BACKGROUND CLASSICALClassical music is art music produced or rooted in the traditions of Western music.

It covers a broad period from roughly the 11th century to the present day. The central norms of this tradition became codified between 1550 and 1900, which is known as the common practice period. The instruments used in most classical music were largely invented before the mid-19th century and codified in the 18th and 19th centuries. They consist of the instruments found in an orchestra or in a concert band, together with several other solo instruments such as the piano, harpsichord, and organ. The symphony orchestra is the most widely known medium for classical music and includes members of the string, woodwind, brass, and percussion families of instruments. The concert band, another ensemble that plays classical music, consists of members of the woodwind, brass, and percussion families. The concert band generally has a larger variety and a larger amount of woodwind and brass instruments than the orchestra, but does not have a string section. Electric instruments such as the electric guitar and the ondes Martenot appear occasionally in the classical music of the 20th and 21st centuries. The major time divisions of classical music are the early music period, which includes Medieval (5001400) and Renaissance (14001600), the Common practice period, which includes the Baroque (16001750), Classical (17501830) and Romantic (18041949) periods, and the modern and contemporary period, which includes 20th century (19002000) and contemporary (1975current).

OPERAOpera is a part of the Western classical music tradition. The origin of opera music stems to Italy in the late 16th century. This style of music quickly spread through the rest of Europe. Opera incorporates many of the elements of spoken theatre, such as acting, scenery, and costumes and sometimes includes dance.

The 20th century saw many experiments with modern styles, such as atonality and serialism, Neoclassicism, and Minimalism.

JAZZJazz music was born at the beginning of the 20th century in the African American communities in the southern states of the United States of America. It lives on to this day, cherished by the young and the old. It is hard to say which African and which European derivation jazz came from but from its early days until the present jazz has included music from both popular 19th & 20th century US music. Its African lineage is in evidence for its use of musical improvisation, contrasting rhythms, syncopating notes and blues notes, i.e. where the emphasis is on a note that is played at a slightly lower tone than other notes. This style of music uses many different instruments. Certain instruments are used in the different sections of jazz groups. The rhythm section consists of the percussion, double bass or bass guitar, and usually at least one instrument capable of playing chords, such as a piano, guitar, Hammond organ or vibraphone. The horn section consists of wind and brass instruments, which play the melody and main accompaniment. The standard small combo usually limits itself to one trumpet and one saxophone at times augmented by a second saxophone or a trombone. In the saxophone section, all of the saxophones will play a similar melodic line, but the Baritone sax doubles by occasionally joining in with the Bass Trombone and Bass to play the bass line. The Tenor Saxophone plays the counter melody but in some cases, they have the lead.

BARBERSHOP QUARTETIn the last half of the 19th century, US barbershops often served as community centres, where most men would gather. Barbershop quartets originated with African American men socializing in barbershops; they would harmonize while waiting their turn, vocalizing in spirituals, folk songs and popular songs. This

generated a new style, consisting of unaccompanied, four-part, close-harmony singing. Later, white minstrel singers adopted the style, and in the early days of the recording industry their performances were recorded and sold. As classified during the barbershop revival era (1930s to present), barbershop vocal harmony is a style of a cappella, or unaccompanied vocal music, characterized by consonant four-part chords for every melody note in a predominantly homophonic texture. The four parts in a barbershop quartet are the lead, the tenor, the bass and the baritone. Each of these four parts has its own role. The lead sings the melody, the tenor harmonizes above the melody, the bass sings the lowest harmonizing notes and the baritone completes the chord. Barbershop music comprises of songs with lyrics that are understandable and easy to sing along to. The tones clearly define a tonal centre and imply major and minor chords and barbershop (dominant and secondary dominant) seventh chords that resolve primarily around the circle of fifths, while making frequent use of other resolutions. In slower barbershop songs, especially ballads, a constant beat is avoided and lyrics are sung ad libitum.

BLUEGRASSBluegrass music is a form of American roots music, and a sub-genre of country music. Bluegrass was inspired by the music of Appalachia. It has mixed roots in Irish, Scottish, Welsh, and English traditional music, and also later influenced by the music of African-Americans through incorporation of jazz elements. Immigrants from the United Kingdom and Ireland arrived in Appalachia in the 18th century, and brought with them the musical traditions of their homelands. Bluegrass fiddling also gives bluegrass music the sound of bluegrass music. It is a distinctive style of American fiddle playing which is characterized by bold, bluesy improvisation, off-beat "chopping", and sophisticated use of both double-stops and old-time bowing patterns. Instruments usually used in a bluegrass band are the fiddle, the five string banjo, the guitar, the mandolin and the double bass.

These instruments are often joined by the resonator guitar, also known as the dobro.

CALYPSOCalypso is a style of Afro-Caribbean music that originated in Trinidad and Tobago during the early to mid-20th century. Its rhythms can be traced back to West African Kaiso and the arrival of French planters and their slaves from the French Antilles in the 1600s. These rhythms are syncopates rhythms. The music became the voice of the people, and was characterized by highly rhythmic and harmonic vocals, which was most often sung in a French creole and led by a griot. As calypso developed, the griot became known as a chantuelle and eventually, a calypsonian. As English replaced patois (creole French) as the dominant language, calypso migrated into English, and in so doing it attracted more attention from the government. It allowed the masses to challenge the doings of the unelected Governor and Legislative Council, and the elected town councils of Port of Spain and San Fernando. Calypso continued to play an important role in political expression, and also served to document the history of Trinidad and Tobago. Calypso music comprises of many musical instruments. Instruments used in calypso music in the early stages are the guitar and African drums. As time progressed and this style of music evolved, more modern instruments began to be utilized in the making of this music. Such instruments are the electric guitar, the bass guitar, the drum set and the keyboard. A synthesizer is often used.

SOCASoca music is an evolved form of calypso. Calypso music was the brainchild of the late Lord Shorty (Garfield Blackman). During the 1960s the talk of the town was that calypso was dying. Lord Shorty set about to find a way to resolve this problem. He experimented in combining some elements of chutney music into

calypso, and out of that came soca music. He first introduced this musical breakthrough to the international audience in 1973. As soca is still going through its stages of evolution, many more percussive instruments are used in this genre than in calypso. Some that are majorly presented in soca music are the congas, the bongos, the cowbell, the iron (a Caribbean instrument which is basically a piece of metal shaped to get a certain tone), the scratcher and claves. In the more recent times of this genre, the synthesizer and keyboard play major roles.

I chose to do the following advertisements for my CSEC Music SBA as they are all filled with musical elements which make them more interesting to analyse. They all reflect on the respective countries in/for which they were made. It would create good comparisons in the different genres as one can go through the analyses side by side. Differences and similarities can be easily spotted.