + y 2 ( x + y ) = 0

The Compatibility Equation in terms of Stresses For Plane Stress Condition:

The Compatibility Equation in terms of Stresses for Plane Stress Condition including body forces are similarly derived and given as follows:

2 X Y 2 x + y x 2 + y 2 ( x + y ) = (1 + )

29

For Plane Strain Condition:

1 x = 1 2 x (1 + ) y E 1 y = 1 2 y (1 + ) x E

[(

] ]

[(

xy

1 2(1 + ) = xy = xy G E

2 2 x 2 + y 2 ( x + y ) = 0

The Compatibility Equation in terms of Stresses For Plane Stress Condition also the same for Plane Strain Condition

30

The Compatibility Equation in terms of Stresses for any general case with body forces are similarly derived as follows:

2 2 1 x 2 + y 2 ( x + y ) = 1

X Y x + y

The usual method of solving both the equilibrium and compatibility equations is to introduce a new stress function (introduced by Airy in 1862, that is why call Airy Stress Function)

x xy + =0 For the equilibrium equations x y

y y

xy x

+ g = 0

to be satisfied, it has been shown that the new stress function must also satisfy the following expressions for the stress components:

2 x = 2 gy y

2 y = 2 gy x

xy

2 = xy
31

Substitute these expressions

2 x = 2 gy y

2 y = 2 gy x

xy

2 = xy

into the Compatibility equation

2 2 x 2 + y 2 ( x + y ) = 0

The stress function must also satisfy the following expressions:

4 4 4 +2 2 2 + 4 =0 4 y x x y
If this stress function can be satisfied, then the equilibrium equation and compatibility equation will also be satisfied. Thus, the solution of many 2D problems (including body forces) can be derived by finding a solution which satisfy the stress function incorporating the boundary conditions.

32

The stress function (without body force) in polar coordinates must also satisfy the following expressions for the stress components:

1 1 2 r = + 2 r r r 2

2 = 2 r

1 1 1 2 = 2 = r r r r r

The Compatibility Equation in terms of Stresses in polar coordinates is:

2 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 r 2 + r r + r 2 2 r 2 + r r + r 2 2 =0

33

Stress Distribution Symmetrical about an Axis The Compatibility Equation in terms of Stresses in polar coordinates, when the Stress Function depends on r only, is:

2 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 r 2 + r r + r 2 2 r 2 + r r + r 2 2 =0 d 2 1 d d 2 1 d d 4 2 d 3 1 d 2 1 d dr 2 + r dr dr 2 + r dr = dr 4 + r dr 3 r 2 dr 2 + r 3 dr = 0
Which is an ordinary differential equation, which can be reduced to a linear differential equation with constant coefficients by introducing a new variable t such that

r = et
The solution has four constants of integration, which must be determined from the boundary conditions.

34

Assume the stress function to be in the form as:

= A log r + Br 2 log r + Cr 2 + D
The corresponding stress function without body force is obtained:

1 1 2 r = + 2 r r r 2

1 A r = = 2 + B(1 + 2 log r ) + 2C r r r
A = 2 + B(3 + 2 log r ) + 2C r

2 = 2 r

1 = r r

r = 0

A A = + 2C For B = 0 The solution becomes r = 2 + 2C 2 r r

which may be used to represent the stress distribution in a hollow cylinder subjected to uniform pressure on the inner and outer surfaces

35

Apply the boundary conditions:

( r )r =a = pi ( r )r =b = po

r =

A + 2C 2 r

r =
From which,

A + 2C = pi 2 a

r =

A + 2C = po 2 b

a 2b 2 ( po pi ) A= b2 a 2

pi a 2 pob 2 2C = b2 a 2

A A = + 2C and substitute back into the equation r = 2 + 2C 2 r r

36

a 2b 2 ( po pi ) 1 pi a 2 po a 2 + r = 2 2 2 b a r b2 a 2 a 2b 2 ( po pi ) 1 pi a 2 po a 2 + = 2 2 2 b a r b2 a 2
To find the radial displacement, use

u = or u = r r E = r

For Plane Stress Condition

37

d 4 2 d 3 1 d 2 1 d check 4 + 2 2 + 3 =0 3 dr r dr r dr r dr

= A log r + Br 2 log r + Cr 2 + D = A log r + Cr 2 + D

d 1 = A + 2Cr dr r d 2 1 = A 2 + 2C 2 dr r d 3 1 = 2A 3 3 dr r d 4 1 = 6 A 4 4 dr r

1 1 1 2 1 1 1 6 A 4 + 2 A 3 2 ( A 2 + 2C ) + 3 ( A + 2Cr ) = 0 r r r r r r r 1 1 1 1 1 1 6 A 4 + 4 A 4 + A 4 2 2C + A 4 + 2C 2 = 0 r r r r r r 1 1 6A 4 + 6A 4 = 0 38 r r

Derivation of Elasto-Plastic Solution to compute radial crown displacement of a tunnel under plane strain, homogeneous, isotropic stress condition for c and material

po

re

pi

po

39

For soil under elastic stresses, use the equations of equilibrium and compatibility for a cylindrical hole in an infinite plate

rr 1 r rr + + =0 r r r 1 r 2 r + + =0 r r r

Equations of equilibrium without body force Equations of equilibrium without body force

2 1 1 2 r 2 + r r + r 2 2 ( rr + ) = 0

Equations of compatibility without body force

2 2 x 2 + y 2 ( x + y ) = 0

+ y ) = ( r + )

40

For no shear stress in the tangential directions

rr rr + =0 r r 2 1 r 2 + r r ( rr + ) = 0
Assumes that the equation

=0

rr rr + =0 r r

takes the form of:

rr + = Ar k

2 1 and substitute into 2 + ( rr + ) = 0 r r r

2 2 k k 2 ( ) + = Ar = Ak ( k 1 ) r rr r 2 r 2

( )

1 ( rr + ) = 1 Ar k = 1 Akr k 1 = Akr k 2 r r r r r

( )

41

 2 1 r 2 + r r ( rr + ) = 0

Ak (k 1)r k 2 + Akr k 2 = 0

Ar k 2 (k 2 k + k ) = 0 Ar k 2 (k 2 ) = 0
since A cannot be zero, k must be zero and therefore

rr + = A
Substitute back into the equilibrium equation

rr rr ( A rr ) + =0 r r r rr rr A +2 =0 r r r

rr rr + =0 r r

42

For a linear, first order differential equation, the solution is given as follows:

For a linear, first order differential equation, which is expressed in the following form:

dy + P( x ) y = Q( x ) dx

Analogy

A rr + 2 rr = r r r

The solution by integration is from standard mathematics handbook:

ye

Pdx

= Qe

rr y 2 P( x ) r A Q( x )
r

Pdx

dx + c

r dx

rr e

2 dr r

A r dr = e dr + C r

rr e 2 ln( r ) =

A 2 ln( r ) e dr + C r
43

 rr e

2 ln( r )

A 2 ln( r ) = e dr + C r

e 2 ln( r ) = r 2

rr r 2 = Ardr + C
2 r rr r 2 = A + C 2 A C rr = + 2 2 r

rr + = A

A C + 2 + = A 2 r A C = 2 2 r
po = A C + 2
A = 2 po

The two boundary conditions:

at r = , rr = po at r = re , rr = re

C re = po + 2 re

44

C = re po re

C = po re re
A C rr = + 2 2 r

A C = 2 2 r

2 2

rr = po ( po r ) e

r e r 2 re = po + po re r

which is the radial stress in the elastic zone

The equations for expressing tangential strain is given as: For zero shear strain:

ur = r

1 u ur = + r r

For plane strain condition:

1 zz = ( zz ( rr + )) = 0 E zz = ( rr + )
45

In order to express displacement due to stress changes plus initial stresses

+ ( po )

rr rr + ( po )

1 = ( ( rr + zz )) E

zz = ( rr + )

1 = [ ( rr + ( rr + ))] E 1 = [( po ) (( rr po ) + (( rr po ) + ( po )))] E 1 ur 2 = ( po ) 1 (1 + )( rr po ) = E r

ur 1 = ( po ) 1 2 (1 + )( rr po ) E r

]
46

ur 1 + [( po )(1 ) ( rr po )] = r E
re rr = po po re r 2 r = po + po re e r

ur 1 + = po re r E

re r

which is the elastic radial displacement

For the stresses in the plastic zone, needs to use the Mohr-Coulomb failure criterion For Peak Strength For Residual Strength

= N rr + 2c N where c is the cohesion = N rr + 2 c r N where c r

r r

Nr =

1 + sin r 1 sin r

is the residual cohesion

47

Substitute

= N rr + 2cr N r
r

into

rr rr Nr rr + 2cr Nr + =0 r r

rr rr + =0 r r

rr Nr 1 rr 2cr Nr = r r r
Nr 1 r dr

dy + P( x ) y = Q( x ) dx

ye
Nr 1 r dr

Pdx

= Qe

Pdx

dx + c

rr e

= 2cr

rr e

Nr 1 ln r

= 2cr Nr

1 Nr e dr + C r 1 (Nr 1)ln r

re

dr + C
48

( Nr 1)

rr

= 2cr Nr

r
r r

( Nr 1)

rr

1
Nr

dr + C

= 2cr Nr r
= 2cr = 2cr

Nr

dr + C

( Nr 1)

rr

1 Nr +1 Nr r +C N r + 1 1 ( Nr 1) Nr r +C Nr + 1

( Nr 1)

rr

x r +1 x dx = r + 1 + C
r

( Nr 1)

rr

= 2cr Nr

(N

1
r

1 r

(Nr 1) + C
49

To solve for C, use the boundary conditions at

( Nr 1)

rr
pi

r = a, rr = pi

= 2cr Nr

(N

1
r

1 r

(Nr 1) + C

( Nr 1)

= 2cr Nr
pi

(N

1
r

1 a
r

(Nr 1) + C

C=

( Nr 1)

+ 2cr Nr

(N
r

1 a

(Nr 1)

Substitute C into

( Nr 1)

rr

= 2cr Nr

(N

1 r

(Nr 1) + C
50

( Nr 1)

rr

= 2cr Nr
( Nr 1)

(Nr 1) + a Nr 1 + 2cr Nr N 1 a (Nr 1) N r 1 r r

pi

r rr = a

2cr Nr 2cr Nr pi + ( Nr 1) Nr 1

which is the radial stresses in the plastic zone

1 + sin r Nr = 1 sin r
N r 1 + sin r (1 + sin r )(1 sin r ) 1 sin 2 r cos r = = = = 1 sin r (1 sin r )(1 sin r ) (1 sin r )(1 sin r ) (1 sin r )

1 + sin r (1 + sin r ) 1 + sin r 2 sin r N r 1 = 1 = = 1 sin r 1 sin r 1 sin r

51

cos r cot r = = Nr 1 (2 sin r ) 2 Nr

r and substitute back into = rr a

( Nr 1)

2cr Nr 2cr Nr pi + ( Nr 1) Nr 1

to obtain the radial stress in the plastic zone

r rr = a
as follows:

( Nr 1)

[ pi + cr cot r ] cr cot r

which is the radial stresses in the plastic zone

To locate the extent of the plastic zone, rewrite

= N rr + 2c N

1 + sin cos = rr + 2c 1 sin 1 sin where is peak friction angle and c is peak cohesion

52

Take r = re

re rr = po po re r

= po + ( po r ) e

re rr = po po re r = re e

r e r 2 re = po + po re r = po + po re e

Substitute into

1 + sin cos rr + 2c 1 sin 1 sin

po + po re

1 + sin cos = re + 2c 1 sin 1 sin

2 po re =

1 + sin cos re + 2c 1 sin 1 sin

cos 1 + sin 1 sin re + re = 2 po c 1 sin 1 sin 1 sin

53

2 re cos = 2 po c 1 sin 1 sin

1 sin re = (1 sin ) po c cos 1 sin re = (1 sin ) po c cos which is the radial stress at
Determine the plastic radius by substituting the above equation back into
( Nr 1)

the elastic-plastic boundary

re rr = a

[ pi + cr cot r ] cr cot r =

re

= (1 sin ) po c cos

re a

( Nr 1)

[ pi + cr cot r ] cr cot r = (1 sin ) po c cos

54

 re a

( Nr 1)

[ pi + cr cot r ] cr cot r = (1 sin ) po c cos

(1 sin ) po c cos + cr cot r = = X2 pi + cr cot r

re a

( Nr 1)

( Nr 1) = X 1
re a
X1

re = ae

(1sin ) po c cos + cr cot r ln pi + cr cot r Nr 1

= X2

re X 1 ln = ln X 2 a

re = ae

ln X 2 X1
55

Plastic zone exist only when re is greater than the radius a, thus:

a = ae

ln X 2 X1

ln X 2 X1

=1

ln X 2 =0 X1 ln X 2 = 0 X2 =1
(1 sin ) po c cos + cr cot r = X2 =1 pi + cr cot r
(1 sin ) po c cos + cr cot r = picrit + cr cot r picrit = (1 sin ) po c cos
which is the critical internal support pressure

56

For the plastic zone to form,

pi p picrit

Next is to find out the displacement in the plastic zone

ur = r

ur = rr radial strain r
Strain is consisted of two parts: elastic

and plastic

ur E P = rr + rr r 1 + sin N = where is the dilation angle 1 sin

57

Also requires the use of Plasticity Rule, which is based on 3 assumptions: 1. The yield criterion (F), represented by a surface in the stress space, at which plastic deformation may develop The hardening law (h being a hardening parameter), that governs the possible changes in shape, size and position of the yield surface with an increase in plastic strains The plastic flow rule governing the increment of the plastic strains

2.

3.

For elasto-plastic materials undergoing infinitesimal deformation, Total strain increment = Elastic strain increment + Plastic strain increment

d = d + d
el

pl

Plastic strains are irreversible

The elastic strain component can be represented using the generalized Hooke's law:

d = Dd el = D d d pl

D = Elastic Constitutive Modulus

58

1st assumption in Plasticity Rule: The yield criterion (F), represented by a surface in the stress space, at which plastic deformation may develop

F = F , h pl

[ ( )]

h is the vector of the hardening parameters governing the changes of the yield surface with increasing plastic strains If F < 0 , material is elastic (stress state within the yield surface) If F = 0, material is in plastic equilibrium (stress state fulfills the yield criterion or stress state at the yield surface) F > 0 Not Admissible (stress state cannot be outside the yield surface)

59

2nd and 3rd assumptions in Plasticity Rule: 2. The hardening law (h being a hardening parameter), that governs the possible changes in shape, size and position of the yield surface with an increase in plastic strains The plastic flow rule governing the increment of the plastic strains

3.

Plastic Flow Rule states that during the plastic strain increment along the yield surface, the plastic strain increment is proportional to the gradient of the Plastic Potential

Q d = d pl Plastic Potential Q = Q , h
pl
Plastic Multiplier Increment

[ ( )]
d

This means that the vector representing the plastic strain increment is directed as the outward normal vector at the point that corresponds to the current stress state.
60

Plastic Flow Rule states that during the plastic strain increment along the yield surface, the plastic strain increment is proportional to the gradient of the Plastic Potential

Q d = d pl Plastic Potential Q = Q , h
pl
Plastic Multiplier Increment

[ ( )]
d

This means that the vector representing the plastic strain increment is directed as the outward normal vector at the point that corresponds to the current stress state.

61

The plastic potential is defined by Johnson and Mellor (1983) as follows:

g = ( r ) ( + r ) sin = 0

1 + sin = 1 sin

g = ( r ) sin r sin = 0 g = (1 sin ) r (1 + sin ) = 0

( (1 sin ) 1 + sin ) g = r =0 (1 sin ) (1 sin )

g

( 1 + sin ) = r =0 (1 sin )

g = N r = 0
62

Using the flow rule, the plastic strain increments may be determined as:

d ij

g = , is a non negative scalar multiplier ij

g =

For the radial and tangential strain increments:

d r = [ 1 sin ]
P

(1 sin ) (1 + sin ) = 0 r (1 sin ) (1 sin )

d = [1 sin ]
P

(1 + sin ) d r = = N P 1 sin d
P

g = 1 sin r g = 1 sin

rP = N P
63

Substitute

rP = N P

into

ur E P = rr + rr r ur E P = rr N r

= +
E

P = E

ur E E = rr N r

ur ur E E = rr N r r

ur N E E + ur = rr + N r r
64

ur N E E + ur = rr + N r r
ur e
N r dr

dy + P( x ) y = Q( x ) dx

= C + rr + N e
E E

N r

ye
dr

Pdx

= Qe

Pdx

dx + c

dr
E

ur r

= C + r rr dr + r
N E N

N dr
E

ur = r

[C + r
[

rr dr + r N dr
E N

) ]
]

For plane strain conditions, recall the tangential strain

E =

E

1 ( po ) 1 2 (1 + )( rr po ) E ( 1 + ) [(1 )( po ) ( rr po )] = E

65

Substitute the residual strength parameters

= N rr + 2cr N
r

into

( 1 + ) [(1 )( =

E ( 1 + ) (1 ) Nr rr + 2cr Nr po ( rr po ) = E

po ) ( rr po )]

([

] )
(

E ( 1 + ) (1 ) Nr ( rr po ) + 2cr Nr + po Nr 1 ( rr = E
r

( 1 + ) [(1 )(N ( rr po ) + 2cr =

Nr + po Nr 1 ( rr po )

))

))

] p )]
o

N ( rr po ) + 2cr N ( ) 1 + E = E N ( rr po ) 2cr
r r

+ po Nr 1 ( rr po ) Nr po Nr 1

66

 N ( rr po ) + 2cr N ( ) + 1 E = E N ( rr po ) 2cr
r r

+ po Nr 1 ( rr po ) Nr po Nr 1

( 1 + ) [(N =
E

Nr ( rr po ) + (1 ) 2cr Nr + po Nr 1
r rr = a
( Nr 1)

) )

( (

( (

)) ] )) ]

[ pi + cr cot r ] cr cot r

( 1 + ) [(N =
E

Nr ( rr po ) + (1 ) 2cr Nr + po Nr 1

(Nr 1) r [ pi + cr cot r ] cr cot r po ( 1 + ) Nr Nr a = E 67 + (1 ) 2cr Nr + po Nr 1

))

For plane strain conditions, recall the radial strain and derive same manner as tangential strain

1 rr = ( rr ( + zz )) E 1 E rr = [ rr ( + ( rr + ))] zz = ( rr + ) E 1 E rr = [( rr po ) (( po ) + (( rr po ) + ( po )))] E 1 E rr = ( rr po )(1 2 ) (1 + )( po ) E

E

rr

1 + [(1 )( rr po ) ( po )] = E

68

Substitute the residual strength parameters

= N rr + 2cr N
r

into

rr

1 + [(1 )( rr po ) ( po )] = E

1 + (1 )( rr po ) Nr rr + 2cr Nr po rr = E 1 + E (1 )( rr po ) N ( rr po ) + po (N 1) + 2cr N rr = E 1 + E ( rr po )(1 N ) 2cr N po (N 1) rr = E

E

)]

)]

Substitute the radial stress equation in the plastic zone

r rr = a

( Nr 1)

[ pi + cr cot r ] cr cot r
69

into the above equation

 rr

1 + ( rr po ) 1 Nr 2cr Nr po Nr 1 = E ( Nr 1) r [ pi + cr cot r ] cr cot r rr = a

)]

rr

1 + = E

(N 1) r r pi + cr cot r cr cot r po 1 Nr 2cr Nr po Nr 1 a

Substitute into the radial displacement equation for the plastic zone (radial and tangential strain just derived)

ur = r

{C + r
(

rr dr + r N dr
E N E

) }

(Nr 1) r [ pi + cr cot r ] cr cot r po ( 1 + ) Nr Nr a = E 70 + (1 ) 2cr Nr + po Nr 1

))

For r rr dr
N E

1 + E

(N 1) r r pi + cr cot r cr cot r po 1 Nr 2cr Nr po Nr 1 dr a

pi + cr cot r N + Nr 1 1 N r dr r 1 + (Nr 1) a = E (cr cot r + po ) 1 Nr + 2cr Nr + po Nr 1

) (

))]

N r dr

r N + Nr pi + cr cot r 1 N r (Nr 1) N N a 1 + + r = E r N +1 N + 1 (cr cot r + po ) 1 Nr + 2cr Nr + po Nr 1

) (

))]

71

For r dr
N E

(Nr 1) r [ pi + cr cotr ] cr cotr po Nr Nr (1 + ) dr a E ( ) c N p N 1 2 1 + + r o r r

))

pi + cr cot r N + Nr 1 N N r dr + r ( 1 + ) r (Nr 1) a = E {cr cot r + po } Nr Nr + (1 ) 2cr Nr + po Nr 1

))]

N r dr

r N + Nr pi + cr cotr Nr Nr + ( Nr 1) a ( 1 + ) N + Nr = N +1 E r N +1 r {cr cotr + po } Nr Nr + (1 ) 2cr Nr + po Nr 1 N + 1 N + 1 72

))

Assign the following parameters for simplicity in expressions

pi + cr cot r Bl = (Nr 1) a
r + r H (r ) = N + Nr
r H (r ) = N + 1
N +1

73

 r N + Nr pi + cr cot r 1 N r (Nr 1) N N a 1 + + r = E r N +1 N + 1 (cr cot r + po ) 1 Nr + 2cr Nr + po Nr 1

Substitute

) (

))]

and

r N + Nr pi + cr cotr Nr Nr + ( Nr 1) N N + a r ( 1+ ) = N +1 E r N +1 r { ( cr cotr + po } Nr Nr + 1 ) 2cr Nr + po Nr 1 N +1 N 1 +

))

ur = r

{C + r

into

rr dr + r
E

)dr }
74

ur = r
l1 =

[C + H (r )l1 + H (r )l2 ]
r

(1+ ) [(1 N
E

)+ (N

Nr N Bl

) ]
)

l2 =

(1+ ) [(2c
E

Nr + po Nr 1 (N (1 ) ) 1 Nr + N Nr Nr (cr cotr + po )

))

((

))

75

To solve for C, use the continuity condition at r=re

1 + ur (re ) = po re re E

ur 1 + = po re r E

re r

ur (re ) = re

[C + H (re )l1 + H (re )l2 ]

re
N

1 + po re re = E

[C + H (re )l1 + H (re )l2 ]

1 + N +1 C= po re re H (re )l1 H (re )l2 E

76