1

d r d r
r r 1 1 1
) ( ) (
1 side on Force Radial
= =
d r d r
r r 3 3 3
) ( ) (
3 side on Force Radial
= =
)
2
( ) ( )
2
sin( ) ( ) (
2 side on Force Normal
2 3 1 2

d
dr
d
r r = =
)
2
( ) ( )
2
sin( ) ( ) (
4 side on Force Normal
4 3 1 4

d
dr
d
r r = =
| | dr
r 2
) (
4 side on Force Shear

=
| | dr
r 4
) (
2 side on Force Shear

=
2
direction) tangential (in volume unit per component force body
direction) radial (in volume unit per component force body
=
=
S
R

direction radial in force

Equation of Equilibrium
( ) ( ) | | 0
2
) (
2
) ( ) ( ) (
4 2
4 2 3 1
= +
+
dr Rrd dr
d
dr
d
dr d r d r
r r
r r

Divide both sides by
drd
| |
( ) ( )
0 ) ( ) (
2
1 ) ( ) (
4 2
4 2
3 1
= +

+ +

Rr
d dr
r r
r r
r r

Area gets smaller
to the limit

d
r

r
r
r

) (

3
| |
( ) ( )
0 ) ( ) (
2
1 ) ( ) (
4 2
4 2
3 1
= +

+ +

Rr
d dr
r r
r r
r r

0 = +

+ Rr
d
r

r
r r r r
r
r
r
r
r
r
r
r

) ( ) (

r
r
r
r
Expand by product rule
Divide the equation by r
0
1
= +

R
r r r
r r r

Similarly the equation of equilibrium in the tangential direction
0
2 1
= + +

S
r r r
r r

4
Differential equation of equilibrium in Polar Coordinate Differential equation of equilibrium in Cartesian Coordinate
0 = +

X
y x
xy
x

0
1
= +

R
r r r
r r r

0
2 1
= + +

S
r r r
r r

0 = +

Y
x y
xy y

Make use of Airy stress function to find the elastic stress distribution of a circular hole in an
infinite medium under isotropic stress condition
o
i
P
P
Pressure External
Pressure Internal
5
Differential equation of equilibrium in Cartesian Coordinate
0 = +

X
y x
xy
x

0 = +

Y
x y
xy y

g =
For no horizontal acceleration, X=0 Body force is simply the weight of the body
0 = +

g
x y
xy y

0 =

y x
xy
x

Also need the Compatibility Equations in terms of Stresses

x
u
x

=
Differentiate twice w.r.t. y
Components of Strain
y
v
y

=
x
v
y
u
xy

=
Differentiate twice w.r.t. x
Differentiate w.r.t. x and then y
Arrive the Compatibility Equation in terms of Strain
y x x y
xy y
x

2
2
2
2
2
6
Use Hooks Law to transform into Compatibility Equation in terms of Stress
For Plane Stress Condition:
) (
1
y x x
E
= ) (
1
x y y
E
=
xy xy xy
E G

) 1 ( 2 1 +
= =
Substitute into the compatibility equation, we get:
y x x y
xy x y y x

+ =

2
2
2
2
2
) 1 ( 2
) ( ) (
Next, to differentiate the equilibrium equation
0 =

y x
xy
x

0 = +

g
x y
xy y

Differentiate w.r.t. x
Differentiate w.r.t. y and then add the
two equations and it becomes:
2
2
2
2
2
2
y x y x
y
x
xy

7
The Compatibility Equation in terms of Stresses is obtained by substituting
back into
y x x y
xy x y y x

+ =

2
2
2
2
2
) 1 ( 2
) ( ) (
2
2
2
2
2
2
y x y x
y
x
xy

) 1 (
) ( ) (
2
2
2
2

+ =

x y
x y y x
) (
2
2
2
2
y x
y
x

) 1 (
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2

+ =

x x y y
x
y y
x
) (
2
2
2
2
y x
y
x

2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
y x y x x x y y
y
x
y
x x
y y
x

8
0
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
=

y x x y
y
x
y
x

( ) 0
2
2
2
2
= +
|
|
.
|

\
|

y x
y x

The Compatibility Equation in terms of Stresses
For Plane Stress Condition:
The Compatibility Equation in terms of Stresses for Plane Stress Condition
including body forces are similarly derived and given as follows:
( ) ( )
|
|
.
|

\
|

+ = +
|
|
.
|

\
|

y
Y
x
X
y x
y x
1
2
2
2
2
9
For Plane Strain Condition:
( ) ( ) | |
y x x
E
+ = 1 1
1
2
( ) ( ) | |
x y y
E
+ = 1 1
1
2
xy xy xy
E G

) 1 ( 2 1 +
= =
( ) 0
2
2
2
2
= +
|
|
.
|

\
|

y x
y x

The Compatibility Equation in terms of Stresses
For Plane Stress Condition also the same for
Plane Strain Condition
10
The Compatibility Equation in terms of Stresses for any general case with
body forces are similarly derived as follows:
( )
|
|
.
|

\
|

= +
|
|
.
|

\
|

y
Y
x
X
y x
y x

1
1
2
2
2
2
The usual method of solving both the equilibrium and compatibility
equations is to introduce a new stress function (introduced by
Airy in 1862, that is why call Airy Stress Function)
0 =

y x
xy
x

0 = +

g
x y
xy y

For the equilibrium equations
to be satisfied, it has been shown that the new stress function
must also satisfy the following expressions for the stress
components:
gy
x
y

=
2
2
gy
y
x

=
2
2
y x
xy

2
11
y x
xy

2
Substitute these expressions
into the equilibrium equation
gy
y
x

=
2
2
gy
x
y

=
2
2
( ) 0
2
2
2
2
= +
|
|
.
|

\
|

y x
y x

The stress function must also satisfy the following expressions:
0 2
4
4
2 2
4
4
4
=

y y x x

If this stress function can be satisfied, then the equilibrium
equation and compatibility equation will also be satisfied.
Thus, the solution of many 2D problems (including body
forces) can be derived by finding a solution which satisfy the
stress function incorporating the boundary conditions.
12
The stress function (without body force) in polar coordinates
must also satisfy the following expressions for the stress
components:
|
.
|

\
|

r r r r r
r
1 1 1
2
2
2
2
2
1 1

=
r r r
r
2
2
r

The Compatibility Equation in terms of Stresses in polar coordinates is:

0
1 1 1 1
2
2
2 2
2
2
2
2 2
2
=
|
|
.
|

\
|

|
|
.
|

\
|

r r r r r r r r
13
Stress Distribution Symmetrical about an Axis
The Compatibility Equation in terms of Stresses in polar coordinates, when the Stress Function depends on r only, is:
0
1 1 1 1
2
2
2 2
2
2
2
2 2
2
=
|
|
.
|

\
|

|
|
.
|

\
|

r r r r r r r r
0
1 1 2 1 1
3 2
2
2 3
3
4
4
2
2
2
2
= + + =
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
dr
d
r dr
d
r dr
d
r dr
d
dr
d
r dr
d
dr
d
r dr
d
Which is an ordinary differential equation, which can be reduced to a linear differential equation with constant
coefficients by introducing a new variable t such that
The solution has four constants of integration, which must be determined from the boundary conditions.
t
e r =
14
Assume the stress function to be in the form as:
The corresponding stress function without body force is obtained:
D Cr r Br r A + + + =
2 2
log log
2
2
2
1 1

=
r r r
r
C r B
r
A
r r
r
2 ) log 2 1 (
1
2
+ + + =

C r B
r
A
2 ) log 2 3 (
2
+ + + =

2
2
r

|
.
|

\
|

r r
r
1
0 =

r
The solution becomes
which may be used to represent the stress
distribution in a hollow cylinder subjected to
uniform pressure on the inner and outer surfaces
C
r
A
r
2
2
+ =
C
r
A
2
2
+ =

0 = B For
15
( ) ( )
o
b r
r i
a r
r
p p = =
= =

Apply the boundary conditions:
C
r
A
r
2
2
+ =
i r
p C
a
A
= + = 2
2

o r
p C
b
A
= + = 2
2

From which,
( )
2 2
2 2
a b
p p b a
A
i o

=
2 2
2 2
2
a b
b p a p
C
o i

=
C
r
A
2
2
+ =

C
r
A
r
2
2
+ =
and substitute back into the equation
16
( )
2 2
2 2
2 2 2
2 2
1
a b
a p a p
r a b
p p b a
o i i o
r

=
( )
2 2
2 2
2 2 2
2 2
1
a b
a p a p
r a b
p p b a
o i i o

r u or
r
u
= =
r
E

=
To find the radial displacement, use
For Plane Stress Condition
17
0
1 1 2
3 2
2
2 3
3
4
4
= + +
dr
d
r dr
d
r dr
d
r dr
d
check

D Cr r Br r A + + + =
2 2
log log
D Cr r A + + =
2
log
Cr
r
A
dr
d
2
1
+ =

C
r
A
dr
d
2
1
2 2
2
+ =

4 4
4
1
6
r
A
dr
d
=

3 3
3
1
2
r
A
dr
d
=

4
1
6
r
A
3
1
2
2
r
A
r
+ ) 2
1
(
1
2 2
C
r
A
r
+
0 ) 2
1
(
1
3
= + + Cr
r
A
r
C
r r
A 2
1 1
2 4
+ 0
1
2
1
2 4
= + +
r
C
r
A
4
1
6
r
A
4
1
4
r
A +
0
1
6
4
= +
r
A
4
1
6
r
A
18
Derivation of Elasto-Plastic Solution to compute radial crown displacement of a tunnel under plane
strain, homogeneous, isotropic stress condition for c and material
e
r
i
p
o
p
a
o
p
19
For soil under elastic stresses, use the equations of equilibrium and compatibility for a cylindrical
hole in an infinite plate
0
1
=

r r r
rr r rr

Equations of equilibrium
without body force
0
2 1
= +

r r r
r r

Equations of equilibrium
without body force
( ) 0
1 1
2
2
2 2
2
= +
|
|
.
|

\
|

rr
r r r r
Equations of compatibility
without body force
( ) 0
2
2
2
2
= +
|
|
.
|

\
|

y x
y x

( ) ( )

+ = +
r y x
20
0 =

For no shear stress in the tangential directions

0 =

r r
rr rr

( ) 0
1
2
2
= +
|
|
.
|

\
|

rr
r r r

r r

k
rr
Ar = +

( ) 0
1
2
2
= +
|
|
.
|

\
|

rr
r r r
( ) ( )
2
2
2
2
2
) 1 (

=

= +

k k
rr
r k Ak Ar
r r


( ) ( )
2 1
1 1 1

= =

= +

k k k
rr
Akr Akr
r
Ar
r r r r


Assumes that the equation takes the form of:
and substitute into
0 = +
rr rr

21
( ) 0
1
2
2
= +
|
|
.
|

\
|

rr
r r r
0 ) (
0 ) (
2 2
2 2
=
= +

k Ar
k k k Ar
k
k
+
2
) 1 (
k
r k Ak 0
2
=
k
Akr
therefore and zero be must , zero be cannot since k A
A
rr
= +


0 =

r r
rr rr

Substitute back into the equilibrium equation
( )
0 =

r
A
r r
rr rr rr

0 2 = +

r
A
r r
rr rr

22
For a linear, first order differential equation, the solution is given as follows:
For a linear, first order differential equation, which is expressed in the following form:
( ) ( ) x Q y x P
dx
dy
= +

c dx Qe ye
Pdx Pdx
r
A
r r
rr rr
= +

2
Analogy
y
rr

( ) x P
r

2
( ) x Q
r
A

The solution by integration is from standard mathematics handbook:

C dr e
r
A
e
dr
r
dr
r
rr
2 2

dx r

+ = C dr e
r
A
e
r r
rr
) ln( 2 ) ln( 2

23

+ = C dr e
r
A
e
r r
rr
) ln( 2 ) ln( 2

+ = C Ardr r
rr
2

2 ) ln( 2
r e
r
=
C
r
A r
rr
+ =
2
2
2

2
2 r
C A
rr
+ =
A
rr
= +


A
r
C A
= + +

2
2
2
2 r
C A
=

re rr e
o rr
r r at
p r

= =
= =
,
,

+ =
C A
p
o
2
o
p A 2 =
2
e
o r
r
C
p
e
+ =
The two boundary conditions:
at
24
( )
( )
2
2
e r o
e o r
r p C
r p C
e
e

=
=
2
2 r
C A
rr
+ =
( )
2
|
.
|

\
|
=
r
r
p p
e
r o o rr
e

( )
2
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
r
r
p p
e
r o o
e

r
u u
r
r
+

1
r
u
r
=

( ) ( ) 0
1
= + =


rr zz zz
E
( )

+ =
rr zz
which is the radial
stress in the elastic
zone
2
2 r
C A
=

The equations for expressing tangential strain is given as:

For zero shear strain:

For plane strain condition:
25
In order to express displacement due to stress changes plus initial stresses
) (
o
p +


) (
o rr rr
p +
( ) ( )
zz rr
E


+ =
1
( )

+ =
rr zz
( ) ( ) | |

+ + =
rr rr
E
1
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) | |
o o rr o rr o
p p p p
E
+ + =


1
( )( ) ( )( ) | |
o rr o
p p
E
+ =

1 1
1
2
r
u
r
=

r
u
r
( )( ) ( )( ) | |
o rr o
p p
E
+ =

1 1
1
2
26
( )( ) ( ) | |
o rr o
r
p p
E r
u

+
=

1
1
( )
2
|
.
|

\
|
=
r
r
p p
e
r o o rr
e

( )
2
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
r
r
p p
e
r o o
e

( )
2
1
|
.
|

\
|

+
=
r
r
p
E r
u
e
r o
r
e

which is the elastic radial displacement

For the stresses in the plastic zone, needs to use the Mohr-Coulomb failure criterion
cohesion the is c where N c N
rr
2 + =
cohesion residual the is
c where N c N
r r rr
r r

2 + =
r
r
r
N

sin 1
sin 1

+
=
For Peak Strength
For Residual Strength
27
0 =

r r
rr rr

Substitute

r
r rr
N c N
r

2 + =
into
( )
0
2
=
+
+

r
N c N
r
r r
r rr rr
rr

( )
r
N c
r
N
r
r
r
r
rr
rr

2
1
=

( ) ( ) x Q y x P
dx
dy
= +

c dx Qe ye
Pdx Pdx

=
|
|
.
|

\
|

|
|
.
|

\
|

C dr e
r
N c e
dr
r
N
r
dr
r
N
rr
r
r
r
1 1
1
2

( ) ( )

+ =

C dr e
r
N c e
r N
r
r N
rr
r
r
r
ln 1 ln 1
1
2

28

+ =

C dr
r
N c
r
r
r
r
N
r
N
rr


1
2
) 1 (

+ =

C dr r N c
r
r
r
r
N
r
N
rr

2
) 1 (
C r
N
N c
r
r
r
r
r
N
r
N
rr
+
+
=
+

1
) 1 (
1
1
2

( )
( )
C
r N
N c
r
r
r
r
r
N
r
N
rr
+

=
1 ) 1 (
1
1
2

1
1
r
r
x
x dx C
r
+
= +
+

( )
C r
N
N c
r
r
r
r
r
N
r
N
rr
+
+
=

1
) 1 (
1
1
2

29
( )
( )
C
r N
N c
r
r
r
r
r
N
r
N
rr
+

=
1 ) 1 (
1
1
2

i rr
p a r = = ,
( )
( )
C
a N
N c
a
p
r
r
r
r
N
r
N
i
+

=
1 ) 1 (
1
1
2

( )
( ) 1 ) 1 (
1
1
2

+ =
r
r
r
r
N
r
N
i
a N
N c
a
p
C

To solve for C, use the boundary conditions at

Substitute C into
( )
( )
C
r N
N c
r
r
r
r
r
N
r
N
rr
+

=
1 ) 1 (
1
1
2

30
( )
( )
+

=
1 ) 1 (
1
1
2
r
r
r
r
N
r
N
rr
r N
N c
r

( )
( ) 1 1
1
1
2

+
r
r
r
r
N
r
N
i
a N
N c
a
p

( ) 1
2
) 1 (
2
) 1 (

(
(

+
|
.
|

\
|
=

r
r
r
r
r
N
N c
N
N c
p
a
r r r
i
N
rr

which is the radial stresses

in the plastic zone
r
r
r
N

sin 1
sin 1

+
=
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
r
r
r r
r
r r
r r
r
r
r
N

sin 1
cos
sin 1 ) sin 1 (
sin 1
sin 1 ) sin 1 (
sin 1 ) sin 1 (
sin 1
sin 1
2

=


=

+
=

+
=
r
r
r
r r
r
r
r
N

sin 1
sin 2
sin 1
sin 1 ) sin 1 (
1
sin 1
sin 1
1

+ +
=

+
=
31
( ) 2
cot
sin 2
cos
1
r
r
r
r
r
N
N

= =

and substitute back into

to obtain the radial stress in the plastic zone

( ) 1
2
) 1 (
2
) 1 (

(
(

+
|
.
|

\
|
=

r
r
r
r
r
N
N c
N
N c
p
a
r r r
i
N
rr

| |
r r r r i
N
rr
c c p
a
r
r


cot cot
) 1 (
+
|
.
|

\
|
=

which is the radial stresses
in the plastic zone
To locate the extent of the plastic zone, rewrite
as follows:

N c N
rr
2 + =
cohesion peak is c and angle friction peak is where
c
rr

sin 1
cos
2
sin 1
sin 1

+
=
32
Take r = r
e
Substitute into
( )
2
|
.
|

\
|
=
r
r
p p
e
r o o rr
e

( )
2
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
r
r
p p
e
r o o
e

sin 1
cos
2
sin 1
sin 1

+
= c
rr
( )
e e
r
e
e
r o o rr
r
r
p p =
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
2
( ) ( )
e e
r o o
e
e
r o o
p p
r
r
p p

+ =
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
2
( )

sin 1
cos
2
sin 1
sin 1

+
= + c p p
e e
r r o o

sin 1
cos
2
sin 1
sin 1
2

+
= c p
e e
r r o
e e
r r o
c p

sin 1
sin 1
sin 1
sin 1
sin 1
cos
2

+
=
(

33

sin 1
2
sin 1
cos
2

=
(

e
r
o
c p
( )
( )

cos sin 1
sin 1
sin 1
cos sin 1
c p
c p
o r
o r
e
e
=
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
which is the radial stress at
the elastic-plastic boundary
| |
r r r r i
N
e
rr
c c p
a
r
r


cot cot
) 1 (
+
|
.
|

\
|
=

( ) cos sin 1 c p
o r
e
= =
Determine the plastic radius by substituting the above equation back into
| |

cos ) sin 1 ( cot cot

) 1 (
c p c c p
a
r
o r r r r i
N
e
r
= +
|
.
|

\
|

34
| |

cos ) sin 1 ( cot cot

) 1 (
c p c c p
a
r
o r r r r i
N
e
r
= +
|
.
|

\
|

2
) 1 (
cot
cot cos ) sin 1 (
X
c p
c c p
a
r
r r i
r r o
N
e
r
=
+
+
=
|
.
|

\
|

1
) 1 ( X N
r
=

1
cot
cot cos ) sin 1 (
ln

+
+
=
r
r r i
r r o
N
c p
c c p
e
ae r

2
1
X
a
r
X
e
=
|
.
|

\
|
2 1
ln ln X
a
r
X
e
=
|
.
|

\
|
1
2
ln
X
X
e
ae r =
Plastic zone exist only when r
e
is greater than the radius a, thus:
35
1
2
ln
X
X
ae a =
1
0 ln
0
ln
1
2
2
1
2
ln
1
2
=
=
=
=
X
X
X
X
e
X
X
1
cot
cot cos ) sin 1 (
2
= =
+
+
X
c p
c c p
r r i
r r o

r r i r r o
c p c c p
crit
cot cot cos ) sin 1 ( + = +
cos ) sin 1 ( c p p
o i
crit
=
which is the critical internal
support pressure
36
For the plastic zone to form,
crit
i i
p p p
Next is to find out the displacement in the plastic zone
r
u
r
=

strain radial
r
u
rr
r
=

Strain is consisted of two parts: elastic and plastic

E

P
rr
E
rr
r
r
u
+ =

angle dilation the is where N

sin 1
sin 1

+
=
37
Plasticity Rule is based on 3 assumptions:
1. The yield criterion (F), represented by a surface in the stress space,
at which plastic deformation may develop
2. The hardening law (h being a hardening parameter), that governs the
possible changes in shape, size and position of the yield surface with
an increase in plastic strains
3. The plastic flow rule governing the increment of the plastic strains
For elasto-plastic materials undergoing infinitesimal deformation,
Total strain increment = Elastic strain increment + Plastic strain increment
pl el
d d d + =
Plastic strains are irreversible
The elastic strain component can be represented using the generalized Hooke's law:
( )
pl el
d d D Dd d = =
D = Elastic Constitutive Modulus
38
1
st
assumption in Plasticity Rule:
The yield criterion (F), represented by a surface in the stress space, at
which plastic deformation may develop
( ) | |
pl
h F F , =
h is the vector of the hardening parameters governing the changes of the yield surface with
increasing plastic strains
If F < 0 , material is elastic (stress state within the yield surface)
If F = 0, material is in plastic equilibrium (stress state fulfills the yield criterion or stress
state at the yield surface)
F > 0 Not Admissible (stress state cannot be outside the yield surface)
39
2
nd
and 3
rd
assumptions in Plasticity Rule:
2. The hardening law (h being a hardening parameter), that governs the
possible changes in shape, size and position of the yield surface with
an increase in plastic strains
3. The plastic flow rule governing the increment of the plastic strains
Plastic Flow Rule states that during the plastic strain increment along the
yield surface, the plastic strain increment is proportional to the gradient of
the Plastic Potential
Plastic Potential
( ) | |
pl
h Q Q , =

=
Q
d d
pl
d
Plastic Multiplier Increment
This means that the vector representing the plastic strain increment is directed as the
outward normal vector at the point that corresponds to the current stress state.
40
Plastic Flow Rule states that during the plastic strain increment along the
yield surface, the plastic strain increment is proportional to the gradient of
the Plastic Potential
Plastic Potential
( ) | |
pl
h Q Q , =

=
Q
d d
pl
d
Plastic Multiplier Increment
This means that the vector representing the plastic strain increment is directed as the
outward normal vector at the point that corresponds to the current stress state.
41
The plastic potential is defined by Johnson and Mellor (1983) as follows:
( ) ( ) 0 sin = + =
r r
g

sin 1
sin 1

+
= N
( ) 0 sin sin = =
r r
g
( ) ( ) 0 sin 1 sin 1 = + =
r
g
( )
( )
( )
( )
0
sin 1
sin 1
sin 1
sin 1
=

r
g
( )
( )
0
sin 1
sin 1
=

+
=

r
g
0 = =
r
N g

42
Using the flow rule, the plastic strain increments may be determined as:
multiplier scalar negative non a is
g
d
ij
P
ij

= ,

For the radial and tangential strain increments:

( )
( )
( )
( )
0
sin 1
sin 1
sin 1
sin 1
=

r
g
| | sin 1 =
P
r
d

sin 1 =

r
g

sin 1 =

g
| |

sin 1 =
P
d
( )

N
d
d
P
P
r
=

+
=
sin 1
sin 1

N
P
P
r
=
43
P
rr
E
rr
r
r
u
+ =

Substitute into

N
r
=

P
P
P E
rr
r
N
r
u

=

P E

+ =
E P

=
( )
E E
rr
r
N
r
u

=

|
.
|

\
|
=

E
r
E
rr
r
r
u
N
r
u


E E
rr r
r
N u
r
N
r
u

+ = +

44
( ) ( ) x Q y x P
dx
dy
= +
E E
rr r
r
N u
r
N
r
u

+ = +

c dx Qe ye
Pdx Pdx
( )

+ + =

dr e N C e u
dr
r
N
E E
rr
dr
r
N
r



( )

+ + = dr N r dr r C r u
E N E
rr
N N
r


( ) | |

+ + =

dr N r dr r C r u
E N E
rr
N N
r


For plane strain conditions, recall the tangential strain
( )( ) ( )( ) | |
o rr o
p p
E
+ =

1 1
1
2
E

( )
( )( ) ( ) | |
o rr o
E
p p
E

+
=

1
1
45
Substitute the residual strength parameters
into

r r
N c N
r rr
2 + =
( )
( )( ) ( ) | |
o rr o
E
p p
E

+
=

1
1
( )
( ) | | ( ) ( ) | |
o rr o r rr
E
p p N c N
E
r r
+
+
=

2 1
1
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) | |
o rr o r o rr
E
p N p N c p N
E
r r r
+ +
+
=

1 2 1
1
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) | |
o rr o r o rr
E
p N p N c p N
E
r r r
+ +
+
=

1 2 1
1
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
(
(

+ +
+
=
1 2
1 2
1
r r r
r r r
N p N c p N
p N p N c p N
E
o r o rr
o rr o r o rr
E

46
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
(
(

+ +
+
=
1 2
1 2
1
r r r
r r r
N p N c p N
p N p N c p N
E
o r o rr
o rr o r o rr
E

( )
( )( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) | | 1 2 1
1
+ +
+
=
r r r r
N p N c p N N
E
o r o rr
E

( )
( ) ( ) ( ) | |
1+
E

| |
r r r r i
N
rr
c c p
a
r
r


cot cot
) 1 (
+
|
.
|

\
|
=

( ) ( ) 1 2 1 + + =
r r r r
N p N c p N N
E
o r o rr

( )
( )
( )
| |
( ) ( ) ( )
(
(
(
(

+ +

)

+
|
.
|

\
|

+
=

1 2 1
cot cot
1
1
r r
r
r r
N p N c
p c c p
a
r
N N
E
o r
o r r r r i
N
E

47
For plane strain conditions, recall the radial strain and derive same manner as tangential strain
( ) ( )
zz rr
E
rr
E


+ =
1
( )

+ =
rr zz
( ) ( ) | |

+ + =
rr rr
E
rr
E
1
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) | |
o o rr o o rr
E
rr
p p p p
E
+ + =


1
( )( ) ( )( ) | |
o o rr
E
rr
p p
E
+ =

1 1
1
2
( )( ) ( ) | |
o o rr
E
rr
p p
E

+
=

1
1
48
Substitute the residual strength parameters
into

r r
N c N
r rr
2 + =
( )( ) ( ) | |
o o rr
E
rr
p p
E

+
=

1
1
( )( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) | |
r r r
N c N p p N p
E
r o o rr o rr
E
rr

2 1 1
1
+ +
+
=
( )( ) ( ) | | 1 2 1
1

+
=
r r r
N p N c N p
E
o r o rr
E
rr

Substitute the radial stress equation in the plastic zone

into the above equation
| |
r r r r i
N
rr
c c p
a
r
r


cot cot
) 1 (
+
|
.
|

\
|
=

( )( ) ( ) | |
o r rr o rr
E
rr
p N c N p
E
r r
+
+
=

2 1
1
49
( )( ) ( ) | | 1 2 1
1

+
=
r r r
N p N c N p
E
o r o rr
E
rr

| |
r r r r i
N
rr
c c p
a
r
r


cot cot
) 1 (
+
|
.
|

\
|
=

( )
( ) ( )
(
(

+
|
.
|

\
|
+
=

1 2 1 cot cot
1
1
r r r
r
N p N c N p c c p
a
r
E
o r o r r r r i
N
E
rr

Substitute into the radial displacement equation for the
plastic zone (radial and tangential strain just derived)
( ) { }

+ + =

dr N r dr r C r u
E N E
rr
N N
r


( )
( )
( )
| |
( ) ( ) ( )
(
(
(
(

+ +

)

+
|
.
|

\
|

+
=

1 2 1
cot cot
1
1
r r
r
r r
N p N c
p c c p
a
r
N N
E
o r
o r r r r i
N
E

50

dr r For
E
rr
N

( )
( ) ( ) dr N p N c N p c c p
a
r
E
r
r r r
r
o r o r r r r i
N
N

(
(

+
|
.
|

\
|
+

1 2 1 cot cot
1
1

( )
( )
( )( ) ( ) ( ) | |

)

+ + +
+

+
=

+
dr r N p N c N p c
dr r
a
c p
N
E
N
o r o r r
N N
N
r r i
r r r
r
r
r

1 2 1 cot
cot
1
1
1
1
( )
( )
( )( ) ( ) ( ) | |

+ + +
+

+

+
=
+

+
+
1 2 1 cot
1
cot
1
1
1
1
r r r
r
r
r
r
N p N c N p c
N
r
a
c p
N
N N
r
E
o r o r r
N
N
r r i
N N

51
( )

dr r For
E N

( )
( )
( )
| |
( ) ( ) ( )
dr
N p N c
p c c p
a
r
N N
E
r
r r
r
r r
o r
o r r r r i
N
N

(
(
(
(

+ +

)

+
|
.
|

\
|

+

1 2 1
cot cot
1
1

( )
( )
( )
{ }( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) | |
(
(
(

+ + +
+
+

+
=

dr r N p N c N N p c
dr r
a
c p
N N
E
N
o r o r r
N N
N
r r i
r r r r
r
r
r r

1 2 1 cot
cot
1
1
1
( )
( )
( )
{ }( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
(
(
(
(
(

(
(

+
+
+ +
+

+
+

+
+
=
+ +

+
1 2 1
1
cot
1
cot
1
1 1
1
r r r r
r
r r
r
r
N p N c
N
r
N N p c
N
r
a
c p
N N
N N
r
E
o r
N
o r r
N
N
r r i
N N

52
Assign the following parameters for simplicity in expressions
( ) 1
cot

+
=
r
N
r r i
l
a
c p
B

r
r
N N
r
r H
N N

+
+
= ) (
1
) (
1
+
=
+

N
r
r H
N
53
( )
( )
( )( ) ( ) ( ) | |

+ + +
+

+

+
=
+

+
+
1 2 1 cot
1
cot
1
1
1
1
r r r
r
r
r
r
N p N c N p c
N
r
a
c p
N
N N
r
E
o r o r r
N
N
r r i
N N

Substitute
( )
( )
( )
{ }( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
(
(
(
(
(

(
(

+
+
+ +
+

+
+

+
+
=
+ +

+
1 2 1
1
cot
1
cot
1
1 1
1
r r r r
r
r r
r
r
N p N c
N
r
N N p c
N
r
a
c p
N N
N N
r
E
o r
N
o r r
N
N
r r i
N N

and
into
( ) { }

+ + =

dr N r dr r C r u
E N E
rr
N N
r


54
| |
2 1
) ( ) ( l r H l r H C r u
N
r
+ + =

( )
( ) ( ) | |
l
B N N N N
E
l
r r r

+
+
= 1
1
1
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )( ) | |
o r r o r
p c N N N N N N p N c
E
l
r r r r r
+ + +
+
=

cot 1 1 1 2
1
2
55
To solve for C, use the continuity condition at r=r
e
( )
2
1
|
.
|

\
|

+
=
r
r
p
E r
u
e
r o
r
e

( ) ( )
e r o e r
r p
E
r u
e

+
=
1
( ) | |
2 1
) ( ) ( l r H l r H C r r u
e e
N
e e r
+ + =

( ) =
+
e r o
r p
E
e

1
| |
2 1
) ( ) ( l r H l r H C r
e e
N
e
+ +

( )
2 1
1
) ( ) (
1
l r H l r H r p
E
C
e e
N
e r o
e

+
=
+