Telemtica 1
Introduction to Computer Networks and Internet (Part 1)
Introduction
1-1
Chapter 1: Introduction
Our goal:
!! get feel and
Overview:
!! what s the Internet !! what s a protocol? !! network edge !! network core !! access net, physical media !! Internet/ISP structure !! performance: loss, delay !! protocol layers, service models !! network modeling
Introduction 1-2
terminology !! more depth, detail later in course !! approach: !! use Internet as example
Chapter 1: roadmap
1.1 What is the Internet? 1.2 Network edge 1.3 Network core 1.4 Network access and physical media 1.5 Internet structure and ISPs 1.6 Delay & loss in packet-switched networks 1.7 Protocol layers, service models
Introduction
1-3
What s the Internet: nuts and bolts view
!! millions of connected
computing devices: hosts = end systems !! running network apps !! communication links
!! !!
router server local ISP
workstation mobile
fiber, copper, radio, satellite transmission rate = bandwidth
regional ISP
!! routers: forward packets
(chunks of data)
company network
Introduction 1-4
What s the Internet: nuts and bolts view
!! protocols control sending,
receiving of msgs
!!
router server local ISP
workstation mobile
e.g., TCP, IP, HTTP, FTP, PPP
!! Internet: network of
networks
!! !!
loosely hierarchical public Internet versus private intranet
regional ISP
!! Internet standards !! RFC: Request for comments !! IETF: Internet Engineering Task Force
company network
Introduction 1-5
What s the Internet: a service view
!! communication
infrastructure enables distributed applications:
!!
Web, email, games, ecommerce, file sharing
!! communication services
provided to apps:
!! !!
Connectionless unreliable connection-oriented reliable
Introduction
1-6
What s a protocol?
human protocols: !! what s the time? !! I have a question !! introductions specific msgs sent specific actions taken when msgs received, or other events network protocols: !! machines rather than humans !! all communication activity in Internet governed by protocols
protocols define format, order of msgs sent and received among network entities, and actions taken on msg transmission, receipt
Introduction 1-7
What s a protocol?
a human protocol and a computer network protocol: Hi Hi
Got the time?
TCP connection req TCP connection response
Get http://www.udistrital.edu.co
2:00 time Q: Other human protocols?
<file>
Introduction
1-8
Chapter 1: roadmap
1.1 What is the Internet? 1.2 Network edge 1.3 Network core 1.4 Network access and physical media 1.5 Internet structure and ISPs 1.6 Delay & loss in packet-switched networks 1.7 Protocol layers, service models
Introduction
1-9
A closer look at network structure:
!! network edge:
applications and hosts !! network core:
!! routers !! network
of networks
!! access networks,
physical media: communication links
Introduction 1-10
The network edge:
!! end systems (hosts):
!! !! !!
run application programs e.g. Web, email at edge of network
!! client/server model
!! !!
client host requests, receives service from always-on server e.g. Web browser/server; email client/server minimal (or no) use of dedicated servers e.g. Torrents
Introduction 1-11
!! peer-peer model:
!! !!
Network edge: connection-oriented service
Goal: data transfer
between end systems !! handshaking: setup (prepare for) data transfer ahead of time
!! !!
TCP service [RFC 793]
!! reliable,
!!
in-order bytestream data transfer
loss: acknowledgements and retransmissions
Hello, hello back human protocol set up state in two communicating hosts
!! flow control: !! sender won t overwhelm receiver !! congestion control: !! senders slow down sending rate when network congested
Introduction 1-12
!! TCP - Transmission
Control Protocol
!!
Internet s connectionoriented service
Network edge: connectionless service
Goal: data transfer
!!
between end systems
same as before!
App s using TCP:
!! HTTP (Web), FTP (file
!! UDP - User Datagram
Protocol [RFC 768]: !! connectionless !! unreliable data transfer !! no flow control !! no congestion control
transfer), Telnet (remote login), SMTP (email)
App s using UDP:
!! streaming media,
teleconferencing, DNS, Internet telephony
Introduction 1-13
Chapter 1: roadmap
1.1 What is the Internet? 1.2 Network edge 1.3 Network core 1.4 Network access and physical media 1.5 Internet structure and ISPs 1.6 Delay & loss in packet-switched networks 1.7 Protocol layers, service models
Introduction
1-14
The Network Core
!! mesh of interconnected
routers !! the fundamental question: how is data transferred through net? !! circuit switching: dedicated circuit per call: telephone net !! packet-switching: data sent thru net in discrete chunks
Introduction 1-15
Network Core: Circuit Switching
End-end resources reserved for call
!! link bandwidth, switch
capacity !! dedicated resources: no sharing !! circuit-like (guaranteed) performance !! call setup required
Introduction
1-16
Network Core: Circuit Switching
network resources (e.g., bandwidth) divided into pieces
!! pieces allocated to calls !! resource piece !! dividing link bandwidth
idle if not used by owning call (no sharing)
into pieces !! frequency division !! time division
Introduction
1-17
Circuit Switching: FDM and TDM
FDM frequency time TDM frequency time
Whats your opinion about the throughput?
Example: 4 users
Introduction
1-18
Numerical example
!! How long does it take to send a file of
640,000 bits from host A to host B over a circuit-switched network?
!! All
links are 1.536 Mbps !! Each link uses TDM with 24 slots !! 500 msec to establish end-to-end circuit
Work it out!
Introduction
1-19
Network Core: Packet Switching
each end-end data stream divided into packets !! user A, B packets share network resources !! each packet uses full link bandwidth !! resources used as needed
Bandwidth division into pieces Dedicated allocation Resource reservation
resource contention: !! aggregate resource demand can exceed amount available !! congestion: packets queue, wait for link use !! store and forward: packets move one hop at a time
!!
Node receives complete packet before forwarding
Introduction
1-20
Packet Switching: Statistical Multiplexing
A B
10 Mb/s Ethernet
statistical multiplexing
1.5 Mb/s
queue of packets waiting for output link
Sequence of A & B packets does not have fixed pattern ! statistical multiplexing. In TDM each host gets same slot in revolving TDM frame.
Introduction
1-21
Packet switching versus circuit switching
Q: Does packet switching allow more users to use the network?
!! 1 Mb/s link !! each user: !! 100 kb/s when active !! active 10% of time !! circuit-switching: !! 10 users !! packet switching: !! with 35 users, probability > 10 active less than .0004
N users 1 Mbps link
A: Undoubtedly, Yes!
Introduction
1-22
Packet switching versus circuit switching
Is packet switching a successful winner?
!! Great for bursty data
sharing !! simpler, no call setup !! Excessive congestion: packet delay and loss !! protocols needed for reliable data transfer, congestion control !! Q: How to provide circuit-like behavior? !! bandwidth guarantees needed for audio/video apps !! We will see it later
Introduction 1-23
!! resource
Packet-switching: store-and-forward
L R R R
!! Takes L/R seconds to
transmit (push out) packet of L bits on to link or R bps !! Entire packet must arrive at router before it can be transmitted on next link: store and forward !! delay = 3L/R
Example: !! L = 7.5 Mbits !! R = 1.5 Mbps !! delay = 15 sec
Introduction
1-24
Packet-switched networks: forwarding
!! Goal: move packets through routers from source to
destination !! datagram network:
!! !! !!
destination address in packet determines next hop routes may change during session analogy: driving, asking directions
!! virtual circuit network: !! each packet carries tag (virtual circuit ID), tag determines next hop !! fixed path determined at call setup time, remains fixed thru call
Introduction
1-25
Network Taxonomy
Telecommunication networks
Circuit-switched networks
Packet-switched networks Networks with VCs Datagram Networks
FDM
TDM
! Datagram network is not either connection-oriented or connectionless. ! Internet provides both connection-oriented (TCP) and connectionless services (UDP) to apps.
Introduction 1-26
