PROJECT REPORT

DESIGN & ANALYSIS OF MULTI STORED BUILDING

INTRODUCTION
The basic needs o h!"an bein#s a$e Food% she&'e$ and c&o'hin#( A"on# )hich he #i*es +$e e$ence 'o 'he ',+e o she&'e$ he needs( In 'he o&d da,s% he )as UN-ci*i&i.ed and &i*ed in na'!$a& ho!ses &i/e ca*es and '$ees( The $a+id ind!s'$ia&i.a'ion and +o+!&a'ion had #i*en $ise 'o ac!'e s'o$a#e o ho!sin# es+ecia&&, in !$ban and "e'$o+o&i'an a$eas )he$e 'he densi', o +o+!&a'ion inc$eases da, b, da,% de"ands an e,e o$ ho!sin# a' a &a$#e sca&e( 0S&o)&, and s&o)&,1% 'he, inc$eased 'hei$ /no)&ed#e o cons'$!c'in# 'hei$ ho!ses( The, "ade )ooden ho!ses( In so"e ,ea$s 'he, be#an 'o cons'$!c' 'he Fo$'s% To"b2s% B!i&din#s e'c( The a$' o b!i&din# cons'$!c'ion is no' ne) 'o 'his co!n'$,( 3i'h de*e&o+"en' o ci*i&i.a'ion and En#inee$in# 'echno&o#, During 20th century, Man has b!i&' "os' "ode$n b!i&din#s% no' on&, o$ Residen'ia& +!$+oses b!' a&so o$ B!siness Ed!ca'ion Rec$ea'iona& Asse"b&, +!$+oses( 4e cons'$!c'ed 'he B!i&din#s )hich co!&d se$*e F!nc'ion and sa'is , a&& ',+e o co" o$'s )hich he $e5!i$ed and a&so #ood A$chi'ec'!$a& a++ea$ance( The ac'o$s in &!encin# 'he cons'$!c'ion o "!&'is'o$ied b!i&din#s a$e 'he cos' o &and% )a'e$ s!++&,% sani'a$, sche"es and e&ec'$ici', +o)e$( 3hich +$obab&, $e5!i$es his s'a'es 6i(e(7 +$o+e$ si'e% #ood o$ien'a'ion% +&annin#% desi#n o b!i&din#( So% 'ha' 'he cons'$!c'ion )o$/ can be done s,s'e"a'ica&&,% sa e&, and econo"ica&&,( Fo$ co"+&e'ion o )o$/ in a sa'is ac'o$, "anne$% 'he b!i&din# +$o8ec' is c&assi ied in'o 'h$ee ',+es( 9( A$chi'ec'!$a& )o$/( :( Desi#n )o$/( ;( E<ec!'ion )o$/(

CBIT
PROJECT REPORT

OSMANIA UNI=ERSITY
DESIGN & ANALYSIS OF MULTI STORED BUILDING

M!&'is'o$ied b!i&din#s a$e c&assi ied based on ')o c$i'e$ia 9( Acco$din# 'o code( :( B$oad C&assi ica'ion(

1. BUILDING IN GENERAL:
B!i&din# is de ined as a s'$!c'!$e o$ )ha'soe*e$ +!$+ose and o )ha'soe*e$ Ma'e$ia& cons'$!c'ed and e*e$, +a$e 'he$e o )he'he$ !sed as 4!"an habi'a'ion o$ no' and inc&!des Fo!nda'ion% P&in'h% 3a&&s% F&oo$% Chi"ne,s% +&!"bin# and b!i&din# se$*ices% i<ed +&a' o$"s *e$andah% ba&con, co$nice 6o$ +$o8ec'ion7% and si#n and o!'doo$ dis+&a, s'$!c'!$e( B$oad&, s+ea/in#% b!i&din# consis's o 'h$ee co"+onen's% na"e&, 697 Fo!nda'ion 6:7 P&in'h 6;7 S!+e$s'$!c'!$e( 9( FOUNDATION> I' is 'he &o)es' a$'i icia&&, +$e+a$ed +a$'% be&o) 'he s!$ ace o 'he s!$$o!ndin# #$o!nd% )hich is in di$ec' con'ac' )i'h s'$!c'!$e and '$ans"i's a&& 'he &oads 'o 'he s!bsoi&( :( PLINT4> I' is 'he "idd&e +a$' o 'he s'$!c'!$e% abo*e 'he s!$ ace o 'he s!$$o!ndin# #$o!nd !+ 'o 'he s!$ ace a' 'he &oo$ 6i(e( F&oo$ &e*e&7% i""edia'e&, abo*e 'he #$o!nd( ;( SUPER STRUCTURE> The +a$' o 'he s'$!c'!$e cons'$!c'ed abo*e 'he +&in'h &e*e& 6o$ G$o!nd F&oo$ &e*e&7 is 'e$"ed as s!+e$ s'$!c'!$e( B!i&din#s a$e #ene$a&&, c&assi ied on 'he basis o occ!+anc, and ',+es o cons'$!c'ion( Based on Occ!+anc, b!i&din#s a$e Residen'ia&% Ed!ca'iona&% Ins'i'!'iona& s'o$a#e e'c(

1.1 Building Cla i!icati"n: Acco$din# 'o 'he na'iona& b!i&din# code o India 9?@A% 'he b!i&din# on 'he basis o occ!+anc, a$e c&assi ied in'o 'he o&&o)in# #$o!+s> Gr"u# A$re idential Building: A&& 'he b!i&din#s in )hich s&ee+in# acco""oda'ion is +$o*ided o$ $esidin# 6o$ d)e&&in#7 +e$"anen'&, o$ 'e"+o$a$i&, )i'h o$ )i'ho!' coo/in# o$ dinin# o$ bo'h aci&i'ies a$e 'e$"ed as $esiden'ia& b!i&din#% o$ e<a"+&e a+a$'"en's% &a's% B!n#a&o)s% do$"i'o$ies% +$i*a'e ho!ses% ho'e&% hos'e&s e'c( Gr"u# B$Educati"nal Building> A&& 'hose b!i&din#s )hich a$e "ean' o$ a n!$se$, 6o$ +$i"a$, schoo&7 'o 'he Uni*e$si', a$e inc&!ded in a #$o!+ o e<a"+&es schoo&s% co&&e#es% !ni*e$si',% '$ainin# ins'i'!'es% e'c(% 'hese b!i&din#s +$o*ide aci&i'ies &i/e c&ass $oo"s% s'a cabins% d$a)in# $oo"s% &abo$a'o$ies% ad"inis'$a'i*e b&oc/s% asse"b&, ha&&s o$ ed!ca'ion o$ $ec$ea'ion% &ib$a$,% #,"nasi!" e'c( Gr"u# C$Indu trial Building: This #$o!+s inc&!des an, b!i&din#s )hich a$e !sed o$ 'he +!$+ose s!ch as "edica&% hea&'h% $eco*e$in# a 'e$ i&&ness% ca$e o In an's o$ a#ed +e$sons e'c(% 'he b!i&din#s no$"a&&, +$o*ided s&ee+in# acco""oda'ion o$ 'he occ!+an's( Gr"u# D$A e%&ly Building : This #$o!+ inc&!des an, b!i&din# o$ +a$' o a b!i&din# )he$e #$o!+ o +eo+&e asse"b&e o$ #a'he$ o$ a"!se"en'% $ec$ea'ion% socia&% $e&i#io!s% +a'$io'ic o$ si"i&a$ +!$+oses o$ e<a"+&e 'hea'e$s% asse"b&, ha&&s% a!di'o$i!"% e<hibi'ion ha&&s $es'a!$an's e'c( Gr"u# E$Bu ine Building > This #$o!+ inc&!des an, b!i&din# o$ +a$' o b!i&din# )hich is !sed o$ +!$+oses s!ch as '$ansac'ions o b!siness% /ee+in# o acco!n's and $e+o$'s e'c(% dis+ensa$ies and c&inics% ban/s% co!$' ho!ses% &ib$a$ies e'c(

Gr"u# '$Bu ine (ercantile Building : This #$o!+ inc&!des an, b!i&din# o$ +a$' o a b!i&din# )hich is !sed as sho+% s'o$es% "a$/e' o$ sa&es and dis+&a,s o +$od!c's o$ )a$es ei'he$ )ho&e sa&e $e'ai&(

Gr"u# G$Bu ine Indu trial Building> This #$o!+ inc&!des an, b!i&din# o$ +a$' o a b!i&din# in )hich +$od!c's o di e$en' /inds o +$o+e$'ies a$e ab$ica'ed% asse"b&ed o$ +$ocessed o$ e<a"+&e &abo$a'o$ies% asse"b&e +&an's% +o)e$ +&an's% $e ine$ies% dai$ies e'c( Gr"u# )$*t"rage Building : This #$o!+ inc&!des 'hose b!i&din# s'$!c'!$es )hich a$e +$i"a$i&, !sed o$ 'he s'o$a#e o$ she&'e$in# o #oods% )a*es o$ "e$chandise o$ e<a"+&e )a$e ho!ses% co&d s'o$a#e2s '$ansi' sheds% #a$a#es e'c( Gr"u# I$+r"tected Building > This #$o!+ inc&!des 'hose b!i&din# s'$!c'!$es% )hich a$e !sed o$ s'o$a#e% hand&in#% "an! ac'!$e o$ +$ocessin# o "a'e$ia&s )hich a$e &iab&e 'o b!" )i'h e<'$e"e $a+idi', and +$o*e ha.a$do!s 'o hea&'h% b!i&din# o$ b!i&din# con'en's( 1.2 Re idential Building> A&& 'hose b!i&din#s in )hich s&ee+in# acco""oda'ion is +$o*ided o$ $esidin# 6o$ d)e&&in#7 +e$"anen'&, o$ 'e"+o$a$i&, )i'h o$ )i'ho!' coo/in# o$ dinnin# o$ bo'h aci&i'ies a$e 'e$"ed as $esiden'ia& b!i&din#s% o$ e<a"+&e a+a$'"en's% &a's% B!n#a&o)s% do$"i'o$ies% +$i*a'e ho!ses% hos'e&s% hos'e&s e'c(

A d)e&&in# !ni' "a, be one o 'he o&&o)in# ',+es> I( II( III( I=( =( De'ached ho!ses Se"i De'ached ho!ses Te$$ace ho!se !ni' F&a' D!+&e< a+a$'"en's

I( Detached )"u e> A de'ach is 'he choice o e*e$, indi*id!a&% +&easin# e ec' is achie*ed i 'he a++$oach $o" 'he "ain $oad is /e+' o+en and &i#h' and $esh ai$ &o) is !nin'e$$!+'ed b, ences and )a&&s( I +$o+e$ coo$dina'ion )i'h ad8oinin# ho!ses is done each ho!se )o!&d +$esen' se+a$a'e aes'he'ic +$esen'a'ion(

II( *e%i Detached )"u e> This ',+e o cons'$!c'ion has 'he ad*an'a#es o a se+a$a'e !ni' as )e&& as $ed!c'ion in 'he cos' o cons'$!c'ion as ')o d)e&&in# !ni'2s ha*e a co""on en'$ance and s'ai$case( Addi'iona& !ni's in con'in!i',( III( ,errace )"u ing Unit> The "ain ad*an'a#e o 'e$$ace is 'he sa*in# o 'he s+ace( This ',+e o cons'$!c'ion is an i"+$o*e"en' o*e$ 'he se"ide'ached !ni'( A 'e$$ace !ni' is a $o) o 'h$ee o$ "o$e d)e&&in# !ni' in con'in!i',( I=( 'lat > A d)e&&in# is se+a$a'ed $o" ano'he$ b, ho$i.on'a& di*ision( In case o con*en'iona& #$o!+ ho!sin# 'he se+a$a'ion is achie*ed b, *e$'ica& di*ision o$ +a$'i'ions( =( Du#le- A#art%ent > These a$e &i*in# s+aces a' ')o o$ "o$e &e*e&s( The, can be had in de'ached% se"i-de'ached o$ in "!&'is'o$ied b!i&din#s )he$e co$$ido$s can be +$o*ided in a&'e$na'e &oo$s(

B$oad&, "!&'i-s'o$ed b!i&din# ha*e been c&assi ied in'o 'h$ee ',+es> i( ii( iii( Loca& bea$in# cons'$!c'ion Co"+osi'e cons'$!c'ion F$a"ed cons'$!c'ion

F$a"ed cons'$!c'ion can be ei'he$ )i'h s'ee& o$ $ein o$ced conc$e'e( The i$s' "e'hod has #o' 'he &i"i'a'ion 'ha' )i&& be econo"ica& on&, !+ 'o : 'o ; s'o$,( 3i'h co"+osi'e cons'$!c'ion 'echni5!e% 'he econo", is achie*ed e*en i 'he n!"be$ o &oo$s #oes !+ 'o B( A b!i&din# )i'h C s'o$ies o$ "o$e had 'o be dea&' )i'h $a"ed ',+e o cons'$!c'ion( AD.AN,AGE* /' 'RA(ED C/N*,RUC,I/N /.ER /,)ER ,0+E* 9( Dead &oad on o!nda'ion is &ess d!e 'o $ed!c'ion on 'he )a&& 'hic/ness( Cons'$!c'ion is as'e$( :( F&oo$ a$ea is "o$e d!e 'o $ed!c'ion in 'hic/ness o 'he )a&&( ;( G$ea'e$ easibi&i', in $es+ec' o > a7 Loca'ion and si.e o )indo)s( b7 Loca'ion o #&a.in# a$ea is ob'ained( D( In'e$io$ +a$'i'ion )a&& can be inde+enden' o doo$s on 'he &oo$s abo*e and be&o)% 'h!s +e$"i''in# 'hei$ $e"o*a& o s!i' *a$,in# $e5!i$e"en's o$ chan#e in 'he 'endenc,( The s'$!c'!$e is desi#ned based on 'he 'heo$, o &i"i' s'a'e "e'hod% )hich +$o*ides ade5!a'e s'$en#'h% se$*iceabi&i', and d!$abi&i', besides econo",(

DE*IGNING:
Desi#nin# o s'$!c'!$es is an a$' and science o desi#nin# a sa e% d!$ab&e and e&e#an' s'$!c'!$e )i'h econo",( This no' on&, $e5!i$es i"a#ina'ion b!' a&so a #ood /no)&ed#e o science o desi#nin# besides +$ac'ica& as+ec's% &i/e 'he $e&e*an' codes and &oca& "!nici+a& b, &a)s )i'h e<+e$ience and 8!d#"en'( The desi#n s'$!c'!$e o +&annin# o 'he s'$!c'!$e% 'o "ee' 'he $e5!i$e"en's o 'he !ses( The !nc'iona& $e5!i$e"en's o 'he s'$!c'!$e and 'he aes'he'ics a$e &oo/ed a 'e$ b, 'he a$chi'ec's )he$e as 'he $e5!i$e"en's o sa e',% se$*iceabi&i',% d!$abi&i', and econo", a$e 'a/en ca$e o b, s'$!c'!$a& En#inee$(

*,AGE* IN *,RUC,URAL DE*IGN:

The *a$io!s s'a#es in*o&*ed in 'he desi#n can be s!""a$i.ed o 'he a$chi'ec'( i( S'$!c'!$a& +&annin# ii( Es'i"a'ion o &oad iii( Ana&,sis o 'he s'$!c'!$e i*( Desi#n o 'he "e"be$s *( D$a)in# and +$e+a$a'ion o sched!&es

*,RUC,URAL +LANNING:
The +&annin# o s'$!c'!$e in*o&*es de'e$"ina'ion o 'he o$" o 'he s'$!c'!$e %'he "a'e$ia&s 'o be !sed% 'he s'$!c'!$a& s,s'e"% 'he &a,o!'s o i's co"+onen's% 'he "e'hod o ana&,sis and 'he +hi&oso+h, o s'$!c'!$a& desi#n(

1/R2ING *,RE** (E,)/D /' DE*IGN:

I' is 'he ea$&ies' "odi ied "e'hod o RCC s'$!c'!$es( In 'his "e'hod s'$!c'!$a& e&e"en' is so desi#ned 'ha' 'he s'$ess $es!&'in# $o" 'he ca!'ion o se$*ice &oad as co"+!'ed in &inea$ e&as'ic 'heo$, !sin# "od!&a$ $a'io conce+' does no' e<ceed +$eassi#ned a&&o)ab&e s'$ess )hich is /e+' as so"e $ac'ion o !&'i"a'e s'$ess% 'o a*ai& a "a$#in o sa e',( Since 'his "e'hod does no' !'i&i.e !&& s'$en#'h 'he "a'e$ia& is $es!&'s in hea*, sec'ion% 'he econo", as+ec' canno' be !&&, !'i&i.ed in 'he "e'hod( ULTIMATE STRENGT4 MET4OD OF DESIGN> This "e'hod is +$i"a$i&, based on s'$en#'h conce+'( In 'his "e'hod 'he s'$!c'!$a& e&e"en' is +$o+o$'ioned 'o )i'hs'and 'he !&'i"a'e &oad% )hich is ob'ained b, enhancin# 'he se$*ice &oad o so"e ac'o$% $e e$$ed 'o as &oad ac'o$ o$ #i*in# desi$ed "a$#in o sa e',( This "e'hod is based on ac'!a& s'$ess Es'$ain beha*io$ o 'he "a'e$ia&% o 'he "e"be$ as )e&& as o 'he s'$!c'!$e 'ha' 'oo $i#h' !+ 'o ai&!$e% 'he *a&!es ca&c!&a'ed b, 'his "e'hod a#$ees )e&& )i'h 'he e<+e$i"en'a& $es!&'(

D!$in# 'he +as' se*e$a& ,ea$s% e<'ensi*e $esea$ch )o$/s ha*e been ca$$ied on 'he di e$en' as+ec's o !&'i"a'e s'$en#'h o 'he "e"be$s ai&in# in &e<!$e% shea$ o$ 'ension( The $es!&' o 'he $esea$ch in 'he ac'!a& beha*io$ o 'he "e"be$ and 'he s'$!c'!$e ha*e &ead 'o 'he de*e&o+"en' o desi#n and a++$oach o 0LIMIT STATE MET4OD OF DESIGN LIMIT STATE CONCEPT1( In &i"i' s'a'e "e'hod% 'he )o$/ed &oad is "!&'i+&ied b, +a$'ia& sa e', ac'o$s in acco$dance )i'h c&a!se ;B(DF9 o IS DBC-9?@G and a&so 'he !&'i"a'e s'$en#'h o 'he "a'e$ia& is di*ided b, 'he +a$'ia& sa e', )i'h 'he c&a!se ;C(D(:(9 o IS DBC-:AAA( Pa$'ia& sa e', ac'o$ )as in'$od!ced 'o $ed!ce 'he +$obabi&i', o ai&!$e 'o abo!' .e$o( 3hen a s'$!c'!$e o$ a +a$' o a s'$!c'!$e beco"es !n i' o$ !se% i' is said 'o ha*e a &i"i' s'a'e%i' can a$ise in *a$io!s )a,s and ai" o &i"i' s'a'e "e'hod o desi#n is 'o +$o*ide an acce+'ab&e +$obabi&i', 'ha' a s'$!c'!$e )i&& no' $each an, o 'hei$ &i"i' s'a'e d!$in# i's se$*ice &i e s+an( Li"i' s'a'e can be b$oad&, c&assi ied in 'o : "ain ca'e#o$ies( 1. Li%it tate "! c"lla# e> I' is 'he &i"i' s'a'e on a''ain"en' o )hich 'he s'$!c'!$e is &i/e&, 'o co&&a+se( I' $e&a'es 'o s'abi&i', and s'$en#'h o 'he s'$!c'!$e( Desi#n 'o 'his &i"i' s'a'e ens!$es sa e', o s'$!c'!$e $o" co&&a+se( 2. Li%it *tate "! er3icea&ility> I' $e&a'es 'o +e$ o$"ance o$ beha*io$ o s'$!c'!$e a' )o$/in# &oads and is based on ca!ses a ec'in# se$*iceabi&i', o 'he s'$!c'!$e( This &i"i' s'a'e is conce$ned )i'h c$ac/in# and de &ec'ion o 'he s'$!c'!$e(

DE*IGN +RINCI+LE*, A**U(+,I/N* AND N/,A,I/N* A**U(ED:

The no'a'ions ado+'ed 'h$o!#ho!' 'he )o$/ a$e sa"e as in IS DBC9?@G

A**U(+,I/N* IN DE*IGN
Usin# +a$'ia& sa e', ac'o$s o$ &oads in acco$dance )i'h c&a!se ;B(D o IS DBC-:AAA As RF H 9(B

 Pa$'ia& sa e', ac'o$ o$ "a'e$ia& s'$en#'h in acco$dance )i'h c&a!se ;B(D(: o IS DBC E:AAA is 'a/en as 9(B o$ conc$e'e and 9(9B o$ s'ee& Densi', o "a'e$ia& !sed in acco$dance )i'h $e e$ *.N/ 9( :( ;( D( B(

(aterial
P&ain Conc$e'e Rein o$ced ce"en' conc$e'e F&oo$in# "a'e$ia& 6C(M7 B$ic/ "ason$, F&a, Ash

Den ity
:D INF"; :B INF"; :A INF"; :: INF"; B INF";

Desi#n cons'an'> Usin# M9B and Fe D9B #$ade o conc$e'e and s'ee& $es+ec'i*e&, o$ bea" s&ab and oo'in# cons'$!c'ion and M:A and Fe D9B #$ade conc$e'e and s'ee& $es+ec'i*e&, o$ co&!"ns( The$e o$e Fc/> Cha$ac'e$is'ic s'$en#'h o$ conc$e'e Fo$ M9B-9BNF"": Fo$ M:A-:ANF"": Fi> Cha$ac'e$is'ic s'$en#'h o$ s'ee& Fo$ Fe D9B-D9BNF"":

ASSUPTION RECORDING DESIGN>

i( ii( S&ab is ass!"ed 'o be con'in!o!s o*e$ in'e$io$ s!++o$' and +a$'ia&&, i<ed on ed#es% d!e 'o "ono&i'hic cons'$!c'ion and d!e 'o 'he cons'$!c'ion o )a&&s o*e$ i'( Bea"s a$e ass!"ed con'in!o!s o*e$ in'e$io$ s!++o$' and 'he, $a"ed in 'o co&!"n a' ends(

*AILEN, 'EA,URE*
9(U'i&i', o B!i&din# :( No( o s'o$, ;( No( o s'ai$ Cases Residen'ia& GJB 9

D( No( o &i 's B( T,+e o cons'$!c'ion C( T,+e o )a&&s

9 R(C(C F$a"ed s'$!c'!$e B$ic/ )a&&s

GI/(E,RIC DE,AIL*:
F&oo$ 4ei#h' 4ei#h' o P&in'h De+'h o o!nda'ion ;(: " A(D" abo*e GL :(99" be&o) GL

(A,ERIAL*:
Conc$e'e Main s'ee& Seconda$, s'ee& Bea$in# ca+aci', o soi& Li*e &oad )hen access is +$o*ided 3hen access is ni' +$o*ided F&oo$ Finishes M :A Fe D9B Fe :BA ;AA INF": :(B INF": 9(A INF": A(BA INF":

LOAD CALCULATIONS
IN,R/DUC,I/N ,/ ,)E CALCULA,I/N /' ,)E L/AD*: The &oads on a s'$!c'!$e *a$, in na'!$e( In #ene$a& a&& 'he b!i&din#s )i&& be s!b8ec'ed 'o ')o ',+es o &oadin#-Dead o$ s'a'ic &oads inc&!de 'he se& )ei#h' o $oo s&abs% bea"s% co&!"ns% oo'in# &in'e&s% b$ic/ )o$/% !$ni'!$e% s'a'ic "achine$, e'c( These &oads do no' chan#e 'hei$ +&ace )he$e as &i*e &oad inc&!de a&& s!ch &oad% )hich a$e &iab&e 'o chan#e 'hei$ +osi'ion $o" 'i"e 'o 'i"e( The &i*e &oad *a$ies in "a#ni'!de $o" b!i&din# 'o b!i&din# $o" a "ini"!" o : INF": o$ d)e&&in# ho!ses% 'o a 9AINF": o$ ac'o$ies( In 'he +$esen' case o 'he b!i&din# +$o8ec'% s&abs a$e ass!"ed 9BA"" 'hic/ $o" s'i nessFde &ec'ion% conside$a'ion( Bea"s a$e 'a/en se+a$a'e&, and 'he se& -)ei#h' is ca&c!&a'ed and added se+a$a'e&, on 'he $a"e( A &oad o 9(B o$ conc$e'e "!&'i+&ies 'he ne' )ei#h' o 'he abo*e &oad( DE*IGN +RINCI+LE A**U(+,I/N ANDN/,A,I/N A**U(ED: ,he n"tati"n ad"#ted thr"ugh "ut the 4"r5 are a%e a I* 678$2000.

A**U(+,I/N IN DE*IGN: 19Pa$'ia& sa e', ac'o$s in acco$dance )i'h c&a!se ;B(D o IS DBC-:AAA(
Co"bina'ion o &oads DL J LL > D(B :7 Pa$'ia& sa e', ac'o$ o$ "a'e$ia& in acco$dance )i'h c&a!se ;B(D(: o IS DBC-:AAA( ;7 Densi', o "a'e$ia& !sed in acco$dance )i'h Re 6IS7 G@B-9?G@( (aterial i( ii( iii( i*( P&ain conc$e'e Rein o$ced ce"en' conc$e'e F&oo$in# "a'e$ia& 6c"7 B$ic/ "ason$, Den ity :D INF"; :BINF"; 9 INF": 9G INF";

D7 Li*e &oad on $oo H :(BINF"; 6A&& $oo"s7 H B(BINF": 6Ba&con,% s'ai$ case7

De ign c"n tant:

Usin# M:A and FeD9B #$ade o conc$e'e and s'ee& $es+ec'i*e&, o$ co&!"ns and oo'in#( The$e o$e> Fc/ - i(e( Cha$ac'e$is'ics s'$en#'h o$ M9B Fc/ E i(e( Cha$ac'e$is'ics s'$en#'h o$ M:A F, E i(e( cha$ac'e$is'ics s'$en#'h o$ s'ee& H 9BNF"": H :ANF"": H D9BnF"":

A u%#ti"n Regarding De ign:

a( S&ab is ass!"ed con'in!o!s o*e$ in'e$io$ s!++o$' and +a$'ia& i<ed on 'he ed#es% d!e 'o "ono&i'hic cons'$!c'ion o )a&&s o*e$ i'( b( Bea" ass!"ed con'in!o!s o*e$ in'e$io$ s!++o$' and 'he, $a"e in 'o 'he co&!"n a' 'he ends(

L/AD* /N BEA(*: 19 De cri#ti"n "! l"ad "n la& "n &ea%:

The &oad o s&ab is dis+e$sed on 'o 'he s!++o$'in# bea" in acco$dance )i'h c&a!se :;(B o IS DBC-9?@G% )hich s'a'es 'ha' 'he &oad on bea" s!++o$'in# so&id s+ans% s+acin# in ')o di$ec'ions a' $i#h' an#&es and s!++o$'in# !ni o$"&, dis'$ib!'ed &oads( 29 *el! 4eight "! &ea% :

This &oad ac's on 'he bea" as a UDLK 'his is ca&c!&a'ed a 'e$ ass!"in# 'he s!i'ab&e c$oss sec'ion 6b, s'i ness F de &ec'ion conside$a'ion7 o 'he bea"(

:9 L"ad due t" &ric5 %a "nry 4all:

Since 'he &oad a$e '$ans e$$ed 'o co&!"n b, bea"s% in $a"ed s'$!c'!$e )a&&% does no' +&a, an, si#ni ican' +a$' in ca$$,in# &oads and '$ans e$ence o &oads% )a&& need no' be e<cessi*e&, 'hic/( No"ina& 'hic/ness o )a&&% so as 'o shie&d 'he )a&& be '$ans e$$ed 'o 'he bea"s(

69 +"int l"ad !r"% inter ecting &ea%>

I 'he$e is an, bea" "ee'in# 'he bea" 'hen 'he &oad o 'ha' bea" is conside$ed as +oin' &oad(

Di%en i"n "! &ea% and c"lu%n :

3e ass!"ed 'he bea" o si.e 6:;A < BBA ""7 and co&!"n o si.e 6 :;A < BBA ""7 b H :;A "" d H BBA "" and 4ei#h' o )a&& H ;(AA "

DEAD L/AD:
19 *el!$4eight "! la& act : This &oad ac's as UDL% 'his is ca&c!&a'ed a 'e$ ass!"in# 'he 9" )ide s5!a$e s'$i+ and s!i'ab&e 'hic/ness b, s'i ness condi'ion( 29 'l""r !ini hed l"ad: This &oad a&so ac's as UDL and 'his a$e ca&c!&a'ed a 'e$ ass!"in# s!i'ab&e in'ensi', o*e$ 9" )ide s'$i+s(

:9 Li3e l"ad:
This is 'he 'e"+o$a$, &oad on i's in'ensi', de+ends on ',+e and occ!+anc, o b!i&din#( In $esiden'ia& b!i&din#% *a$io!s $oo"s ha*e di e$en' in'ensi', o &i*e &oad(

As +e$ IS G@B-Pa$' D% 'he in'ensi', o &i*e &oad is as o&&o)s ROOM 697 A&& $oo"s% /i'chen% ba'h$oo"s% Toi&e'( 6:7 Ba&con,% s'ai$ case( L/AD /N *LAB 9( Li*e Load6$esiden'ia&7 :( Dead Load69<9<A(9;7:B ;( F&oo$ Finish Load6FFL7 H :(AA /NF": H :(B /NF": H 9(AA /NF": LLLLLLLLLLLLLLL B(B/NF": LLLLLLLLLLLLLLL H;(9C/NF": H9:(D:/NF": LOAD INTENSITY :(B INF": B(B INF":

Se& )ei#h' o bea" 3a&& Load 6?17

DE*IGN /' *LAB

1. General: A s&ab is 'he co*e$in# +$o*ided o*e$ 'he o!$ 3a&&s o$ Bea"s o a $oo" in o$de$ 'o enc&ose i'( A s&ab "a, be a Roo o$ F&oo$% de+endin# on i's &oca'ion in 'he b!i&din#( The s&ab "a, be a si"+&, s!++o$'ed o$ con'in!o!s o*e$ ')o o$ "o$e s!++o$'s and is c&assi ied as !nde$> 6a7 6b7 6c7 6d7 6e7 One )a, s&abs s+annin# in one di$ec'ion( T)o )a, s&abs s+annin# in bo'h di$ec'ions Ci$c!&a$ s&abs( F&a' s&abs% $es'in# di$ec'&, on co&!"ns )i'h no bea"s% G$id F&oo$s and Ribbed s&abs(

S&abs a$e desi#ned !sin# 'he sa"e 'heo$ies o bendin# and shea$ as 'he, a$e is !sed o$ bea"s(

The o&&o)in# "e'hods o ana&,sis a$e a*ai&ab&e( 6a E&as'ic ana&,sis-idea&i.a'ion in'o s'$i+s o$ bea"s( 6b7 Se"i e"+i$ica& coe icien' as #i*en in 'he code( 6c7 Yie&d &ine 'heo$,( 2. /ne 1ay *la& :

One-)a, s&abs a$e 'hose in )hich 'he &en#'h is "o$e 'han ')ice 'he b$ead'h( Con'in!o!s one-)a, s&abs can be ana&,.ed in a "anne$ si"i&a$ 'o 'ha' !sed o$ a con'in!o!s bea"( The #ene$a& $eco""enda'ion o$% c!$'ai&"en' o ba$s #i*en in c&a!se> :B(:(; o 'he code a++&, o$ s&abs a&so( Shea$ s'$esses in s&abs a$e #ene$a&&, no' c$i'ica& !nde$ no$"a& &oads b!' sho!&d be chec/ed in acco$dance )i'h $e5!i$e"en's se'o!' in C&a!se> ;?(:(9(9(

:.,4" 1ay la& :

T)o-)a, s&abs a$e 'hose in )hich 'he &en#'h 'o b$ead'h $a'io is &ess 'han :( 3hen s&abs a$e s!++o$'ed 'o on o!$ sides T)o-)a, s+annin# ac'ion occ!$s( The de &ec'ion and bendin# "o"en's in a T)o-)a, s&ab "a, be conside$ed 'o consis' o a se$ies o a in'e$connec'ed bea"s o !ni' )id'h )hich '$ans e$ 'he &oad 'o 'he $es+ec'i*e s!++o$'s( The e<ac' ana&,sis o s'$esses in T)o-)a, s&abs a$e #ene$a&&, si"+&e( These a$e #ene$a&&, desi#ned !sin# a++$o<i"a'e 'heo$ies )hich a$e /no)n 'o ,ie&d sa'is ac'o$, $es!&'s based on T)o-)a, s&abs bendin# "o"en' coe icien' a$e as +e$ Tab&e-:: o 'he IS-DBC( Sho)s 'he +&an o 'he s&abs% )hich a$e desi#ned( I' a&so sho)s 'he n!"be$in# sche"e !sed( In Fi# sho)s cFc dis'ances% )hich a$e 'he desi#ned s+ans( T)o-)a, s&abs a$e !$'he$ di*ided in'o ')o ',+es de+endin# !+on 'he $esis'ance 'o 'he 'o$sion 'he, a$e>

97 Res'$ained s&abs

:7 Si"+&, s!++o$'ed s&abs

19 RE*,RAINED *LAB*:
3i&& be in acco$dance )i'h c&a!se> 9(9 o IS DBC-:AAA A++endi< C( The "a<i"!" B(M( in acco$dance C(L> 9(9 o IS DBC-:AAA 3he$e A< and A, coe icien' #i*en in Tab&e-:: o IS DBC-9?@G o$ di e$en' $a'ios o L< & L, and condi'ion o &e<ibi&i', a' di e$en' ed#es% L< & L, a$e Len#'h o sho$'e$ s+an and &on#e$ s+an $es+ec'i*e&,( M< and M, a$e Mo*e"en's o s'i$$!+s o !ni' o s+annin# L< & L, $es+ec'i*e&, o$ ana&,sis o s!ch s&abs% coe icien' #i*en in Tab&e-:: o IS DBC-9?@G a$e s'$ic'&, !sed% in acco$dance )i'h c&a!se ;C(9(: o IS DBC-9?@G(

29 *I(+L0 *U++/R,ED *LAB:

These ',+e o s&abs do no' ha*e ade5!a'e +$o*ision 'o $esis' a' co$ne$ and 'o +$e*en' 'he co$ne$ $o" &i 'in#( The "a<> B(M in acco$dance )i'h c&a!se CL> :(9( IS DBC-9?@G( L< & L, a$e 'he coe icien' #i*en in 'ab&e :; o IS DBC-9?@G o$ S(S s&abs% as +e$ c&a!se CL> :(99 o code( A' &eas' BAM o 'he 'ension $ein o$ce"en' +$o*ided a' "id s+an sho!&d e<'en' 'o 'he s!++o$'( The $e"ainin# BAM sho!&d e<'end )i'h in A(9 L< & L, o 'he s!++o$'s as a++$o<i"a'e(

DE*IGN /' *LAB*

Rein o$ced conc$e'e s&abs a$e !sed in &oo$s% $oo s and )a&&s o 'he b!i&din#s and as 'he dec/ b$id#es( The &oo$ s,s'e" o a s'$!c'!$e can 'a/e "an, o$"s s!ch as in si'!a'ion so&id s&ab% $ibbed s&abs o$ +$e cas' !ni's( S&abs "a, s+an in one di$ec'ion o$ ')o di$ec'ions and 'he, "a, s!++o$' on "ono&i'hic conc$e'e bea"s% )a&&s o$ di$ec'&, b, s'$!c'!$e co&!"ns( Con'in!o!s s&abs a$e desi#ned 'o )i'hs'and 'he "os' !n a*o$ab&e a$$an#e"en's o &oads in 'he sa"e "anne$ as bea"( Beca!se 'he$e a$e #$ea'e$ o++o$'!ni'ies o$ $edis'$ib!'ion o &oads in s&abs% ana&,sis "a, ho)e*e$ o 'en be si"+&i ied b, 'he !se o a sin#&e &oad case( Beca!se 'he "o"en' coe icien' based on 'his si"+&i ied "e'hod a$e +$o*ided o$ s&abs% )hich s+an in one di$ec'ion )i'h a++$o<i"a'e e5!a& s+ans% and a&so o$ &a' s&abs( The "o"en's in s&abs s+annin# in ')o di$ec'ions can a&so be de'e$"ined b, !sin# coe icien' 'ab!&a'ed in 'he code( S&abs% )hich a$e no' $ec'an#!&a$ in +&an% a$e )hich s!++o$' i$$e#!&a$ &oadin# a$$an#e"en's "a, ana&,.ed b, 'echni5!es s!ch as 'he ,ie&d &ine "e'hod o$ 'he 4i&&e$s s'$i+ "e'hod( Conc$e'e s&abs beha*e +$i"a$i&, as &e<!$a& "e"be$s and 'he desi#n is si"i&a$ 'o 'ha' o$ bea"s% a&'ho!#h in #ene$a& i' is so"e)ha' si"i&a$ beca!se> 97 The b$ead'h o 'he s&ab is a&$ead, i<ed and a i<ed !ni' b$ead'h o 9" is !sed in 'he ca&c!&a'ions( :7 The shea$ s'$esses a$e !s!a&&, &o) in a s&ab e<ce+' )hen 'he$e a$e hea*, concen'$a'ed &oads% and ;7 Co"+$ession $ein o$ce"en' is se&do" $e5!i$ed(

*+AN ; E''EC,I.E DE+,) RA,I/*

E<cessi*e de &ec'ions o s&abs )i&& ca!se da"a#e 'o 'he cei&in#% &oo$ inishes & o'he$ a$chi'ec'!$a& de'ai&s( To a*oid 'his% &i"i's a$e se' on 'he s+an o de+'h $a'ios( These &i"i's a$e 'he sa"e as 'hose o$ bea"s( As a s&ab is !s!a&&, a s&ende$ "e"be$ 'he $es'$ic'ion on 'he s+an-de+'h $a'io beco"e "o$e i"+o$'an' & 'his can o 'en con'$o& 'he de+'h o s&ab $e5!i$ed in 'e$"s o 'he s+an e ec'i*e de+'h $a'io o 'he s&ab #i*en b,

Min e ec'i*e de+'h H s+anF6basic $a'io < "odi ica'ion7 The "odi ica'ion ac'o$ is based on 'he a$ea o 'ension s'ee& in 'he sho$'e$ s+an )hen a s&ab is sin#&, $ein o$ced a' "id s+an b!' i a s&ab has bo'h 'o+ & bo''o" s'ee& a' "id s+an 'he "odi ica'ion ac'o$ o$ 'he a$eas o 'ension & co"+$ession s'ee&(

*/LID *LAB* *+ANNING IN ,1/ DIREC,I/N*:

3hen a s&ab is s!++o$'ed on a&& o!$ o i's sides i' e ec'i*e&, s+ans in bo'h di$ec'ions% and i' is so"e'i"es "o$e econo"ica& 'o desi#n 'he s&ab on 'his basis( The "o"en' o Bendin# in each di$ec'ion )i&& de+end on 'he $a'io o 'he ')o s+ans & 'he condi'ions o $es'$ain a' each s!++o$'( I 'he s&ab is s5!a$e & 'he $es'$ain' is si"i&a$ a&on# 'he o!$ sides 'hen 'he &oad )i&& s+an e5!a&&, in bo'h di$ec'ion( I 'he s&ab is in $ec'an#!&a$ di$ec'ion 'hen "o$e 'han one-ha& o 'he &oad )i&& be ca$$ied in 'he sho$'e$ di$ec'ion & &ess in 'he &on#e$ di$ec'ion( I one s+an is "!ch &on#e$ 'hen 'he o'he$% a &a$#e +o$'ion o 'he &oad )i&& be ca$$ied in 'he sho$'e$ di$ec'ion and 'he s&ab "a, a&so be desi#ned as s+annin# in on&, one di$ec'ion( Mo"en's in each di$ec'ion o s+an a$e #ene$a&&, ca&c!&a'ed !sin# coe icien's% )hich a$e 'ab!&a'ed in 'he code( A$eas a$e $ein o$ce"en' 'o $esis' 'he "o"en' is de'e$"ined inde+enden'&, o$ each di$ec'ion o s+an( The s&ab is $ein o$ced )i'h 'he ba$s in bo'h di$ec'ions +a$a&&e& 'o 'he s+ans )i'h 'he s'ee& o$ 'he sho$'e$ s+an +&aced a$'hes' $o" 'he na'!$a& a<is 'o #i*e 'he #$ea'e$ e ec'i*e de+'h( The s+an-e ec'i*e de+'hs a$e based on 'he sho$'e$ s+an and 'he M o 'he $ein o$ce"en' in 'ha' di$ec'ion(

*I(+L0 *U++/R,ED *LAB:

This ',+e o s&ab doesn2' #i*e ade5!a'e +$o*ision 'o $esis' 'o$sion a' co$ne$ 'o +$e*en' co$ne$ 'o +$e*en' co$ne$ $o" &i 'in#(

The "a<i"!" bendin# "o"en' )i&& be as #i*en in $es'$ained s&abs( B!' a' &eas' BAM o 'he 'ension $ein o$ce"en' +$o*ided a' 'he "id s+an sho!&d e<'end 'o 'he s!++o$'( The $e"ainin# BAM sho!&d e<'end 'o )i'hin A(9 L< o$ L, a' 'he s!++o$' as a++$o<i"a'e(

DI*+ER*I/N /' *LAB L/AD* /N BEA(*:

Dis+e$sion o s&ab &oad +e$ "e'e$ on bea" AD is 'he e5!i*a&en' 3ei#h' o +o$'ion o s&ab AED 3H 3&<F; Dis+e$sion o s&ab &oad +e$ "e'e$ on bea" DC is 'he e5!i*a&en' 3ei#h' o +o$'ion o s&ab DCFE 3c5 H 3&< F:69-9F;B:7 3he$e B H &,F&< E5!i*a&en' )ei#h' o an eccen'$ic +oin' &oad 3c5 H G/ 69-/:7 ) E5!i*a&en' !d& o$ !ns,""e'$ica& !d& H /: 6:/:-G/JC7 ) E ec'i*e &oad o s&ab ABCD on bea" AB HTo'a& &oadF: Load in &en#'h H &oadFs+an

DE*IGN /' *LAB < *2=

C"ntinu"u in !"ur edge
Si.e 3id'h o bea"s H H B<;(@ " :;A ""

Ado+' M:A conc$e'e and To$ S'ee& Fc/ F, H H :A N F "": D9B N F "" :

L, L<

D(B ;

B " < ;(@A " 9(BN :

The S&ab sha&& be desi#ned as ')o - )a, s&ab( De#th !r"% *ti!!ne DH ;@AA ;: c"n iderati"n H 99C"" 6sa, 9:B""7

P$o*ide c&ea$ co*e$ o 9B "" and ado+' 9A "" dia ba$s E ec'i*e de+'h H D - C&ea$ co*e$ - 9F: 6dia o ba$ 7 H H 9:B - 9B- 9AF: 9AB ""

P$o*ide o*e$a&& de+'h D L/AD* 6i7 6ii7 L(L H

A(9:B"

:(AAINF": ;(9:B INF ":

D(L( H 6A(9:B < :B7

6iii7 F(F(L To'a& Load Fac'o$ed Load HG(D;@ /NF":

H A(B /NF": H B(C:B/ N F ": H 9(B < B(C:B

BENDING (/(EN, C/E''ICIEN, Interi"r +anel >I* $ 678 $ 2000 ,a&le 28 clau e C $ 1.19 $ 3e ("%ent at c"ntinu"u Edge @ 3e ("%ent at (id *#an (/(EN,* *h"rter *#an Mo"en' a' S!++o$' M< H - < 3L<: *h"rt *#an C"e!!. 0.06?: 0.0:A L"ng *#an C"e!!. 0.0:2 0.026

HA(ADG; < G(D;@ < ;(?; : H C(; /N-"

Mo"en' a' Mid s+an

- < 3L<:

H H

A(A;@ < G(D;@ < ;(?; : D(G: /N-"

LONGER SPAN Mo"en' a' S!++o$' M, H - , 3L,:

H H

A(A;: < G(D;@ < B(:; : @(;G /N-"

Mo"en' a' Mid s+an

J , 3L,:

A(A:D< G(D;@ < B(:; : H B(BD /N-"

Desi#n Mo"en'

@(;G /N - "

Ado+' M:A Conc$e'e To$ S'ee& Fe, D9B C&a!se ;@(9 o IS DBC - :AAA Mo"en' o Resis'ance M @(;G < 9AC d H H H

c/

H :A N F "": , H D9B N F "":

A(;C <!"a< 69 - A(D: <!"a< 7 d d

c/

bd :

A(;C < A(DG 6 9-A(D: < A(DG 7 < :A < 9AAA < d: B9(@9 ""

P$o*ide c&ea$ co*e$ o 9B "" ado+'in# 9A"" ba' P$o*ided de+'h d H 9:B-9B-B H 9AB "" 6sa e7

Area "! *teel : L"nger Directi"n 9 >*u##"rt 9 M H A(G@ , As' 6 d - A(D: < <*"a<7 (

*h"rt #an As'6-*e7 As'6J*e7 L"ng #an As'6-*e7 As'6J*e7 H H :A: "" : 9BA "" : H H 9@: "" : 9;A "" :

P$o*ide 9A"" ba$ P ;AA"" cFc Chec5 !"r %ini%u% teel As +e$ c&a!se :B(B(:(9 IS - DBC - :AAA 'he in s'ee& in bo'h 'he di$ec'ions sho!&d be A(9: M o 'he 'o'a& c$oss - sec'iona& a$ea A$ea o Min( S'ee& H A(9: M o C F S A$ea

A(9: < b < d H 9:C "": 9AA A$ea o s'ee& +$o*ided is "o$e 'han "ini"!" s'ee&( H )ence *a!e P$o*ide G "" To$ S'ee& ba$ P ;AA"" cFc )ence a!e

DE*IGN /' *LAB < *2=

C"ntinu"u in !"ur edge
Si.e 3id'h o bea"s H H :(A < 9(A " :;A ""

Ado+' M:A conc$e'e and To$ S'ee& Fc/ F, H H :A N F "": D9B N F "" :

L, L<

D(B ;

:(A < 9(A " 9(BN :

The S&ab sha&& be desi#ned as ')o - )a, s&ab( De#th !r"% *ti!!ne DH 9:;A ;: c"n iderati"n H ;G(DD"" 6sa, 9AA""7

P$o*ide c&ea$ co*e$ o 9B "" and ado+' 9A "" dia ba$s

E ec'i*e de+'h H D - C&ea$ co*e$ - 9F: 6dia o ba$ 7 H H 9AA- 9B- GF: G9 "" H A(9AA"

P$o*ide o*e$a&& de+'h D L/AD* 6iii7 6i*7 L(L H

9(AAINF": :(B INF ":

D(L( H 6A(9AA < :B7 H A(B /NF": H D(A/ N F ": H

6iii7 F(F(L To'a& Load Fac'o$ed Load

9(B < D(A H C(A /NF":

BENDING (/(EN, C/E''ICIEN, Interi"r +anel >I* $ 678 $ 2000 ,a&le 28 clau e C $ 1.19 $ 3e ("%ent at c"ntinu"u Edge @ 3e ("%ent at (id *#an (/(EN,* *h"rter *#an Mo"en' a' S!++o$' M< H - < 3L<: *h"rt *#an C"e!!. 0.0B1 0.08B L"ng *#an C"e!!. 0.06A 0.0:7

O O

H 9(A /N-"

Mo"en' a' Mid s+an L"nger *#an Mo"en' a' S!++o$' M, H

- < 3L<:

H 9(A /N-"

- , 3L,:

H 9(D /N-"

Mo"en' a' Mid s+an

J , 3L,:

H 9(AD /N-"

Desi#n Mo"en'

9(D /N - "

Ado+' M:A Conc$e'e To$ S'ee& Fe, D9B C&a!se ;@(9 o IS DBC - :AAA Mo"en' o Resis'ance M 9(D < 9AC d H H H

c/

H :A N F "": , H D9B N F "":

A(;C <!"a< 69 - A(D: <!"a< 7 d d

c/

bd :

A(;C < A(DG 6 9-A(D: < A(DG 7 < :A < 9AAA < d: ::(B "" N G9 "" +$o*ided 6O(I7

P$o*ide c&ea$ co*e$ o 9B "" ado+'in# 9A"" ba' P$o*ided de+'h d H 9AA-9B-D H G9 "" 6sa e7

Area "! *teel : L"nger Directi"n 9 >*u##"rt 9 M H A(G@ , As' 6 d - A(D: < <*"a<7 (

*h"rt #an As'6-*e7 H ;D "" :

As Mo"en's a$e *e$, &ess +$o*ide no"ina& $ein o$ce"en' in bo'h di$ec'ions as +e$ code( P$o*ide 9A"" ba$ P ;AA"" cFc Chec5 !"r %ini%u% teel

As +e$ c&a!se :B(B(:(9 IS - DBC - :AAA 'he in s'ee& in bo'h 'he di$ec'ions sho!&d be A(9: M o 'he 'o'a& c$oss - sec'iona& a$ea A$ea o Min( S'ee& H H A(9: M o C F S A$ea

A(9: < b < d H ?@ "": 9AA A$ea o s'ee& +$o*ided is "o$e 'han "ini"!" s'ee&( )ence *a!e P$o*ide G "" To$ S'ee& ba$ P ;AA"" cFc )ence a!e

Chec5 !"r *hear:$ =H)&:F: H ;IN No"ina& shea$ s'$ess T* H =Fbd H A(AD NF"": Less 'han 'he &o)es' shea$ s'$en#'h o an, "e"be$ o an, co"+osi'ion o s'ee& and conc$e'e as +e$ IS DBC E :AAA So% s&ab is sa e in shea$( Chec5 !"r de3el"#%ent length:$ Ld NH 9(; < M9F=JLo 6Lo H 9AA""7 M9 H D(@IN-" The$e o$e% Q NH ;G"" 6O(I7

DE*IGN /' *LAB < *2=

C"ntinu"u in !"ur edge

Si.e 3id'h o bea"s

H H

:(A < :(A " :;A ""

Ado+' M:A conc$e'e and To$ S'ee& Fc/ F, H H :A N F "": D9B N F "" :

L, L<

D(B ;

:(A < :(A " 9(BN :

The S&ab sha&& be desi#ned as ')o - )a, s&ab( De#th !r"% *ti!!ne DH ::;A ;: c"n iderati"n H C?(CG "" 6sa, 9:B""7

P$o*ide c&ea$ co*e$ o 9B "" and ado+' 9A "" dia ba$s E ec'i*e de+'h H D - C&ea$ co*e$ - 9F: 6dia o ba$ 7 H H 9:B- 9B- GF: 9AC "" H A(9AC"

P$o*ide o*e$a&& de+'h D L/AD* 6*7 6*i7 L(L H

:(AAINF": ;(9:B INF ":

D(L( H 6A(9:B < :B7 H A(B /NF":

6iii7 F(F(L To'a& Load

H B(C:B/ N F ":

Fac'o$ed Load

H G(D;@ /NF": Sa, ? /NF":

BENDING (/(EN, C/E''ICIEN, Interi"r +anel >I* $ 678 $ 2000 ,a&le 28 clau e C $ 1.19 $ 3e ("%ent at c"ntinu"u Edge @ 3e ("%ent at (id *#an (/(EN,* *h"rter *#an Mo"en' a' S!++o$' M< H - < 3L<: *h"rt *#an C"e!!. 0.07A 0.06: L"ng *#an C"e!!. $ 0.06:

O O

H :(C /N-"

Mo"en' a' Mid s+an L"nger *#an

- < 3L<:

H 9(?: /N-"

Mo"en' a' Mid s+an

J , 3L,:

H 9(?: /N-"

Desi#n Mo"en'

:(C /N - "

Ado+' M:A Conc$e'e To$ S'ee& Fe, D9B C&a!se ;@(9 o IS DBC - :AAA Mo"en' o Resis'ance M H

c/ ,

H :A N F "": H D9B N F "":

A(;C <!"a< 69 - A(D: <!"a< 7 d d

c/

bd :

:(C < 9AC d

H H

A(;C < A(DG 6 9-A(D: < A(DG 7 < :A < 9AAA < d: ;A(@ "" N 9AC "" +$o*ided 6O(I7

P$o*ide c&ea$ co*e$ o 9B "" ado+'in# 9A"" ba' P$o*ided de+'h d H 9:B-9B-D H 9AC "" 6sa e7

Area "! *teel : L"nger Directi"n 9 >*u##"rt 9 M H A(G@ , As' 6 d - A(D: < <*"a<7 (

*h"rt #an As'6-*e7 H ;D "" :

As Mo"en's a$e *e$, &ess +$o*ide no"ina& $ein o$ce"en' in bo'h di$ec'ions as +e$ code( P$o*ide G"" ba$ P ;AA"" cFc Chec5 !"r %ini%u% teel As +e$ c&a!se :B(B(:(9 IS - DBC - :AAA 'he in s'ee& in bo'h 'he di$ec'ions sho!&d be A(9: M o 'he 'o'a& c$oss - sec'iona& a$ea A$ea o Min( S'ee& H H A(9: M o C F S A$ea

A(9: < b < d H 9:@(: "": 9AA A$ea o s'ee& +$o*ided is "o$e 'han "ini"!" s'ee&( )ence *a!e P$o*ide G "" To$ S'ee& ba$ P ;AA"" cFc )ence a!e

Chec5 !"r *hear:$

=H)&:F: H ?IN No"ina& shea$ s'$ess T* H =Fbd H A(AGBNF"": Less 'han 'he &o)es' shea$ s'$en#'h o an, "e"be$ o an, co"+osi'ion o s'ee& and conc$e'e as +e$ IS DBC E :AAA So% s&ab is sa e in shea$( Chec5 !"r de3el"#%ent length:$ Ld NH 9(; < M9F=JLo 6Lo H 9AC""7 M9 H C(::IN-" The$e o$e% Q NH 9C"" 6O(I7

DE*IGN /' *LAB < *2=

C"ntinu"u in !"ur edge
Si.e 3id'h o bea"s H H C(A < ;(A " :;A ""

Ado+' M:A conc$e'e and To$ S'ee& Fc/ F, H H :A N F "": D9B N F "" :

L, L<

D(B ;

C(A < ;(A " 9(BN :

The S&ab sha&& be desi#ned as ')o - )a, s&ab( De#th !r"% *ti!!ne c"n iderati"n

DH

;:;A ;:

9AA "" 6sa, 9:B""7

P$o*ide c&ea$ co*e$ o 9B "" and ado+' 9A "" dia ba$s E ec'i*e de+'h H D - C&ea$ co*e$ - 9F: 6dia o ba$ 7 H H 9:B- 9B- GF: 9AC "" H A(9AC"

P$o*ide o*e$a&& de+'h D L/AD* 6*ii7 6*iii7 L(L H

:(AAINF": ;(9:B INF ":

D(L( H 6A(9:B < :B7 H A(B /NF":

6iii7 F(F(L To'a& Load Fac'o$ed Load

H B(C:B/ N F ": H G(D;@ /NF": Sa, ? /NF":

BENDING (/(EN, C/E''ICIEN, Interi"r +anel >I* $ 678 $ 2000 ,a&le 28 clau e C $ 1.19 $ 3e ("%ent at c"ntinu"u Edge @ 3e ("%ent at (id *#an (/(EN,* *h"rter *#an Mo"en' a' S!++o$' M< H - < 3L<: *h"rt *#an C"e!!. 0.0?7 0.087 L"ng *#an C"e!!. 0.0:A 0.02?

H G /N-"

Mo"en' a' Mid s+an L"nger *#an

J < 3L<:

H C(9 /N-"

Mo"en' a' S!++o$' M<

- < 3L<:

H 9; /N-"

Mo"en' a' Mid s+an

J , 3L,:

H 9A /N-"

Desi#n Mo"en'

9; /N - "

Ado+' M:A Conc$e'e To$ S'ee& Fe, D9B C&a!se ;@(9 o IS DBC - :AAA Mo"en' o Resis'ance M 9; < 9AC d H H H

c/ ,

H :A N F "": H D9B N F "":

A(;C <!"a< 69 - A(D: <!"a< 7 d d

c/

bd :

A(;C < A(DG 6 9-A(D: < A(DG 7 < :A < 9AAA < d: CG(C;(@ "" N 9AC "" +$o*ided 6O(I7

P$o*ide c&ea$ co*e$ o 9B "" ado+'in# 9A"" ba' P$o*ided de+'h d H 9:B-9B-D H 9AC "" 6sa e7

Area "! *teel : L"nger Directi"n 9 >*u##"rt 9 M H A(G@ , As' 6 d - A(D: < <*"a<7 (

*h"rt #an As'6-*e7 As'6J*e7 As'6-*e7 As'6J*e7 H H H H :9G "" : G"" P :;A "" cFc

9CD(? "" : G"" P ;AA "" cFc ;CC "" : G"" P 9;A "" cFc

:@C(D "" : G"" P 9GA "" cFc

As Mo"en's a$e *e$, &ess +$o*ide no"ina& $ein o$ce"en' in bo'h di$ec'ions as +e$ code( P$o*ide G"" ba$ P ;AA"" cFc Chec5 !"r %ini%u% teel As +e$ c&a!se :B(B(:(9 IS - DBC - :AAA 'he in s'ee& in bo'h 'he di$ec'ions sho!&d be A(9: M o 'he 'o'a& c$oss - sec'iona& a$ea A$ea o Min( S'ee& H H A(9: M o C F S A$ea

A(9: < b < d H 9:@(: "": 9AA A$ea o s'ee& +$o*ided is "o$e 'han "ini"!" s'ee&( )ence *a!e P$o*ide G "" To$ S'ee& ba$ P ;AA"" cFc )ence a!e

Chec5 !"r *hear:$ =H)&:F: H 9;(BIN No"ina& shea$ s'$ess T* H =Fbd H A(A9; NF"": Less 'han 'he &o)es' shea$ s'$en#'h o an, "e"be$ o an, co"+osi'ion o s'ee& and conc$e'e as +e$ IS DBC E :AAA So% s&ab is sa e in shea$( Chec5 !"r de3el"#%ent length:$ Ld NH 9(; < M9F=JLo 6Lo H 9AC""7 M9 H GIN-" The$e o$e% Q NH 9;(G"" 6O(I7

DE*IGN /' *LAB <*= Si.e H B(A < 9(A " H :;A ""

3id'h o Bea"s

Ade+' M :A Conc$e'e and To$ S'ee& Fc/ F, C C C *+AN L, L< L, L< H H H B J A(:; 9(AA J A(:; B(:; 9(:; H H H B(:; "' 9(:; "' D(:B R : H H :A N F "": D9B N F "" :

The s&ab sha&& be desi#ned as 9 - )a, s&ab conside$ 9M )ide s5!a$e s'$i+ P$o*ide o*e$a&& de+'h 6D7 H A(9AA" L/AD*D 6i7 6ii7 6iii7 L(L( H 9(B IN F ": 6 I(S - G@B - PART II 7 :(B IN F ":

D(L( H A(9A < :B

F(F(L( H A(B IN F ": To'a& Load H D(B IN F ":

Fac'o$ed Load H 9(B < D(B H C(@BIN F ": ULIMATE MOMENT H 9(C IN - "

,)IC2NE** /' *LAB

M! H A(;C S! -"a< 9- A(D: S! - "a< d d d H :D"" dND K Ado+' D H G9""

Fc/ bd:

P$o*ide Co*e$ H 9A "" d H ?A "" AREA /' *,EEL As' As' H H M! A(G@ , 6d - A(D: M! 7
(

9(C < 9AC A(G@ < D9B 6 G9 - AD: < A(DG < G97

HBB(B;"":

C4ECI FOR MINIMUM As +e$ C&a!se :B(B(:(9 IS - DBC - 9?@G "in s'ee& in bo'h 'he di$ec'ions sho!&d be A$ea o "in s'ee& A$ea o s'ee& +$o*ided is Mo$e 'han "ini"!" s'ee& 4ence Sa e P$o*ide G "" To$ S'ee& Ba$ S+acin# Chec5 As +e$ c&a!se :B(;: IS - DBC - 9?@G % 'he s+acin# o $ein o$ce"en' sha&& no' e<ceed 'h$ee 'i"e e ec'i*e de+'h o s&ab o$ ;AA ""% )hich e*e$ is &os'( H A < 9AA As' BA(:C 9BA < 9AAA HR B9G "" cFc H A(9: 9AA <b<d H ?@ "":

S+acin#

;d ; < ?A :@A

4ence +$o*ide ;AA"" cFc dis'ance

Chec5 !"r *hear:$ =H )&:F: H DIN No"ina& shea$ s'$ess T* H =Fbd H A(AD? NF"": Less 'han 'he &o)es' shea$ s'$en#'h o an, "e"be$ o an, co"+osi'ion o s'ee& and conc$e'e as +e$ IS DBC E :AAA So% s&ab is sa e in shea$( Chec5 !"r de3el"#%ent length:$ Ld NH 9(; < M9F=JLo 6Lo H G9""7 M9 H D(CIN-" The$e o$e% Q NH :G"" 6O(I7

DE*IGN /' BEA(* +" iti"ning "! Bea% :

o 'he bea"s a$e o&&o)> Bea"s a$e #ene$a&&, +$o*ided !nde$ 'he )a&&s a$e be&o) hea*, concen'$a'ed &oad 'o a*oid 'hese &oads di$ec'&, co"in# on s&abs( The s+acin# o 'he bea" is #o*e$ned b, 'he "a<i"!" s+ans o s&ab( Fo$ &a$#e$ s+ans and hea*ie$ &i*e &oads 'he :-)a, ac'ion is ad*an'a#es% as 'he s'ee& $e5!i$ed is "a<i"!"( DI*+ER*I/N /' L/AD C/(ING 'R/( *LAB /N BEA(: As s'a'ed ea$&ie$ 'he &oad o s&ab is dis+e$sed on 'he s!++o$'in# bea"s in acco$dance )i'h CL> :;(B o code )hich s'a'es 'ha' 'he &ode on bea"s s!++o$'in# so&id s+ans% s+annin# in ')o di$ec'ions a' $i#h' an#&es and s!++o$'in# !(d(& "a, be ass!"ed 'o be in acco$dance )i'h i# #i*en be&o)( Load o 'his shaded a$e is ca$$ied b, bea" B( In 'he o&&o)in# +a#es 'he &ode on 'he s!++o$'in# bea" is de'e$"ine b, !sin# si"+&i ied o$"!&a( Since 'he &oaded a$ea is '$a+e.oida& and '$ian#!&a$ in sec'ion 'he ca&c!&a'ion o 'he &oad is $a'he$ c!"be$so"e% 'ha' is )h, si"+&i ied o$"!&a has 'o be ado+'ed( So"e o 'he #!idin# P$inci+&es o$ +osi'ionin#

E5!i*a&en' !(d(& and B(M a$e ca&c!&a'ed b, !sin# o&&o)in# o$"!&a o$ &on#e$ s+an bea" )hich +$od!ces 'he sa"e B(M o$ a '$a+e.oida& &oad o$ &on#e$ s+an bea"(

CBIT

OSMANIA UNI=ERCITY

PROJECT REPORT

DESIGN & ANALYSIS OF MULTI STORED BUILDING

3e5 H 3s&< 9FC 6;-6L,FL<7:7 3e5 H 3s&<F; 3he$e 3s H &oadF" on s&ab

----- Lon#e$ s+an bea" ----- Sho$'es' s+an bea"

L<% L, a$e sho$'e$ and &on#e$ s+an $es+ec'i*e&,( Fo$ one )a, s&ab )hich a$e $es'in# o*e$ ')o o++osi'e s!++o$' 'he &ode ca$$ied b, each s!++o$'in# bea" is #i*en as &ode on s!++o$' H 3LSF: "(

ANAL0*I* /' BEA(

De ign "! d"u&ly rein!"rced &ea%
De ign c"n tant Fc/ H:A NF"":% ,H D9B NF"": Ado+'in# b$ea'h o bea" H :;A "" Bendin# "o"en' ac'in# on 'he bea" H 9(B< 9DD(G; H :9@(:D /N-" E ec'i*e de+'h HR %u E A(;C S U"a<6

DESIGN OF BEAMS>
U ing M:A grade and FeD9B teel '"r%ula: dH TMFRb 4here RE2.A7 !c5 E 20 NC%%2 !y E 617 NC%%2 DHd J UF: J c&ea$ s+an

A$ea o s'ee&

As' H A(B ,

c/

69-T9-D(CM,7 bd
c/

bd:

/r As' H LLLLLL B(MLLLLLLL A(G@ ,6d E A(D: S"7

Shea$ o$ce
(a- "n the Bea% >l"ad9 . N"%inal hear !"rce E

F3 E 3
&d

Fc E!r"% c"de I*$678$2000 I! Fc greater than F3 then a!e

+r"3ide n"%inal hear rein!"rce%ent El e #r"3ide hear rein!"rce%ent !"r the re%aining *hear tre

F E F3 ; Fc

*hear ta5en &y the tirru# E .u E F &d 'i- the dia "! tirru# E ? G *#acing "! tirru# E *3

DE*IGN /' C/LU(N*

+" iti"ning "! c"lu%n : So"e o 'he #!idin# +$inci+&es )hich he&+s 'he +osi'ionin# o 'he co&!"ns a$e as o&&o)s> Co&!"n sho!&d be +$e e$ab&, &oca'ed a' o$ nea$ 'he co$ne$s o 'he b!i&din#% and a' 'he in'e$sec'ion o 'he )a&&s( B!' o$ 'he co&!"n on 'he +$o+e$', &ine as 'he oo'in#s $e5!i$e so"e a$ea be,ond 'he co&!"n% 'he can be shi 'ed inside a&on# a c$oss )a&& 'o +$o*ide 'he $e5!i$ed a$ea o$ 'he oo'in# )i'h in 'he +$o+e$', &ine( A&'e$na'i*e&, a co"bined o$ a s'$a+ oo'in# "a, be +$o*ided( This s+acin# be')een 'he co&!"ns is #o*e$ned b, 'he &a"ina'ions on s+ans o s!++o$'ed bea"s% as 'he s+annin# o 'he co&!"ns decides 'he s+an o 'he bea"( As 'he s+an o 'he bea" inc$eases% 'he de+'h o 'he bea" & hence 'he se& -)ei#h' o 'he bea" & a&so 'he 'o'a& )ei#h' inc$eases( C/LU(N DE*IGN: The co&!"n in a s'$!c'!$e ca$$, 'he &oads $o" 'he bea"s & s&abs do)n 'he o!nda'ions% & 'he$e o$e 'he$e a$e +$i&i"a$i&, co"+$ession "e"be$s% a&'ho!#h 'he, "a, a&so ha*e 'o $esis's bendin# o$ces d!e 'o con'in!i', o 'he s'$!c'!$es di$ec'ed so&!'ions o e5!a'ions )hich da'!" &ine 'he a$eas o $ein o$ce"en' can be *e$, &abo$io!s & i"+$ac'ica&( The$e o$e% desi#n cha$'s o$ so"e co"+!'e$ +$o#$a"s a$e o 'en e"+&o,ed 'o aci&i'a'e 'he $o!'ine desi#n o co&!"n sec'ions( Desi#ns o co&!"ns is #o*e$ned b, 'he !&'i"a'e &i"i' s'a'eK de &ec'ions & c$ac/in# d!$in# se$*ice condi'ions a$e no' !s!a&&, a +$ob&e"% b!' ne*e$ 'he &eas' co$$ec' de'ai&in# o 'he $ein o$ce"en' & ade5!a'e co*e$ a$e i"+o$'an'(

L/ADING AND (/(EN,*: In 'he ana&,sis i' is necessa$, 'o c&assi , 'he co&!"n in'o one o 'he o&&o)in# ',+es> 19 /RIEN,A,I/N /' C/LU(N: No$"a&&, co&!"ns a$e $ec'an#!&a$% )id'h no' &ess 'han 'he )id'h o 'he s!++o$'ed bea"( The )id'h o 'he co&!"n sho!&d a&so no' e<ceed 'he 'hic/ness o 'he )a&& 'o a*oid o se's( 29 *)/R, C/LU(N*: A co&!"n is c&assi ied as sho$' i LFB N9: o$ a b$aced co&!"n% LFBN9A o$ an !n-b$aced co&!"n( The e ( Len#'h Le< & Le, a$e $e&a'i*e 'o 'he SS & ,, - a<is% D is 'he o*e$ a&& de+'h o 'he sec'ion in 'he +&an o 'he b!i&din# abo!' 'he SS E a<is i(e( h is 'he di"ension +e$+endic!&a$ 'o 'he SS- a<is( The e ( Len#'hs a$e s+eci ied as Le H b&e( A so&!'ion o 'he basic desi#n e5!a'ions% o$ an a++$o<i"a'e "e'hod( Desi#n cha$'s a$e !s!a&&, !sed o$ co&!"ns ha*in# a $ec'an#!&a$ o$ ci$c!&a$ c$oss-sec'ions and s,""e'$ica& a$$an#e"en'% b!' in'e$ac'ion dia#$a" can be cons'$!c'ed o$ an, a$$an#e"en' o c$oss-sec'ion( The basic e5!a'ions o 'he +$o<i"a'e "e'hod can be !sed )hen an !ns,""e'$ica& a$$an#e"en' o $ein o$ce"en' is $e5!i$ed o$ )hen 'he c$oss-sec'ion is non-$ec'an#!&a$( 3hene*e$ desi#n "e'hod is !sed% a co&!"n sho!&d be desi#ned o$ a "o"en' &ess 'han P<% e"in% has 'he &esse$ *a&!e o DF:A o$ :A ""( This is a&&o)in# o$ 'o&e$ances in cons'$!c'ion% 'he di"ension D is 'he o*e$ a&& si.e o 'he co&!"n c$oss-sec'ion in +&ane o bendin# is 'he c&ea$ dis'ance be')een 'he co&!"n and $es'$ain's and B is a coe icien'% )hich de+ends on 'he de#$ee o end $es'$ains(

The "ode o 'he ai&!$e o 'he co&!"n can be one o 'he o&&o)in#> A( Ma'e$ia&s ai& )i'h ne#&i#ib&e &a'e$a& de &ec'ion )hich !s!a&&, occ!$s )i'h sho$' co&!"n b!' can a&so occ!$ )hen 'he$e a$e &a$#e end "o"en's on a co&!"n )i'h an in'e$"edia'e s&ende$ness $a'io( B( Ma'e$ia&s ai& is in'ensi ied in 'he &a'e$a& di$ec'ion b, addi'iona& "o"en'(This ',+e + ai&!$e is ',+ica& in in'e$"edia'e co&!"ns% ai&!$e )hich occ!$s )i'h s&ende$ co&!"ns & is &iab&e 'o be +$eceded b, e<cessi*e de &ec'ion( *)/R, C/LU(N* RE*I*,ING (/(EN,* H AIIAL '/RCE*: The a$ea o &on#i'!dina& s'ee& o$ 'hese co&!"ns is de'e$"ined b,> Usin# desi#n cha$' o$ cons'$!c'in# M-P in'e$ac'ion dia#$a"( A b$aced co&!"n- )he$e 'he &a'e$a& &oads a$e $esis'ed o$ so"e o'he$ o$" o b$acin# & !n-b$aced co&!"n )he$e 'he &a'e$a& &oads is $esis'ed b, 'he bendin# ac'ion o 'he co&!"n( 3i'h a b$aced co&!"n 'he a<ia& o$ce & "o"en's a$e ca!sed b, 'he dead & i"+osed &oad on% )he$e as )i'h an !n b$aced co&!"n 'he &oadin# a$$an#e"en's )hich inc&!de 'he e ec's o 'he &a'e$a& "!s' a&so be conside$ed( Fo$ a b$aced co&!"n 'he c$i'ica& a$$an#e"en' o 'he !&'i"a'e &oad is !s!a&&, 'ha' )hich ca!ses 'he &a$#es' "o"en' in 'he co&!"n% 'o#e'he$ )i'h a &a$#e a<ia& &oad(

The a<ia& o$ces d!e 'o 'he *e$'ica& &oadin# "a, be ca&c!&a'ed as 'ho!#h 'he bea"s &s&abs a$e si"+&, s!++o$'ed(In so"e s'$!c'!$es i' id !n&i/e&, 'ha' a&& 'he &oo$s o a b!i&din# )i&& ca$$, 'he !&& i"+osed &oad )hen desi#nin# co&!"n% o!nda'ions in b!i&din#s )hich a$e ')o o$ "o$e s'o$e, hi#h as sho)n b, 'he 'ab&e( Co&!"ns sho!&d be a*oided inside bi# ha&& as i' "a$s 'he !nc'iona& !'i&i', & 'he a++ea$ance( 3hen 'he &oca'ion o ')o co&!"ns is c&ose% 'hen one co&!"n sho!&d be +$o*ided% so as 'o $ed!ce 'he bea" "o"en'(

DE*IGN /' '//,ING*

IN,R/DUC,I/N: Fo!nda'ion a$e s'$!c'!$a& e&e"en's 'ha'2s $o" 'he b!i&din# o$ indi*id!a& co&!"n 'o 'he ea$'h( I 'hese &oads a$e 'o be +$o+e$&, '$ans"i''ed% o!nda'ions "!s' be desi#ned 'o +$e*en' e<cessi*e se''&e"en' $o'a'ionK 'o "ini"i.e di e$en'ia& se''&e"en' and 'o +$o*ide ade5!a'e sa e', a#ains' s&idin# & o*e$'!$nin#( BEARING CA+ACI,0 /' */IL: The si.e o o!nda'ion de+ends on +e$"issib&e bea$in# ca+aci', o soi&( To'a& &oad +e$ !ni' a$e !nde$ 'he oo'in# "!s' be &ess 'han +e$"issib&e bea$in# ca+aci', o 'he soi& 'o +$e*en' e<cessi*e se''&e"en'( DE+,) /' '/UNDA,I/N: De+'h o 'he o!nda'ion is #o*e$ned b, 'he o&&o)in# ac'o$s> To sec!$e sa e bea$in# ca+aci',% 'o +ene'$a'e be&o) 'he .one )he$e seasona& )ea'he$ chan#es a$e &i/e&, 'o ca!se si#ni ican' "o*e"en' d!e 'o s)e&&in# & sh$in/a#e o soi&(

 An es'i"a'e o de+'h o 'he oo'in# be&o) #$o!nd &e*e& "a, be ob'ained b, !sin# 'he Ran/in2s o$"!&a% )hich is 4 H P69-sinQ7 F $69JsinQ7 3he$e 4 H Min de+'h o o!nda'ion P H G$oss bea$in# ca+aci', R H Densi', o soi& Q H An#&e o Res+onse o soi&(

ANAL0*I* /' '/UNDA,I/N: A o!nda'ion is ass!"ed 'o ac' as $i#id bod, )hich is in e5!i&ib$i!" !nde$ 'he ac'ion o a++&ied o$ces $o" 'he s'$!c'!$e & 'he s'$ess in soi&( I' is ass!"ed 'ha' soi& beha*es e&as'ica&&, & 'he s'$ess & s'$ain dis'$ib!'ion in 'he soi& i""edia'e&, !nde$nea'h 'he base is &inea$( This +e$"i's 'he !se o 'heo$, o bendin# 'o de'e$"ine 'he s'$ess in 'he soi& o$ 'he #i*en a<ia& &oad & "o"en'( J!s' &i/e an, o'he$ s'$!c'!$a& "e"be$% a o!nda'ion "!s' be desi#ned 'o s!s'ain 'he a++&ied &oads% "o"en's & ind!ced $eac'ions & 'he sa e bea$in# ca+aci', is no' e<ceeded( BENDING (/(EN,*: The c$i'ica& sec'ion o$ co"+!'in# "a< bendin# "o"en' o$ desi#n o an iso&a'ed conc$e'e oo'in# s!++o$'in# di e$en' ',+es o s'$!c'!$e is as o&&o)s> A' 'he ace o 'he co&!"n 4a& )a, be')een 'he cen'e$ &ine & ed#e o 'he o&&o)in# 4a& )a, be')een 'he ace o 'he co&!"n( DE./L/+(EN, LENG,): The c$i'ica& sec'ion o$ chec/in# 'he de*e&o+"en' &en#'h sho!&d be ass!"ed a' 'he sa"e +&ane as s+eci ied o$ bendin# "o"en's(

DE*IGN /' *,AIRCA*E

LA0/U, /' *,AIRCA*E: The ',+e & &a,o!' o s'ai$case is #o*e$ned b, 'he si.e o 'he s'ai$case $oo" & 'he +osi'ions o 'he bea"s & co&!"ns a&on# 'he bo!nda$,( So"e o 'he #!ide&ines o$ decidin# 'he &a,o!' o 'he s'ai$case a$e> Lon#e$ s+an o$ &i#h's a$e 'o be a*oided as 'he s'ai$case s&abs a$e hea*ie$ 'han 'he $oo s&abs beca!se o hea*ie$ dead &oads d!e 'o 'he inc&ined &en#'h o 'he s&ab & d!e 'o addi'iona& )ei#h' o 'he s'e+s(

S'ai$ &i#h's a$e s!++o$'ed on bea"s o$ )a&&s( Landin# bea"s a$e +$o*ided a' 'he end o &i#h's 'o $ed!ce 'he s+an( Cen'$a& s'$in#e$ bea" is 'o be +$o*ided i 'he s+an o 'he s'ai$ &i#h' e<ceeds D(B " s/e) s!++o$'s a$e +$o*ided as a$ as +ossib&e as 'he, inc&!de 'o$sion in 'he &i#h' s&ab( Bea"s sha&& be +$o*ided o*e$ 'he s/e) s!++o$'s( In cases )he$e 'he co&!"n is $i#id&, connec'ed 'o bea"s a' $i#h' an#&e% 'he co&!"n ca$$ies "o"en' in addi'ion 'o 'he a<ia& &oad( 4e$e 'he co&!"n is 'o be so o$ien'ed 'ha' 'he de+'h o 'he co&!"n is +e$+endic!&a$ 'o 'he "a8o$ a<is o b&endin# so as 'o &a$#e$ "o"en' *a$ies )i'h 'he s5!a$e o 'he s+an and di$ec'&, )i'h 'he &oad( F$o" 'he con'$o& o de &ec'ion & c$ac/in# conside$a'ion% &a$#e$ s+ans o bea"s a$e 'o be a*oided( Since 'he de &ec'ion *a$ies di$ec'&, )i'h 'he c!be o 'he s+an and in*e$se&, )i'h 'he c!be o 'he de+'h(

DESIGN OF STAIR CASE

,he tairca e u ed t" gi3e an acce t" di!!erent !l""r "! a &uilding. Alth"ugh there are di!!erent reJuire%ent !"r the %a-i%u% ri e and g"ing >tread9 !"r di!!erent "ccu#ati"n, the !"ll"4ing are u ually #ractical. Ri e: $ N"t greater than 170 %%. ,read: $ N"t le than 270 %% Nu%&er "! ri er in a !light: $ n"t %"re than 18.

Ano'he$ $e5!i$e"en' is 'ha' o$ head$oo" 'he *e$'ica& dis'ance $o" 'he +i'ch &ine sho!&d no' be &ess 'han :(A" )he$e +i'ch is a no'a'iona& &ine connec'in# 'he nosin# o a&& '$eads in a &i#h'( The di"ensions #i*en abo*e a++&, 'o 'he inished s'ai$s no' 'o be $ein o$ced conc$e'e +a$' o 'he s'ai$s(

DESIGN OF STAIRCASE
.ertical di tance &et4een !l""r E :000 %%Ccc

RECTANGULAR WATER TANK

A 4ater tan5 i u ed t" t"re 4ater t" tide "3er the daily reJuire%ent . 1ater tan5 are cla i!ied under three head . i9 ii9 iii9 ,an5 re ting "n the gr"und Ele3ated tan5 u##"rt in taging Undergr"und tan5 )ere 4e de ign an ele3ated 4ater tan5 /n the &a ic "! ha#e, the 4ater tan5 are again cla i!ied int": 1. Circular tan5 2. Rectangular tan5 :. *#herical tan5 6. IntKe tan5 7. Circular tan5 4ith c"nical &"tt"% )ere 4e de ign a Rectangular. In 'he cons'$!c'ion o )a'e$ 'an/% 'he i"+e$*io!sness o conc$e'e is o !'"os' i"+o$'an'( The +e$"eabi&i', o an, !ni o$" and 'h$o!#h co"+ac'ed conc$e'e o #i*en "i< +$o+o$'ions is "ain&, de+enden' on 'he )a'e$ ce"en' $a'io( An inc$ease in )a'e$ ce"en' $a'io inc$eases 'he +e$"eabi&i', and *ice *e$sa( Red!ced )a'e$ ce"en' $a'io "a, ca!se co"+ac'ion di ic!&'ies and +$o*e 'o be ha$" !&( Fo$ a #i*en "i< "ade )i'h +a$'ic!&a$ "a'e$ia&s% 'he$e is &o)e$ &i"i's 'o 'he )a'e$ ce"en' $a'io% )hich can be !sed econo"ica&&, on an, 8ob( I' is essen'ia& 'o se&ec' a $ichness o "i< co"+ac'ab&e )i'h a*ai&ab&e a##$e#a'es )hose +a$'ic!&a$ sha+e and #$adin# ha*e an i"+o$'an' bea$in# on )o$/abi&i',% )hich "!s' be s!i'ed 'o needs o co"+ac'ion se&ec'ed(

Bib&io#$a+h,
1. Rein!"rced c"ncrete, Li%it *tate De ign &y A h"5.2.Lain 2. ,he"ry "! *tructure &y Ra%a%rutha% :. I* ?A7 !"r l"ad M 6. I* 678 $ 2000

This project is dedicated to the efforts of all those Engineers and research scientists and Civil Engineering fraternity whose indefatigable work helped Civil Engineering reaches the pinnacle of all branches of Engineering. -TEAM MEMBERS