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Control Modelling

This document discusses different types of mathematical models used to represent physical systems. It describes models as relationships between inputs and outputs of a system. There are lumped models versus distributed, continuous versus discrete versus hybrid, time-varying versus time-invariant, and linear versus nonlinear models. The document advocates balancing simplicity and accuracy in models, using simpler models initially to understand solutions before applying more complex models.

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msm158
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102 views

Control Modelling

This document discusses different types of mathematical models used to represent physical systems. It describes models as relationships between inputs and outputs of a system. There are lumped models versus distributed, continuous versus discrete versus hybrid, time-varying versus time-invariant, and linear versus nonlinear models. The document advocates balancing simplicity and accuracy in models, using simpler models initially to understand solutions before applying more complex models.

Uploaded by

msm158
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Ghulam Mustafa

Spring 2014

Lecture-3 Models of Physical Systems Models of Physical Systems Distributed vs. Lumped Systems Continuous vs. Discrete vs. Hybrid Systems Time-Varying vs. Time-Invariant Systems Linear vs. Nonlinear Systems Simplicity vs. Accuracy

3-1

Models of Systems
What is a Mathematical Model? A mathematical model of a physical system is a relationship between the inputs and outputs of a system. What are Dynamical Systems? Physical systems whom behavior or response changes or evolves according to time. Most physical systems being controlled are dynamical systems. Mathematical models of dynamic system are derived in terms of dierential equations. Such dierential equations may be obtained by using physical laws governing a particular system, for example, Kircho s laws for electrical systems.
Models of Physical Systems 3-2

Dierent types of equations are used to model systems of dierent characteristics. A few broader categories of systems and the types of equations used to model them are: Distributed vs. Lumped Systems Systems where the dependent variable is a function of spatial coordinates are called distributed systems, whereas, systems where dependent variable is not a function of spatial coordinates are called lumped systems.

Distributed systems are modeled by partial dierential equations and lumped systems are modeled by ordinary dierential equations.
Distributed vs. Lumped Systems 3-3

Continuous vs. Discrete vs. Hybrid Systems Continuous systems are those for which inputs and outputs are dened for all values of time. For discrete systems, input and output signals are dened only for distinct values of time. Systems which involve both continuous and discrete components are called hybrid systems.

Continuous systems are described by dierential equations, discrete systems are described by dierence equations and hybrid are described by both dierential and dierence equations.
Continuous vs. Discrete vs. Hybrid Systems 3-4

Time-Varying vs. Time-Invariant Systems: Systems whom characteristic changes with time are called time-varying systems, and those whom characteristics do not change with time are called time-invariant systems. Examples of time-varying systems include:
I I

Mass of a rocket which decreases as fuel is burned. Inductance of a coil which increases as an iron slug is inserted into the core.

Time-varying systems are described with dierential (or dierence) equations with some coecients that are functions of time. Time-invariant systems are described by dierential (or dierence) equations with constant coecients. For time-invariant systems, delaying the input delays the output by the same amount of time, without any change in its size or shape.
Time-Varying vs. Time-Invariant Systems 3-5

Linear vs. Nonlinear Systems: Linear systems are those that satisfy the principle of superposition. Systems that do not satisfy the principle of superposition are called nonlinear systems. The principle of superposition states that the response produced by the simultaneous application of two dierent forcing functions (inputs) is the sum of two individual responses. Linear systems are described by linear dierential equations whereas nonlinear systems are described by nonlinear dierential equations. In this course, we consider systems which are continuous, lumped, linear and time-invariant. Such systems can be described by linear, ordinary dierential equations with constant coecients.
Linear vs. Nonlinear Systems 3-6

Simplicity vs. Accuracy


In obtaining a mathematical model, we must make a compromise between the simplicity of the model and the accuracy of the results of the analysis. In deriving a reasonably simplied model, we often ignore certain inherent properties of the system, for example, if a linear, lumped-parameters model is desired, it is necessary to ignore certain nonlinearities and distributed parameters that may be present in the physical system. If the eect of these ignored properties on the response is small, good agreement will be obtained between the results of the analysis of a mathematical model and the results of the experimental study of the physical system. In general, in solving a new problem, is is desirable to build a simplied model so that we can get a general feeling for the solution. A more complete model may be used for a more accurate analysis.
Simplicity vs. Accuracy 3-7

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