Marie Curie School on Knowledge Based Materials Estremoz, Portugal 21.August.2!
Cellular Materials" Structure and Pro#erties
M. Emlia Rosa
ICEMS-Instituto de Cincia e Engenharia de Materiais e Superfcies
Departamento de Engenharia de Materiais
Instituto Superior Tcnico !ni"ersidade Tcnica de #is$oa
%". Ro"isco &ais '()*-((' #is$oa &ortugal
Marie Curie School on Knowledge Based Materials Estremoz, Portugal 21.August.2!
$E%&'&(&)'S
Marie Curie School on Knowledge Based Materials Estremoz, Portugal 21.August.2!
CE**+*A, MA(E,&A*" assem$l+ of cells ,ith
solid edges and faces
pac-ed together to fill
space.
CE** .Ro$ert /oo-e '00(1 deri"es from #atin cella.
CE**A" small compartment2 an enclosed space.
Marie Curie School on Knowledge Based Materials Estremoz, Portugal 21.August.2!
Ro$ert /oo-e '00(3 C),K ,as one of the first
materials he e4amined at his microscope.
Cor- cellular material
Marie Curie School on Knowledge Based Materials Estremoz, Portugal 21.August.2!
(-PES of cellular materials
Marie Curie School on Knowledge Based Materials Estremoz, Portugal 21.August.2!
Cellular materials are "er+ common in 'ature
Cor. and Balsa
S#onge and Cancellous Bone
Coral and Cuttle/ish Bone
&ris *ea/ and Stal. o/ a Plant
Marie Curie School on Knowledge Based Materials Estremoz, Portugal 21.August.2!
Man ma-es 5 dimensional .5D1 cellular materials
%)AMS
Pol0meric materials
)#en1cell Pol0urethane and
Closed1cell Pol0eth0lene
Metallic
'ic.el and Co##er
Ceramic
2irconia and Mullite
3lass and Pol0ether
Marie Curie School on Knowledge Based Materials Estremoz, Portugal 21.August.2!
Man ma-es 6 dimensional .6D1 cellular materials
4)'E-C)MBS .li-e a $ee1
4one0com5 o/ a 5ee
Aluminium and Pa#er1Phenolic
,esin 4one0com5s
Ceramic 4one0com5s
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Man+ %oods are 5D cellular materials
78%MS
Bread
Meringue
Chocolate
6un. %ood Cris#
Malteser
6a//a Ca.e
Marie Curie School on Knowledge Based Materials Estremoz, Portugal 21.August.2!
Bu55les can $e $onded to gi"e lo,-densit+ structures
2$ Soa# 4one0com5
Bu55le ,a/t
4ollow Sintered Aluminium S#heres
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7hat is a cellular material9
Solid with isolated #ores8 relati9e densit0 a5o9e .:
Cellular material8 relati9e densit0 less than .:
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(0#es of cellular materials
:atural and Man-made
T,o- and Three-dimensional
8pen and Closed Cells
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APP*&CA(&)'S of cellular materials
Marie Curie School on Knowledge Based Materials Estremoz, Portugal 21.August.2!
Main A##lications of cellular materials
Thermal insulation
&ac-aging
Structural applications
;uo+anc+
%pplications Pro#erties Structure
Marie Curie School on Knowledge Based Materials Estremoz, Portugal 21.August.2!
Main Pro#erties of cellular materials
Marie Curie School on Knowledge Based Materials Estremoz, Portugal 21.August.2!
Main Pro#erties of cellular materials
Marie Curie School on Knowledge Based Materials Estremoz, Portugal 21.August.2!
Main Pro#erties of cellular materials
Marie Curie School on Knowledge Based Materials Estremoz, Portugal 21.August.2!
S(,+C(+,E of cellular materials
Marie Curie School on Knowledge Based Materials Estremoz, Portugal 21.August.2!
Cell Sha#e and Size
2$
(riangle ;e<uilateral and isosceles=8 S<uare8 Paralelogram8 4e>agon ;regular and irregular=
Marie Curie School on Knowledge Based Materials Estremoz, Portugal 21.August.2!
Cell Sha#e and Size
:$
(etrahedron8 Prism ;triangular, rectangular and he>agonal=8 )ctahedron8
$odecahedron ;rhom5ic and #entagonal=8 (etra.aidecahedron8 &cosahedron
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l h A
r
3eometric #ro#erties of 5D isolated cells
Marie Curie School on Knowledge Based Materials Estremoz, Portugal 21.August.2!
Cell Sha#e and Size
:$
Kel9in tetra.aidecahedral cell
7eaire?Phelan@s unit cell ;si> 1A1/aced
#ol0hedra B two 121/aced #ol0hedra=
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Cell (o#olog0
2$
$i//erent edge connecti9it0 ;num5er o/ edges in each 9ertice=
Cell (o#olog0
:$
Marie Curie School on Knowledge Based Materials Estremoz, Portugal 21.August.2!
Marie Curie School on Knowledge Based Materials Estremoz, Portugal 21.August.2!
Euler@s law3 cells .C1 faces (F1, edges .E1 and
"ertices .V1
2$3 F < E = V > ' .C > F1
5$3 - C = F < E = V > '
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2$
.each edge is shared $et,een 6 "ertices1
7rom Euler?s la,
If F is large
7or an+
5
e
Z 6 5 V E
sides ,ith faces of num$er n F
n
E
F n
n
6
F F
F n
n
0
0
,
_
n
F
F n
n
e
Z
6
6
e
e
Z
Z
n
Marie Curie School on Knowledge Based Materials Estremoz, Portugal 21.August.2!
:$
%n isolated cell .C>'1
7or an+
5
e
Z
,
_
f
n
6
' 0
') . @ ')
@ '6
n f
n f
,
_
f Z
Z Z
n Z
e
f e
e
6
'
6
A and
f
Marie Curie School on Knowledge Based Materials Estremoz, Portugal 21.August.2!
$is#ersion o/ cell size
Competiti"e gro,th
Boronoi hone+com$ .6D1 or foam .5D1
;u$$les nucleate randoml+ in space at the same time and all gro, ,ith the
same linear gro,th rate characteristic cell centred on the point of
nucleation and contains all points ,hich are closer to this nucleation point
than to an+ other.
,andom Coronoi hone0com5 and Coronoi hone0com5 /or a set o/ #oints initiall0 random,
/rom which all #oints closer than a critical s#acing were remo9ed
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Surface tension .T1
MinimiCes surface area at constant cell "olume2 cell edges in a hone+com$
and cell faces in a foam meet at '6(D2 faces ha"e a cur"ature ,hich is
related to the pressure difference p $et,een the pair of cells ,hich meet
at the faces.
Coarsening of cells
Important in soap foams and during foaming of pol+mers.
Eas or fluid in one cell diffuses through its ,alls into the surrounding cells.
D1 5 .
' '
D1 6 .
6 '
,
_
+
r r
T p
r
T
p
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
D1 5 . D1 6 .
D1 5 .
d
d
D1 6 . 0
d
d
(
(
(
(
6 '
f f
f f
f V
f V
n n
n n
n A
n A
f f C
t
V
n C
t
A
Marie Curie School on Knowledge Based Materials Estremoz, Portugal 21.August.2!
2$
% cell ,ith more sides than a"erage has neigh$ours ,hich ta-en together
ha"e less than the a"erage num$er.
:$
@ F 0 5 n n n Z
e
n
m
0
@ +
f
g
')
'5 +
'6 '0 ') f f f
Marie Curie School on Knowledge Based Materials Estremoz, Portugal 21.August.2!
Anisotro#0
(hree orthogonal sections o/ an anisotro#ic #ol0urethane /oam
S
Marie Curie School on Knowledge Based Materials Estremoz, Portugal 21.August.2!
,elati9e densit0 . 1
Marie Curie School on Knowledge Based Materials Estremoz, Portugal 21.August.2!
Characterization chart for hone+com$s
Marie Curie School on Knowledge Based Materials Estremoz, Portugal 21.August.2!
Characterization chart for foams
Marie Curie School on Knowledge Based Materials Estremoz, Portugal 21.August.2!
MEC4A'&CS of hone+com$s
Marie Curie School on Knowledge Based Materials Estremoz, Portugal 21.August.2!
Com#ression and tension stress-strain cur"es
Elastomeric 4one0com5
Elastic1#lastic 4one0com5
Elastic15rittle 4one0com5
Marie Curie School on Knowledge Based Materials Estremoz, Portugal 21.August.2!
Schematic stress-strain cur"es of compact materials
Metals are elastic1#lastic Pol0mers
Ceramics are elastic15rittle
Marie Curie School on Knowledge Based Materials Estremoz, Portugal 21.August.2!
Model of a hone+com$ ,ith he4agonal cells
&n1#lane #ro#erties are those relating to loads a##lied in the D11D2 #lane8 res#onses to loads
a##lied in the D: direction are re/erred to as the out1o/1#lane #ro#erties
Marie Curie School on Knowledge Based Materials Estremoz, Portugal 21.August.2!
&n1#lane deformation
Elastic ;ending
( )
'6 6 6' '
6'
6
'
6
'6
5
5
S
6
6
5
S
'
6 '
5
S
5
S
5
6 '
'
sin sin
cos
cos
sin
sin sin
h
cos
sin h
cos
cos
sin
'6 '6
cos
'6
sin
6
cos
6
sin
cos sin
n n
n
q q
q
e
e
n
q
q
q q
q
q
q d
e
q
q d
e
q
d
q
d
q q
q s q s
E E
h
h
t
E
E t
E
E
t b
I
I E
W
I E
P
W
b W b h P
> >
G
H
I
J
K
L
=
> - >
G
H
I
J
K
L
=
G
H
I
J
K
L
>
G
H
I
J
K
L
=
G
H
I
J
K
L
>
=
> >
> > >
> >
> = >
l
l
l
l
l
l l
l l
l l
l l
Marie Curie School on Knowledge Based Materials Estremoz, Portugal 21.August.2!
&n1#lane deformation
&lastic Collapse
tasasss
sssssss
sEEEEEE
EEEEEEE
EEEEEEE
EE
Marie Curie School on Knowledge Based Materials Estremoz, Portugal 21.August.2!
&n1#lane deformation
;rittle 7racture and Crac- &ropagation
Marie Curie School on Knowledge Based Materials Estremoz, Portugal 21.August.2!
&n1#lane deformation
;uc-ling
6
S
6 6
crit
load $uc-ling Euler
h
I E n
P
Marie Curie School on Knowledge Based Materials Estremoz, Portugal 21.August.2!
&n1#lane deformation
Mechanisms of deformation in ru$$er hone+com$
Marie Curie School on Knowledge Based Materials Estremoz, Portugal 21.August.2!
&n1#lane deformation
Mechanisms of deformation in aluminium hone+com$
*ocalized de/ormation
Marie Curie School on Knowledge Based Materials Estremoz, Portugal 21.August.2!
&n1#lane deformation
Crushing of aluminium hone+com$
D>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>llll
Marie Curie School on Knowledge Based Materials Estremoz, Portugal 21.August.2!
)ut o/1#lane deformation
Compression and ;uc-ling
Buc.ling
( (
cos sin 6
6
65 5 56 6 '5 5 5' '
S 56 5'
S S
5
1
1
1
1
]
1
,
_
+
+
l
l
l
Marie Curie School on Knowledge Based Materials Estremoz, Portugal 21.August.2!
(ension
%lignment of cell edges
:o $uc-ling
Marie Curie School on Knowledge Based Materials Estremoz, Portugal 21.August.2!
MEC4A'&CS of foams
Marie Curie School on Knowledge Based Materials Estremoz, Portugal 21.August.2!
Com#ression and tension stress-strain cur"es
Elastomeric
4one0com5
Elastic1#lastic
4one0com5
Elastic15rittle
4one0com5
Marie Curie School on Knowledge Based Materials Estremoz, Portugal 21.August.2!
Models of foams ,ith openMclosed cu$ic cells
Solid concentrates in edges
Bending
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Mechanisms o/ de/ormation in foams
)#en1cell %oams"
wall 5ending and a>ial de/ormation
B /luid /low
Closed1cell %oams"
wall 5ending and a>ial de/ormation
B edge contraction and mem5rane
stretching B enclosed gas #ressure
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Mem5rane e//ects
Bending o/ cell edges causes cell /aces to stretch
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Energ0 a5sor#tion in foams
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(hermal conducti9it0 in foams
Con9ection is su##ressed
Optimum foam density /or
minimum conduction
r c E S
p
+ + +
Marie Curie School on Knowledge Based Materials Estremoz, Portugal 21.August.2!
/il+ard :.C. .ed1 .'*N61. echan!cs "f Cell#lar Plast!cs. %pplied Science
&u$lishers #ondon
Oeaire D. and /utCler S. .'***1. The Ph$s!cs "f F"ams. Clarendon &ress
84ford
