8. 3 .

The Che b y s h e v Filt er Let us look back at the ideal low pas s filter within a pas s b a n d betw e e n -1 and 1 radia n s per secon d, as show n in Fig. 8.3.1. We will still de al with maxflat filters, but this time we will relax the re uir e m e n t of a mono t o nic all! descr e a si n g function that we had with the "utterw or t h filter. We do this in the hop e of gaining bett e r att e n u a ti o n outsid e of the pas s b a n d . We are looking for a maxflat filter of the form # 1 H ( ) = . $8.3.1% # # 1 + Cn ( )

Figure 8.3.1. &llustra tion of the pas s b a n d are a. We can begin b! looking for a function that will rem ai n with the cons tr ain t s of the unit box of Fig. 8.3.#. We would like a set of function s whos e amplitud e s are constr ain e d betw e e n plus and minus one o'er the inter' al plus and minus one. (nce such group of function s are the )heb!s h e ' pol!no mi als gi'en b! Cn ( ) = cos ( n cos 1 )

1 >1

= cosh ( n cosh 1 )

$8.3.#%

*he first )heb!s h e ' pol!no mi als are shown in *able 8.3.1, along with the recurr e n c e e u a tio n that can be use d to gen e r a t e high er order pol!no mi als Cn +1 ( ) = #Cn ( ) Cn 1 ( ) . $8.3.3%

8.3 )heb!s h e ' Filter

1+,18,# + 1 1

Figure 8.3.#. - unit are a. *able 8.3.1. /ecursion Formul a *he First Few )heb!s h e ' C+ ( ) = 1 .ol!no mi als and the

C1 ( ) = C# ( ) = # # 1 C3 ( ) = 0 3 3 C0 ( ) = 8 0 8 # + 1 C1 ( ) = 12 1 #+ 3 + 1 Cn ( ) = #Cn 1 ( ) Cn # ( ) *he )heb!s h e ' pol!no mi als ha' e the desira bl e prop e r t ! that the! sta! betw e e n minus one and one betw e e n 1 < < 1 but the! go throu g h one at 1 . *hree of the )heb!s h e ' pol!no mi als are show n in Fig. 8.3.3. 3otice that at = 1 the! pas s throu g h one and then asce n d rapidl!. 4ow rapidl! the! asce n d dep e n d s on the order of the pol!no mi al.

Figure 8.3.3. *he )heb!s h e ' pol!no mi als, C# , C3 and C0 . 8.3 )heb!s h e ' Filter # 1+,18,# + 1 1

We hop e to use the char a c t e ris tic of the )heb!s h e ' pol!no mi als to obt ain filters that ha' e a sharp e r roll-off for a gi'en order, as show n in Fig. 8.3.0. For this fourth- order filter ther e are four peaks and thre e 'alle!s, and the ma g nit u d e of the ripple is = +.1 . *his me a n s that the ma g nit u d e 'aries betw e e n +.5 and 1.+.

Figure 8.3.0. - 0 th order $t!p e &% )heb!s h e ' filter with a 1 rad,s e c cutoff and a ripple in the pas s b a n d of = +.1 . *he following appro a c h is take n from 6eres e a u and 7ackson 819. 6ore theor e tic al appro a c h e s are a'ailabl e in the litera t u r e 8#, 39. :i'en the para m e t e r para m e t e r of Fig 8.3.1, we det er mi n e a new par a m e t e r 1 1 $8.1.3% + 1+ # . *his par a m e t e r , along with the order n, is used to find the minor $a% and ma;or $b% axe s of the ellips e on which the poles lie< 1 a = ( 1, n 1, n ) , $8.3.1 a% # 1 b = ( 1, n + 1, n ) . $8.3.1 b% # *he ith pole of the filter is locat e d at si = a cos i + jb sin i ,

wher e i is the sa m e as the angle of the ith pole of a "utterw or t h filter of the sa m e order. *o a'oid using comple x num b e r s , we usu all! group poles in their compl ex con;ug a t e pairs<

( s si ) ( s si= ) = s ( a cos i + jb sin i ) s ( a cos i jb sin i )

$8.3.2%

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Exam p l e 8. 3 . 1 . Find a 0 th order )heb!s h e ' filter with no mor e than 1+> de'iation in the pas s b a n d .

8.3 )heb!s h e ' Filter

1+,18,# + 1 1

?olution *he 1+ > de'iation in the pas s b a n d me a n s # 1 # H ( ) = = ( +.5 ) # 1+ 1 1+ # = = 1.#30 .81

= +.#30 = +.083
From @ . $8.#.3%

=
and from @ . $8.#.0%

1 1 + 1 + # = 0.322 ,

a = +.3AA, b = 1.+A8 . - 0 th order "utterw ort h filter will ha' e its poles at Bsing @ . $8.3.1% we find H ( s) = K ( s + +.250s + .+#82 ) ( s # + +.#882s + +.552 ) .
#

A 1 and . 8 8

*he poles are plott e d in Fig. 8.3.1 a. We still ha' e to det er mi n e C. (rdinaril!, we e'alu a t e at s=0 and sa! K H ( +) = =1 ( +.+#82 ) ( +.552 ) . 4owe' er, look ag ain at Fig. 8.3.0. For a 0 th order, corres p o n d s to a low point, so we set K H ( +) = = +.5 , ( +.+#82 ) ( +.552 ) and det e r mi n e that K = +.#18 . *he corres p o n di n g amplitud e plot is shown in Fig. 8.3.1 b. H(0)

8.3 )heb!s h e ' Filter

1+,18,# + 1 1

$a% .oles in the s- plan e

$b% -mplitud e +.#18 H ( s) = # ( s + +.250s + .+#82 ) ( s # + +.#882s + +.552 )

res po n s e

of

Figure 8.3.1. *he $a% s- plan e poles and $b% amplitu d e respo n s e for the 0 th order )heb!s h e ' filter. 8.3 )heb!s h e ' Filter 1 1+,18,# + 1 1

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Exam p l e 8. 3 . 2 . Find the miniu m order )heb!s h e ' filter with no mor e tha n 1+> de'iation in the pas s b a n d which att e n u a t e s to 1+ > = # rad , s , i.e H ( # ) +.1 . ?olution &t is the sa m e pas s b a n d restriction as in @xa mpl e 8.3.1, so we know that

= +.#30 = +.083 .
*he new restriction me a n s H ( #) =
#

1 # ( +.1) # 1 + Cn ( # )
#

We can utiliDe @ . $8.3.#% to find the smalles t criterion. Cn ( ) = cosh ( n cosh 1 )

n that satisfies our $8.3.#%

>1

&t is found that nE 3 is nec e s s a r !<

Figure 8.3.2. $a% - 3 rd order )heb!s c h e ' filter with 1+> de'iation in the pas s b a n d which also att e n u a t e s below 1+> b! = # . -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------8.3 )heb!s h e ' Filter 2 1+,18,# + 1 1

Ref e r e n c e s 1. /. 6. 6ers er e a u and 7. /. 7ackson, Circuit AnalysisA Syst e m s Approac h , .ears o n, .rentic e 4all, Bpper ?addle /i'er, 7F, #++2. #. /. ?cha u m a n n , 4. Fiaom and 6. @. 'an Galken b u r g , Desi n o! Analo "ilters, (xford Bni'ersit! .ress, 3ew Hork, 3H, #+1+. 3. -. I. .oularika s, Si nals and Syst e m s #rim er $ith %A&'A() , )/) .res s, "oca /aton, FL, #++A. Exerci s e s 8.3.1 Iuplicat e the results of exa m pl e 8.3.1. ?imulat e the time- dom ain respo n s e to sinus oids at = +.5 rad , sec and = #.1 rad , sec . @xplain how well the! agr e e with the fre u e n c ! dom ain res ults. 8.3.# @xplain how to det e r mi n e the order n gi'en a specification of and a specification of how fast the filter mus t att e n u a t e in the stop band, as in @xam pl e 8.#.#. 8.3.3 Find the minimu m order )heb!s h e ' filter with no mor e tha n A > de'iation in the pas s b a n d which att e n u a t e s to 1+ > b! = 3 rad , s , i.e ., H ( 3) +.1 . 8.3.0 Iesign a )heb!s h e ' low pas s filter that has no mor e that 1> ripple in the pas s band and is below a ma g nit u d e of 1 > b! = # rad , sec . 8.3.1 Iesign a highp a s s )heb!s h e ' filter whos e pas s ban d begins at 1+3 rad , s . &t can ha' e no mor e that +.1 d" att e n u a ti o n in the pas s band. "! #++ rad,s, the stop band mus t ha' e at leas t #+ d" att e n u a ti o n

8.3 )heb!s h e ' Filter

1+,18,# + 1 1