TO_CHAR Function with Dates

TO_CHAR(date, 'fmt)
The format model: Must be enclosed in single quotation marks and is case sensitive Can include any valid date format element Has an fm element to remove padded blanks or suppress leading zeros Is separated from the date value by a comma

Displaying a Date in a Specific Format Previously, all Oracle date values were displayed in the DD-MON-YY format. The TO_CHAR function allows you to convert a date from this default fomat to one specified by you. Guidelines The format model must be enclosed in single quotation marks and is case sensitve; The format model can include any valid date format element. Be sure to separate the date value from the format model by a comma. The names of days and months in the output are automatically padded with blanks. To remove padded blanks or to suppress leading zeros, use the fill mode fm element. Yon can resize the display width of the resulting character feld with the SQL*Plus COLUMN command. The resultant column width is 80 characters by default.

Examples
SELECT empno, TO_CHAR(hiredate, 'MM/YY') "E GR TARH" FROM emp WHERE ename = 'BLAKE' ;
EMP O 7698 E AME BLAKE E GR 05/81

SELECT ename, empno TO_CHAR( hiredate , 'fmMonth DD, YYYY' ) Hiredate FROM emp WHERE deptno = 30
E AME ALLEN WARD MARTIN BLAKE TURNER JAMES 6 rows selected. EMP O HIREDATE 7499 ubat 20, 1981 7521 ubat 22, 1981 7654 Eyll 28, 1981 7698 Mays 1, 1981 7844 Eyll 8, 1981 7900 Aralk 3, 1981

SELECT ename, hiredate, TO_CHAR( hiredate , 'fmDY.Mon.YYY' ) FROM EMP;

E AME HIREDATE SMITH ALLEN ... 14 rows selected. 17/12/1980 20/02/1981

TO_CHAR(HIREDATE,'FMDY.MO .YYY') AR.Ara.980 CUM.ub.981

Using TO_CHAR Function with Dates

SELECT ename, hiredate, TO_CHAR(hiredate, 'DD Month YYYY' ) "eGiri Tarihi" FROM EMP; E AME SMITH ALLEN WARD JONES MARTIN BLAKE CLARK SCOTT KING TURNER ADAMS JAMES FORD MILLER 14 rows selected. HIREDATE 17/12/1980 20/02/1981 22/02/1981 02/04/1981 28/09/1981 01/05/1981 09/06/1981 09/12/1982 17/11/1981 08/09/1981 12/01/1983 03/12/1981 03/12/1981 23/01/1982 e Giri Tarihi 17 Aralk 1980 20 ubat 1981 22 ubat 1981 02 Nisan 1981 28 Eyll 1981 01 Mays 1981 09 Haziran 1981 09 Aralk 1982 17 Kasm 1981 08 Eyll 1981 12 Ocak 1983 03 Aralk 1981 03 Aralk 1981 23 Ocak 1982

Example SELECT sysdate, TO_CHAR ( sysdate, 'fmDD.MM.YYYY fmHH:MI:SS PM' ) Zaman FROM dual ;
SYSDATE 18/03/2007 ZAMA 18.3.2007 06:23:02 S

SELECT sysdate, TO_CHAR ( sysdate, 'fmDD.MM.YYYY fmHH:MI:SS AM' ) Zaman FROM dual ;
SYSDATE 18/03/2007 ZAMA 18.3.2007 06:23:02 S

SELECT sysdate, TO_CHAR ( sysdate, 'fmDD.MM.YYYY fmHH12:MI:SS PM' ) Zaman FROM dual ;
ZAMA 18.3.2007 06:23:02 S

SYSDATE 18/03/2007

SELECT sysdate, TO_CHAR ( sysdate, 'fmDD.MM.YYYY fmHH24:MI:SS' ) Zaman FROM dual ;

SYSDATE 18/03/2007 18.3.2007 18:23:02 ZAMA

SELECT sysdate, TO_CHAR ( sysdate, 'fmDD.MM.YYYY fmHH24:MI:SS AM' ) Zaman FROM dual ;
SYSDATE 18/03/2007 ZAMA 18.3.2007 18: 23:02 S

SELECT ename, TO_CHAR(hiredate, 'fmDdspth "of" Month YYYY fmHH:MI:SS PM' ) HIREDATE FROM emp;

E AME SMITH ALLEN ...

HIREDATE Seventeenth of Aralk 1980 12:00:00 Twentieth of ubat 1981 12:00:00

14 rows selected.

Examples : YY , CC , SCC
SELECT TO_CHAR( TO_DATE('28-11-1942') , 'YY') Yzyl FROM dual; YIL
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SELECT TO_CHAR( TO_DATE('28-11-1942') , 'CC') Yzyl FROM dual; YZYIL 20

SELECT TO_CHAR( TO_DATE('28-11-2942') , 'SCC') Binyl FROM dual; BI YIL 30

Examples : D , DD , DDD
SELECT TO_CHAR( TO_DATE('28-11-1942') , 'fmd' ) "Day Of Week" FROM dual ; Day Of Week 6

SELECT TO_CHAR( TO_DATE('28-11-1942') , 'fmdd' ) "Day Of Month" FROM dual ; Day Of Month 28

SELECT TO_CHAR( TO_DATE('28-11-2942') , 'fmddd' ) "Day Of Year" FROM dual ; Day of Year 332

The next example outputs the Julian Day; the number of days since 31 December 4713 BC of the given date. SELECT TO_CHAR( TO_DATE('28-11-2942') , 'fmJ' ) "Julian Day" FROM dual ; Julian Day
2430692

SELECT TO_CHAR( TO_DATE('28-11-1942') , 'fmBC' ) "BC Indicator" FROM dual ; BC Indicator

MS

SELECT TO_CHAR( TO_DATE('28-11-1942') , 'fmBC' ) "AD Indicator" FROM dual ; AD Indicator

MS

SELECT ename, hiredate, TO_CHAR(hiredate, 'fmCC') FROM EMP ;

E AME SMITH ALLEN ... 14 rows selected. HIREDATE 17/12/1980 20/02/1981 20 20 TO_CHA

SELECT TO_CHAR( TO_DATE('18-09-1972') , 'w' ) "Week of Month" FROM dual ; Week of Month 3

SELECT TO_CHAR( TO_DATE('18-09-1972') , 'ww' ) "Week of Year" FROM dual ; Week of Month 38

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TO_CHAR (datetime)
TO_CHAR (datetime) converts date of DATE, TIMESTAMP, TIMESTAMP WITH TIME ZONE, or TIMESTAMP WITH LOCAL TIME ZONE datatype to a value of VARCHAR2 datatype in the format specified by the date format fmt. If you omit fmt, then date is converted to a VARCHAR2 value as follows:

DATE is converted to a value in the default date format. TIMESTAMP and TIMESTAMP WITH LOCAL TIME ZONE are converted to values in the default timestamp format. TIMESTAMP WITH TIME ZONE is converted to a value in the default timestamp with time zone format.

The 'nlsparams' specifies the language in which month and day names and abbreviations are returned. This argument can have this form: 'NLS_DATE_LANGUAGE = language'

CREATE TABLE date_tab ( ts_col TIMESTAMP, tsltz_col TIMESTAMP WITH LOCAL TIME ZONE, tstz_col TIMESTAMP WITH TIME ZONE);

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Oracle date format

Format mask CC SCC YYYY SYYY IYYY YY RR YEAR SYEAR BC / AD Q MM MONTH MON WW W IW DDD DD D DAY FMDAY DY J HH HH12 HH24 AM PM MI SS SSSS Description Century Century BC prefixed with Year with 4 numbers Year BC prefixed with ISO Year with 4 numbers Year with 2 numbers Year with 2 numbers with Y2k compatibility Year in characters Year in characters, BC prefixed with BC/AD Indicator * Quarter in numbers (1,2,3,4) Month of year 01, 02...12 Month in characters (i.e. January) JAN, FEB Weeknumber (i.e. 2) Weeknumber of the month (i.e. 3) Weeknumber of the year in ISO standard. Day of year in numbers (i.e. 234) Day of the month in numbers (i.e. 28) Day of week in numbers(i.e. 7) Day of the week in characters (i.e. Monday) Day of the week in characters (i.e. Monday) Day of the week in short character description (i.e. SUN) Julian Day (number of days since January 1 4713 BC, where January 1 4713 BC is 1 in Oracle) Hour number of the day (1-12) Hour number of the day (1-12) Hour number of the day with 24Hours notation (1-24) AM or PM AM or PM Number of minutes (i.e. 59) Number of seconds (i.e. 59) Number of seconds this day.

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TO_DATE Function
Converts a character string to a date format.

TO_DATE (char[,

'fmt'])

TO_NUMBER and TO_DATE Functions You may want to convert a character string to either a number or a date. To accomplish this task, you use the TO_NUMBER or TO_DATE functions. The format model you choose will be based on the previously demonstrated format elements. Example Display the names and hire dates of all the employees who joined on February 22. 1981. SELECT ename, hiredate FROM emp WHERE hiredate = TO_DATE ( 'ubat 22, 1981', 'Month dd, YYYY');
E AME WARD 22/02/1981 HIREDATE

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Elements of Date Format Model

Time efements format the time portion of the date.
HH24:MI:SSAM 15:45:32 PM

Add character strings by enclosing them in double quotation marks.

DD "Of " MONTH 12 of OCTOBER

Number suffixes spell out numbers.

Ddspth fourteenth

Time Formats

Element AM or PM A.M. or P.M. HH or HH12 or HH24 MI SS SSSSS

Description Meridian indicator Meridian indicator with periods Hour of day or hour (1 - 12) or hour (0-23) Minute (0-59) Second (0-59) Seconds past midnight (0-86399)

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Oracle to_date function

The oracle TO_DATE function converts a string in a specified format to an Oracle date format. Syntax to_date('formatted string'); returns a date using the default oracle date format to_date('formatted string','format string'); to_date('formatted string','format string','nls description'); returns a date using the format string specified returns a date using the format string specified and using the specified NLS settings

Examples: SELECT to_date( '01-OCA-2007 ') FROM dual;

TARIH 01/01/2007

SELECT to_date( '01-01-2007' , 'DD-MM-YYYY') Tarih FROM dual;

TARIH 01/01/2007

SELECT to_date( '31-12-2006 23:34:59' , 'DD-MM-YYYY HH24:MI:SS ' ) Tarih

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FROM dual; TARIH 31/12/2006

SELECT to_date('01-JAN-99' , 'DD-MON-YY' , 'nls_date_language = American') Tarih FROM dual;

TARIH 01/01/2099

SELECT to_date('01-OCA-99' , 'DD-MON-YY' , 'nls_date_language = Turkish') Tarih FROM dual;

TARIH 01/01/2099

SELECT to_date ('2003/07/09' , FROM dual ;

'yyyy/dd/mm'

TO_DATE('2 07/09/2003

to_date (string1, [format_mask], [nls_language]) to_date ('2003/07/09', 'yyyy/mm/dd'); /*July 9, 2003*/ to_date ('070903', 'MMDDYY'); /*July 9, 2003*/ to_date ('20020315', 'yyyymmdd'); /*Mar 15, 2002*/

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SELECT to_date ('93/07/09' , 'yy/dd/mm' ) FROM dual ;

TARH 07/09/2093

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Oracle date format

With the functions to_char and to_date, a date format can be used. Example: select to_char(sysdate,'DD/MM/YYYY HH24:MI:SS') from dual; will return something like: 24/03/2006 14:36:43

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Oracle date format

SELECT TO_DATE('Aralk 15, 1998' , 'Month DD, YYYY') Tarih FROM dual ; TARH 15/12/1998

SELECT TO_DATE('Aralk 15, 98' , 'Month DD, YY') Tarih FROM dual ; TARH 15/12/2098

SELECT TO_DATE('Aralk 15, 98' , 'Month DD, RR') Tarih FROM dual ; TARH 15/12/1998

SELECT TO_DATE('Aralk 15, 07' , 'Month DD, RR') Tarih FROM dual ; TARH 15/12/2007

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RR Date Format
Current Year 1995 1995 2001 2001 Specified Date 27-OCT-95 27-OCT-17 27-OCT-17 27-OCT-95 RR Format 1995 2017 2017 1995 YY Format 1995 1917 2017 2095

If the specified two-digit year is: 0-49 If two digits of the current year are: 5 3-49 The return date is in the current century 50-99 The return date is in the century before the current ne The return date is in the current century

0-99 The return date is in the century after the current ne

The RR Date Format Element

The RR date format is similar to the YY element, but it allows you to specify differeut centuries You can use the RR date format element instead of YY, so that the century of the return value according to the specified two-digits of the current year. The table on the slide summarizes the behavior of the RR element.

Current year 1994 1994 2001

Given Date 27-OCT-95 27-OCT-17 27-OCT-17

Interpreted (RR) 1995 2017 2017

Interpreted (YY) 1995 1917 2017

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SYSDATE = CURRENT_DATE
and DUAL
SYSDATE is a date function that returns the current date and time. It is customary to select SYSDATE from a dummy table called DUAL. select to_char(sysdate, 'DD-Mon-YYYY HH24:MI:SS') as "Current Time" from dual;
Current Time 18-Mar-2007 17:37:10

select to_char(sysdate, 'Dy DD-Mon-YYYY HH24:MI:SS') as "Current Time" from dual;

Current Time PAZ 18-MAR-2007 05:46:41

SELECT TO_CHAR(CURRENT_DATE, 'Dy DD-MON-YYYY HH:MI:SS') FROM dual;

TO_CHAR(CURRE T_DATE,'DD-MO -YYYYHH:MI:SS') PAZ 18-MAR-2007 05:46:41

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Example
Display the date of the next Friday that is six months from the hiredate. The resultant date should appearas Friday, March 12th 1982. Order the results by hiredate.

SELECT TO_CHAR (NEXT_DAY (ADD_MONTHS (hiredate, 6), 'CUMA') , 'fmDay, Month ddth, YYYY' ) "Next 6 Months Review" FROM emp ORDER BY hiredate ;

ext 6 Months Review Cuma, Haziran 19th, 1981 Cuma, Austos 21st, 1981 Cuma, Austos 28th, 1981 Cuma, Ekim 9th, 1981 Cuma, Kasm 6th, 1981 Cuma, Aralk 11th, 1981 Cuma, Mart 12th, 1982 Cuma, Nisan 2nd, 1982 Cuma, Mays 21st, 1982 Cuma, Haziran 4th, 1982 Cuma, Haziran 4th, 1982 Cuma, Temmuz 30th, 1982 Cuma, Haziran 10th, 1983 Cuma, Temmuz 15th, 1983 14 rows selected.

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Practice 3
1. 2. Write a query to display the current date. Label the column Date. 2 Display the employee number, name, salary, and salary increase by 15% expressed as a whole number. Label the column New Salary. Save your SQL statement to a file named p3q2.sql. Run your query in the file p3q2.sql.

3.

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Practice 3 (continued) 7. Write a query that produces the following for each employee. <employee name> eams <salary> montly but wants <3 times salary >. Label the column Dream Salaries.

If yon have time, complele the following exercises: 8. Create a query to display name and salary for all employees. Format the salary to be 15 characters long, left-padded with $. Label the column SALARY.

Practice 3 (continued) If you want extra challenge, complete the following exercises: 11. Create a query that will display the employee name and commission amount. If the does not earn commission, put "No Commission". Label the column COMM.

12.Create a query that displays the employees names and indicates the amounts of their salaries through asterisks. Each asterisk signifies a hundred dollars. Sort the data in descending order of salary. Label the column EMPLOYEE_AND_THEIR_SALARIES.

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