A 512 Mhz Polyphase Filterbank with overlapping bands

A.Melis , G.Comoretto

INAF - Osservatorio Astronomico di Cagliari

INAF - Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri

Arcetri Technical Report N 1/2011

Abstract
The polyphase filterbank(PFB) algorithm is an efficient way to implement a uniformly distributed multi-channel filterbank using a Fast Fourier Transform, in order to reduce the necessary clock frequency to process the acquired samples into an FP !" The simplest implementation of a PFB produces ad#acent bands with small holes between the sub-bands$ to o%ercome this problem, a PFB with o%erlapping bands is one of the best solutions" &n this report a PFB with a particular o%erlapping channel algorithm is described" The system has been implemented into the dBB' system, based on a (ilin) FP ! *irte) + ,(--."

Introduction

Radioastronomic signals have usually a very large instantaneous bandwidth, up to several GHz, while currently available digital signal processing hardware, especially Field Programmable Gate Array(FPGA , have ma!imum cloc" rates o# the order o# a #ew hundred $Hz% &here#ore a multiple!ing techni'ue o# some sort is necessary to process the ac'uired data at a reduced cloc" #re'uency% &he most e##icient way to per#orm this #unction is to use a #ilterban", in order to split the incoming wideband signal into separate sub(bands o# reduced bandwidth and sample rate% A very e##icient way to per#orm this #unction is the polyphase #ilterban" (PF) , a multi(rate #ilter structure #ollowed to a Fast Fourier &rans#orm (FF& engine*1+% &he #ilter is a low pass #inite impulse response (F,R , and its bandshape is translated in #re'uency by the FF& algorithm% ,n its simplest #orm it implements a #ilterban" with ad-acent bands% .ue to the #inite transition region at the end o# the F,R passband, it produces small holes between the sub(channels, as shown in #igure 1/

Figure /0 1on-2%erlapping filterbank response

&his approach has already been used #or a non(overlapping #ilterban" #or 01), observations, described in a previous report*2+% 3e address to this report #or the mathematical treatment o# PF)% &o overcome the gap problem, a PF) with overlapping bands has been designed4 the system, intended mainly #or single dish spectroscopy, has been implemented into a 5ilin! FPGA 0irte! 6 15227%

Algorithm description

As mentioned above, a PF) is basically a 8(point FF& per#ormed by a narrow polyphase #ilter #ollowed by a small FF& engine as shown in #igure 2% &he signal is deserialized into 8 streams at 198 the original data rate, and each stream is preprocessed by a short #ilter leg% &ap coe##icents o# each #ilter leg correspond to the taps o# the original low(pass #ilter, spaced by 8 taps/ #irst leg processes taps (7, 8, 28, : second leg taps (1, 8;1, 28;1%%% and so on%

Figure -0 Typical block diagram of a PFB

&he original #ilter shape is translated in #re'uency by the 8(point FF& engine producing 8 ad-acent replicas, as shown in #igure 1% For a real valued signal (as in our case , only outputs 7 to 892 o# the FF& engine are used (892 ; 1 in total , the others produce -ust the comple! con-ugate (#re'uency mirrored version o# the same bands% &o eliminate the gaps between ad-acent sub(bands an ideal rectangular #ilter would be re'uired, with in#inite sharpness% &o reduce these gaps to a reasonable value a #ilter with an impractically large size would be needed% A more practical solution is to double the size o# the FF&, and thus the sub(channel spacing, using the same sub(channel width% &hen only the central hal# o# each sub(channel is actually used, leaving a large space #or the transition band% &his solution has been adopted, with a sub(channel width o# 12< $Hz ((=> $Hz to ;=> $Hz and a channel(to(channel spacing o# => $Hz% &he prototype #ilter shape is shown in #igure ?, with the horizontal scale in $Hz/

Figure 30 Filter shape implemented" 4seful band is half the total band"

&he use#ul band is #rom (?2 to ;?2 $Hz, with the transition band e!tending up to @= $Hz and aliased bac" in the ?2 to => $Hz region% Having such a large transition band allows #or a smaller #ilter size, and #or better per#ormance% ,n our case the initial deserialization #actor is < (#rom 172> to 12< $sample9s , and 8A1=% &he ?

resulting output sub(channels are depicted in #ig% >

Figure 50 +/- 6h7 input signal decomposition

First and last sub(channels have real representation, with the same signal on positive and negative #re'uencies, the others use a comple! representation% Bach sub(band is baseband converted4 by choosing one o# them, the #lat band o# interest always e!tend #rom (?2 to ?2 $Hz% A smaller region can be selected by mi!ing the signal with a local oscillator o# appropriate #re'uency and #iltering the resulting signal by a programmable #ilter%

FPGA implementation

&he chip used #or this application is a 5ilin! 5C6015227 FPGA, that is contained into the CDRB2 boards o# the .igital )ase )and Converter*?+% &he code has entirely been written in the 0H.1 programming language avoiding any speci#ic dependence on the 5ilin! hardware so we were able to render the code completely portable to di##erent FPGA #amilies, even not 5ilin!% &he design #unctionality has been simulated using Active(H.1 and $odelsim tools, while the code has been converted to a 5ilin! netlist using the Eynpli#y synthesis program and #inally translated to a physical design in the target chip by using the 5ilin! ,EB 12 tool% Figure 6 shows the signals resulting #rom a swept sinusoidal input sent to the PF)/

>

Figure +0 8ub-bands resulting from a swept sinusoidal signal (simulation with !cti%e-9:,)

3.1

Polyphase Filter

&he #ilter implemented is a symmetric low pass F,R #ilter% ,t has been synthesized using the well "nown $isell algorithm% As shown in #igure ?, a very e!tended transition band has been speci#ied% &here#ore we could e!ploit the available resource to achieve a better passband #latness and insulation amongst di##erent channels% &he adopted #ilter has => symmetric taps, an in(band #latness o# 7%7F d) p( p, and an out(o#(band re-ection o# <F d)% ,n particular, in order to achieve an insulation o# almost @7 d) 1< bit tap coe##icients have been used% Figure = shows the #ilterGs coe##icients graphically/

Figure ;0 ;5 filter<s coefficients

3.2

FFT

&he FF& engine processes real data stream #rom the eight legs o# the polyphase #ilter and provides si!teen comple! data stream o# which the latest eight represent the comple! con-ugate o# the #irst eight, thus we discard them% &he design employed is a division in time FF& processor composed o# #our stages% &he #irst has real inputs and no multipliers are used because twiddle #actors involved are -ust H 1% Dutputs also are real% &he second stage provides comple! outputs, but no multipliers are used because twiddle #actors involved are H i or H 1% &he third and #ourth stage per#orm the #inal calculations, twiddle #actors are computed employing a dedicated 0H.1 pac"age% Finally, a correction is needed because some sub(bands are reversed due to the double length o# the FF& processor% &here#ore an alternate multiplications #or ;1 and (1 is done #or the odd( numbered sub(channels to reverse bac" the #re'uency scale%

3.3

Results

,n #igure F Eynpli#y Premier synthesis results are shown/

Figure =0 synthesis report of the PFB 8o dedicated multipliers are used #or the polyphase #ilter because, with a 12< $Hz #re'uency cloc" and #i!ed coe##icients, multiplication can be calculated with logic resources% &he FF& engine needs 67 .EP><B (hard multiplier bloc"s, a little less than >7I o# the 12< available .EP, there#ore two PF) can be implemented into a single chip% ,t is possible to #urther optimize the design, reordering the FF& process in order to eliminate computations re'uired #or

the unused outputs and removing multipliers with unitary twiddle #actors% &he PF) has been implemented in the general #ramewor" o# the d))C control structure*>+, and tested using the digital(to(analog converter present in the system, con#irming the per#ormance achieved in the simulation% ,t is now available as a general purpose module, that can be integrated in larger designs%

onclusions and !uture "or#s

,n this paper we described a 612 $Hz polyphase #ilterban" with overlapping bands to overcome the problem o# the holes between ad-acent sub(band% &he system has been implemented on a 5ilin! 0irte! 6 15227 FPGA, that is contained into the Core2 boards o# the .igital )ase )and Converter(.))C % 3e are developing a 1 GHz PF) with the same con#iguration% ,n this case 12< .EP are not enough and an optimization o# the .EP resource usage is necessary% Finally, we are developing, #or the .))C, a particular spectrometer composed o# two(stage PF) in which the #irst is the system described in this paper and the second is a serial PF)% &he overall system will be part o# a scanning FF& spectrometer in which the #lat parts o# each band are achieved automatically avoiding waste o# resource%

Re!erences
*1+ Harris, Fredric J% 6ultirate signal processing for communication systems" Kpper Eaddle River, 8J/ Prentice Hall P&R% ,E)8 7(1?(1>=611(2 (277> *2+ G% Comoretto, A% Russo, G% &uccari/ ! /; channel FFT multiple)er" Arcetri &echnical Report 1( 277@ *?+ G% &uccari/ :BB' > a ?ideband :igital Base Band 'on%erter" ,0E 277> General $eeting proc%, 2?> (277> #tp/99ivscc%gs#c%nasa%gov9pub9general(meeting9277>9pd#9tuccari?%pd# *>+ G% Comoretto, G% &uccari/ @eference design for the :igital BB' !rchitecture% &echnical Report 2(277< Arcetri

Table o! contents
1 2 ? ?%1 ?%2 ?%? > ,ntroduction%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%? Algorithm description%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%? FPGA implementation%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%6 Polyphase Filter %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%6 FF&%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%= Results%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%F Conclusions and #uture wor"s%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%F

Re#erences%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%<