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Performance of LTE ADVANCED Uplink in a Flat Rayleigh Channel

Abstract. This paper describes the performance of LTE advanced uplink transmission in a at Rayleigh channel. The uplink is simulated using a modied version of the Vienna uplink link level matlab code simulator. This modied version supports two transmission antennas instead of one. Moreover, it includes two extra processes; layer mapping and precoding. In addition, the demodulation reference signal is presented and employed to allow channel estimation. In this paper, the structure of the LTE advanced system is described. Furthermore, we present generation of the demodulation reference signal. Four combinations of two distinct channel estimation and two signal detection methods are used to provide the simulation results of performance evaluation in term of the BER and throughput curves for selected scenarios.

high data rate wireless systems. Now MIMO is the main dierence between LTE and LTE advanced uplink. This technique which is applied on the uplink of LTE advanced makes user equipment (UE) able to send up to four multiple unique parts of data in the same radio channel, instead of one sent in LTE uplink transmission. LTE supports a maximum of one spatial layer per UE (1 2, assuming an eNodeB diversity receiver) whereas LTE-advanced (release 10) supports up to four spatial layers of transmission allowing the possibility of 4 4 transmissions in the uplink, when combined with four evolved NodeB (eNodeB) receiver antennas [2] [6]. In this paper we will discuss the performance of the (2 2) MIMO LTE advanced system using dierent combinations of channel estimation and signal detection.

The paper is structured as follows. In Section 2, the LTE advanced system, which consists of transmitter and receiver, is described. A description of a at BER, Flat Rayleigh, LTE advanced, LS, Rayleigh channel model for (2 2) MIMO system is MMSE, SSD, ZF. presented in Section 3. Section 4 introduces the demodulation reference signals used for channel estimation. Section 5 provides an outline of channel estimation and signal detection algorithms. Section 6 shows 1. Introduction performance results in terms of simulated coded bit error ratio (BER) and coded throughput over dierent The 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) Long combinations of channel estimation and signal detecTerm Evolution (LTE) Standard Release 10 [1], comtion. Finally, Section 7 concludes the paper. monly named as Long Term Evolution Advanced (LTE-A), is the next major milestone in the evolution of LTE (Release 8).

Keywords

This paper is a result of modifying the uplink link level matlab code simulator in order to support a new feature compared to LTE uplink link level simulator and fulll LTE-A requirements. This feature, enhanced Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) [2] [3] transmission, uses the Reference Signals (RS) that guarantee ecient receiving of data information. MIMO systems, which are deployed spatial multiplexing, have emerged as one of the most promising approaches for

2.

LTE Advanced System Model

In this chapter, we describe the LTE advanced uplink communication system [4]. Moreover, the dierences between LTE and LTE advanced system are mentioned. The structure of the transmitter is also presented depending on the 3GPP LTE advanced standard [1].

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2.1.

Transmitter

In the transmitter, appropriate information bits are generated and Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) bits are calculated and added. Then the output is segmented to the code blocks and followed by 1/3 rate turbo coder. After that, the sequences are adapted by a rate matching process for a nal suitable code rate. Moreover, the output of the rate matching is multiplexed and interleaved to get one stream of information data called codeword. All previous operations also happen in the LTE transmitter, but the LTE advanced transmitter can generate up to two dierent streams (codewords). This evaluation provides best in class performance attributes such as peak data rates and corresponding spectral eciencies, capacity, and quality of service management. On the other hand, it is the cause of overall network complexity.

and phase. This operation happens in resource elements mapper block after generating and pre-coding the reference signal. Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA) [6] is the best solution for the LTE advanced uplink due to the importance of low cubic metric and corresponding high power-amplier eciency. These are very important properties for user equipment because of the battery constraint on it as well as demanding construction of suciently linear power ampliers. In our simulation the transmitter consists of two codewords, two layers and two transmitter ports.

2.2.

Receiver

After reception of the signal corrupted by the wireless channel, the uplink receiver aims to minimize the undesirable eects caused by mobile communication environment, using dierent channel estimation techniques [7]. The signal is received and processed at the receiver with inverse order of blocks, comparing with the transmitter. The LTE advanced uplink receiver is designed with channel estimation and signal detection. Then the signal is decoded and CRC is calculated. If the signal is received correctly, the receiver sends an acknowledgment to the transmitter and calculates the available bit error rate and throughput. In the receiver, a channel estimation function measures the reference symbols, compares them with the corresponding transmitted ones and estimates the phase shift that the air interface introduced. The receiver then removes this phase shift from the information symbols, and recovers the information bits.

Fig. 1: LTE advanced system model.

There are two main dierences between the two LTE releases 10 and 8 [1] [5], which are shown in Fig. 1. These main dierences can be summarized in two additional blocks; layer mapper and precoding. The physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH) for LTE is represented with blue blocks. The LTE advanced transmitter contains both the white and blue blocks from the schematics.

3.

Radio Channel

Radio channel is a part of the communication link between the transmitter and the receiver and carries information in the form of electromagnetic waves. The radio channel is commonly characterized by scattering, attenuation, reection, refraction and fading [8]. Studying radio channels helps us make an imagination about rapid uctuations of radio signal amplitude over a period of time. The channel output y can be, in general, expressed by the convolution of a time-domain transmitted signal x with the channel impulse response h. The additive noise component n is also assumed to To retrieve the transmitted signal in the receiver, the be present [6]: transmitter inserts occasional reference symbols into the data stream, which have a pre-dened amplitude y = h x + n. (1) In the case of LTE advanced, up to two dierent streams (codewords) can be mapped into a number of layers, depending on the conguration of the layer mapper block. The layer mapper divides the complexvalued modulation symbols into one or several transmission layers (up to four layers). The second dierence is a pre-coding block which is responsible for more ecient transmission and provides higher link capacity and throughput.

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In this section, the basic structure of the uplink demodulation reference signal (DMRS) [1] [5] is described. DMRS is the most important component of channel estimation for ecient data reception. The LTE radio frame is 10 ms long and consists of 10 subframes of length 1 ms, each subframe contains 14 symbols as shown in Fig. 3. The exact position of the physical uplink shared channel DMRS (PUSCH DMRS) symbols in each uplink slot depends whether a normal or extended cyclic prex (CP) is used [1]. In the case For our LTE advanced system model with two trans- of uplink, the PUSCH demodulation reference signal mitters and two receiver antennas, the transmitted sig- is located in the fourth and eleventh symbols of each nals are (x1 , x2 ), received signals are (y1 , y2 ), AWGN uplink subframe if this channel has a normal cyclic prenoise signals are (n1 , n2 ) with the variance w and x and in the third and tenth symbols in the case of the MIMO channel matrix has the following elements extended cyclic prex [4]. In our case, we deal with (h11 , h12 , h21 , h22 ) for any discrete time sample. Af- normal cyclic prex (14 symbols into a subframe). ter taking these parameters into consideration we can model the MIMO channel using the simple matrix 4.1. Reference Signals for LTE equation: y1 y2 where x1 = {x1 (0), x1 (1), x1 (2), . . . , x1 (k 1)} , x2 = {x2 (0), x2 (1), x2 (2), . . . , x2 (k 1)} (4) h h = 11 12 h21 h22 x1 x2 n1 n2 To support a large number of user equipment, a huge () number of reference signal sequences ru, (n) [5] are generated. These sequences are dened by a cyclic shift and a base sequence ru, (n) according to the Eq. (5).
() RS ru, (n) = ejn ru, , 0 n < Msc ,

For the simplicity, this publication adopts a Flat Rayleigh channel model to describe the performance of the LTE advanced system. The Flat Rayleigh fading channel is the simplest Rayleigh channel which is used for narrowband transmissions over wireless and mobile communication channels. It is called at because it has a constant attenuation factor during the subframe time and the whole allocated bandwidth. In our simulation, the attenuation factor is described as a constant complex number for every symbol in the subframe. In other words, the same complex number is applied on each resource element (RE) within a subframe.

4.

Reference Signals

(2)

y1 = h11 x1 + h12 x2 + n1 , y2 = h21 x1 + h22 x2 + n2

(3)

(5)

and k is the length of the observed signal. Figure 2 describes the channel model used in our simulation.

where: u {0, 1, . . . , 29} is the group number; is RS the base sequence number within the group; Msc is the number of subcarriers in the reference signal. The cyclic shift in the slot ns is given as = 2ncs /12; ncs is dened by Eq. (6).

Fig. 3: Design of pilot pattern in a (2 2) MIMO SC-OFDM.

ncs = nDMRS + nDMRS + nPRS (ns ) mod12,

(1)

(2)

(6)

where the value of DMRS parameters (1) (2) nDMRS , nDMRS are given according to the table 5.5.2.1.1-2 in [5] and related to the cyclic shift

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parameter provided by a higher layer. nPRS (ns ) is UL calculated by the Eq. (7) [5], where Nsymb is the number of SC-FDMA symbols in an uplink slot; c(i) is a pseudo-random sequence.
7

5.

Channel Estimation and Signal Detection

Channel estimation is one of the fundamental issues which should be taken into consideration for LTE adUL nPRS (ns ) = c 8Nsymb ns + i 2i . (7) vanced system design. Channel estimation and signal i=0 detection are essential solutions to recover the transmitted signal with minimum interference. Channel esThe demodulation reference signal sequence in LTE timation uses superimposed training sequences or pilot RS system rPUSCH mMsc + n for PUSCH is dened by symbols to calculate the channel matrix. There are the Eq. (8) [5]. m = 1, 2 is a slot number in the sub- dierent techniques of channel estimation; two of them will be presented later. frame.
RS () rPUSCH mMsc + n = ru, (n).

(8)

4.2.

In this section, we present two typical approaches of channel estimation that can be used for block type All previous DMRS equations consider only user equip- pilots [7], known as least square (LS) and minimum ment (UE) with a single transmit antenna. In LTE ad- mean-square error (MMSE) [9] [10]. vanced multiple transmit antennas are used, so DRMS Least square (LS) channel estimation is the simplest should be enhanced to meet new requirements. The technique of channel estimation characterized by low solution for this development is generating multiple complexity. It estimates the channel response by comorthogonal reference signals using dierent phase roputing the division between received and transmitted tations cyclic shifts (CSs). To provide mechanisms of symbols. The drawback of this approach is that the orthogonally multiple DMRS transmission in MIMO estimated symbols suer from a high mean square erspatial multiplexing schemes, LTE advanced denes () ror. This algorithm minimizes ||XHest Y||2 which deDMRSs rPUSCH (.) associated with layer {1, 2, 3, 4} scribes the distance between the received signal before [1]: and after the estimation. Y is a frequency-domain received pilot signal; X is a frequency-domain transmit() RS ( ) rPUSCH mMsc + n = () (m)ru, (n). (9) ted pilot signal; H is a frequency-domain estimated est channel matrix. The LS channel estimation algorithm The whole process of two layers demodulation refer- is based on Eq. (11) [10]: ence signals generation depicts the Fig. 3. If we com1 Hest = HLS = XH X XH Y , (11) pare between the Eq. (5) and Eq. (9), we can distinguish two main dierences between DMRS in the LTE where ()H denotes the hermitian transposition. and the LTE advanced. The rst one is the orthogonal sequence () (m) given in the table 5.5.2.1.1-1 The minimum mean square error (MMSE) estima[1] which separates the generated DRMS signal in two tor gives better results than the LS estimator regardslots of one subframe. The second one is ncs, gener- ing mean square error. This estimation is based on ated by the Eq. (10) [1]. the block type pilot arrangement. The major disadvantage of the MMSE estimation is its high complex(1) (2) ncs, = nDMRS + nDMRS, + nPN (ns ) mod12. (10) ity, which grows exponentially with a number of observations. This algorithm minimizes E {||H Hest ||2 } which describes the distance between the received sigThe main dierence between the Eq. (6) and Eq. (10) nal before and after the estimation. H is a channel (2) is nDMRS, parameter which changes its value between matrix in frequency-domain. The MMSE channel estilayers to generate multiple orthogonal reference sig- mation algorithm is based on the Eq. (12) [10]. 1 nals using dierent phase rotations (cyclic shifts). This 2 Hest = HM M SE = Rh,hp Rhp ,hp + w I HLS , (12) means that Cyclic Shifts (CSs) of the DMRS base sequence are used to generate the DMRSs for the dier- where Rhp ,hp is the autocorrelation matrix of the chanent layers. In addition to CSs as we mention, orthog- nel at the pilot symbol positions; Rh,hp is the cross coronal cover codes (OCC) is used to get two dierent relation matrix between the channel at the data symbol reference signals with in a subframe. positions and the channel at the pilot symbol position

Reference Signals for LTE Advanced

As previously described, the pilot symbols are inserted periodically over the whole bandwidth. Therefore, block type pilot based channel estimation is an appropriate estimation method for the physical uplink signal in the LTE advanced system.

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and I is the identity matrix. Now for the case of the block-type pilot channel estimation Rhp ,hp = Rh,hp . Equation (12) can be modied as:
2 I Hest = HM M SE = Rhp ,hp Rhp ,hp + w 1

HLS .

(13)

After estimating and calculating the channel matrix, the transmitted signal should be recovered from the received one. There are many signal detection techniques. In this publication, a zero forcing (ZF) and soft sphere detections are mentioned.

Zero-forcing (ZF) detection is the simplest signal detection technique. The detection matrix G is given by the pseudo-inverse of Hest . The disadvantage of this technique is unconsidered correlation between the transmitter (user equipment) and the receiver (eNodeB), which leads to the highest error calculation. The simulation results are described as a relation The ZF method cannot totally remove the inter-stream interference. It is less complex compared to the other between Bit Error Rate (BER) and Signal to Noise techniques. More information about the ZF can be Ratio (SNR). Furthermore, LTE advanced uplink performance in terms of UE throughput is presented. In found in [11]. our simulation two estimators (LS and MMSE) and deSoft Sphere detection (SSD): The main goal behind tection schemes (ZF and SSD) are employed. Dierent the SSD algorithm is to reduce the number of candidate combinations of channel estimation and signal detecsymbol vectors during the codeword search. It is more tion techniques are applied to compare between the complex than the ZF, but it gives better performance performance of (2 2) MIMO and single input single results. More information about SSD can be found in output (SISO) systems. [12]. In order to verify the performance of the LTE advanced system, we used dierent channel quality indicators (CQIs). For more details, we summarized the 6. Simulation and Results simulation parameters in the Tab. 1. All the results were obtained by modifying the LTE uplink link level simulator developed at the Institute Tab. 1: Simulation parameters. of Communications and Radio Frequency Engineering Parameters (INTHFT), Vienna University of Technology [13]. The LTE uplink link level simulator is one layer simulator. The structure of its transmitter corresponds to the blue blocks in the Fig. 1. The transmitter generates the data for given channel quality indicators (CQIs) [14], Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) and number of subframes. In our case, thousand data subframes were generated to get more accurate simulation results. The CQI value gives us two kinds of information which are related to modulation order (4QAM, 16QAM, or 64QAM) and Eective Code Rate (ECR). These data are transmitted over the radio channel model. In the receiver, the channel estimation and signal detection take place to retrieve the original transmitted signal. Then the signal is decoded to generate an acknowledgment (ACK/NACKs) that is sent back to the transmitter. In LTE original uplink link level simulator [13], perfect channel knowledge is exploited and zeros are used instead of reference signals.

tions are made to support new features of LTE advanced. These modications can be clearly described in both transmitter and receiver. In the transmitter, two codewords instead of one are generated. Then two additional stages (layer mapper and pre-coding) are implemented to deal with two streams and two layers and provide more ecient receiving of the signal. After that we also generate demodulation reference signals for LTE advanced which are described in Section 4. All features of DMRS signal are taken into consideration. In the receiver, the reverse functions of the transmitter stages take place. Some modications are done to t a modied version of the transmitter. Moreover, estimation and detection techniques are modied to allow the application of (2 2) MIMO. This modication can be summarized in received signal ltering for both antennas to extract two transmitted signals, separately.

Bandwidth FFT size (N) Number of data subcarriers(Ntot) CP length Subcarrier spacing Transmission setting Channel model Channel estimator Detector Channel quality indicator Modulation schemes

Values 1,4 MHz 128 72 normal [1] 15 kHz 22 Flat Rayleigh LS, MMSE ZF, SSD 6, 9, 15 4QAM 16QAM 64QAM

The results of simulations obtained with the modied LTE simulator supporting the LTE advanced features with the parameters setup according to Tab. 1 are shown in the Fig. 4 to Fig. 9. All the gures show that the best results are achieved when we used the MMSE and SSD combination, but it makes the system The modied version has the same basic structure more complex. For lower complexity but suboptimal of LTE uplink link level simulation. Some modica- results, the LS and ZF combination can be used.

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tector results in the relaxing of SNR requirements for given xed BER for both considered estimators. For the same target BER = 2 102 the system with SSD requires 6 dB lower SNR for CQI = 6, 5 dB lower SNR for CQI = 9 and 4 dB lower SNR for CQI = 15 than the system using the ZF detector.

Fig. 4: Bit Error Ratio using 4QAM modulation for dierent combinations of the estimator and detector.

Figure 4, Fig. 5 and Fig. 6 show BER results for dierent CQI values. Seen from the point of view of used modulations, the gures describe the bit error rate for dierent modulation schemes (4QAM, 16QAM and 64QAM) respectively. In the three gures the black curve shows the LTE (SISO) uplink performance using a combination of least square (LS) and zero forcing techniques (ZF) [13]. The other curves give us an insight on the performance of the LTE advanced system with various combination of channel estimation and signal detection techniques.

Fig. 6: Bit Error Ratio using 64QAM modulation for dierent combinations of the estimator and detector.

These curves also compare (2 2) MIMO transmission with a single input single output SISO one [13]. To evaluate the (2 2) MIMO transmission we present four combinations of channel estimation and signal detection. To achieve approximately the same bit error rate using a combination of LS and ZF in SISO transmission, MMSE and ZF combination should be applied during (2 2) MIMO transmission. The bit error rate for (2 2) MIMO transmission can be improved using more complex combinations (LS SSD and MMSE SSD) which were introduced in Section 5.

Fig. 5: Bit Error Ratio using 16QAM modulation for dierent combinations of the estimator and detector.

In terms of BER, the MMSE estimator slightly overcomes the performance of the LS estimator for all three CQI values and both signal detectors. For example of target BER = 2 102 the required SNR diers by approximately 34 dB for CQI = 6 and by 12 dB for Fig. 7: Throughput curves using 4QAM modulation for dierent combinations of the estimator and detector. CQI = 9 and 15. The use of SSD instead of the ZF de-

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Figure 7, Fig. 8 and Fig. 9 present the throughput performance results as a function of SNR for dierent CQI values. As for the BER case, the black curves depict the LTE uplink throughput using a combination of least square and zero force techniques [13]. The other curves show the throughput of LTE advanced system with various combinations of channel estimation and signal detection techniques. Apparently the achievable throughput increases with SNR. The throughput performance for the CQI = 6 is illustrated in Fig. 7. In the case of 4QAM modulation (i.e. the CQI = 6), and the combination of LS and ZF method, the value of throughput for MIMO enabled overcomes the case of SISO for the SNR higher than 9 dB. Other combinations of channel estimation and signal detection with MIMO transmission give us higher throughput performance than SISO with ZF Fig. 9: Throughput curves using 64QAM modulation for a different combination of the estimator and detector. and LS even for SNR equal to 3 dB. Above 18 dB of SNR the LTE advanced performance is approximately doubled comparing with the LTE throughput.

7.

Conclusion

This article gives a brief overview and description of the concepts of the LTE advanced system, its structure and the performance achievable using its MIMO conguration. In this paper we describe the extension of LTE Release 8 system by a (2 2) MIMO scenario of LTE advanced. We used a Flat Rayleigh channel model to simulate the performance of the system with dierent CQI congurations. Two channel estimation and signal detection techniques were presented. In order to perform the simulations, the LTE uplink link simulator was modied by implementing the basic LTE advanced MIMO features. The result shows the superior performance of the (2 2) MIMO LTE advanced system over the LTE with SISO conguration. The performance depends on the used channel estimation and signal detection techniques.
Fig. 8: Throughput curves using 16QAM modulation for dierent combinations of the estimator and detector.

For future work, this research can be extended by evaluating the enhanced multi-antenna transmission technique performance in other channels like PedA, PedB, VehA and VehB. In addition, more complex Figure 8 compares the LTE and LTE advanced MIMO scenarios, including multi-user arrangements throughput performance for CQI = 9. The maxi- can be considered. mum value of 4 Mbps for the SNR above 26 dB can be achieved in this case. In the case of using the simple LS and ZF combination, the MIMO system should be enabled for the SNR above 14 dB in order to be Acknowledgment benecial. The last results for the CQI = 15 and thus the 64QAM modulation are present in Figure 9. The MMSE estimator shows slightly better performance than LS estimator especially for lower SNR conditions (below 24 dB). This SNR value also delimits the usefulness of the (2 2) MIMO modes in comparison with the SISO system. This paper was supported by the internal project FEKT-S-11-12 MOBYS. The research has been performed in the laboratories of the SIX research center, reg. no. CZ.1.05/2.1.00/03.0072. The support of the project CZ.1.07/2.3.00/20.0007 WICOMT, the operational program Education for Competitiveness, is also gratefully acknowledged.

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About Authors
Edward KASEM received his Master degree in electrical engineering at the Tishreen University in Syria in 2010. At present, he is a Ph.D. student at the Department of Radio Electronics, Brno University of Technology. His research interests are mobile communication systems based on OFDM.

[7] NIRANJANE, V. B. and D. B. BHOYAR. Performance analysis of dierent channel estimation techniques. In: International Conference on Recent Trends in Information Technology (ICRTIT), 2011. Chennai, Tamil Nadu: IEEE, 2011, pp. 74 78. ISBN 978-1-4577-0588-5. DOI: 10.1109/ICR- Roman MARSALEK graduated at the Brno TIT.2011.5972481. University of Technology in 1999 and received the doctoral degree from Universite de Marne-LaVallee, [8] TRANTER, William H. Principles of communicaEcole Superieure dIngenieurs en Electronique et tion systems simulation with wireless applications. Electrotechnique de Paris de Paris, France in 2003. Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall, 2003. ISBN He is currently assistant professor at the Department 01-349-4790-8. of Radio Electronics, Brno University of Technology [9] KEWEN, L. and X. KE. Research of MMSE in the Czech Republic. His research interests are in and LS channel estimation in OFDM systems. In: wireless communications theory and applied digital 2nd International Conference on Information Sci- signal processing. ence and Engineering (ICISE), 2010. Hangzhou: IEEE, 2010, pp. 23082311. ISBN 978-1-4244- Jiri BLUMENSTEIN received his Master de7616-9. DOI: 10.1109/ICISE.2010.5688562. gree in electrical engineering from the Brno University

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of Technology in 2009. At present, he is a Ph.D. student at the Department of Radio Electronics, Brno University of Technology.

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